i) Flled arrow head naic

Standards Institute (
American National
im) ISO symbols conform to the Elements.
Transmitting
Energy
A) Flow Lines and Their connections / Description / Indication

Functional Symbol
line)
(Pressure line or Returm
General line

Pilot control line

from 1to 2)
Pneumatic (carrying air
1-2
fromn 1to 2)
12 Hydraulic (carrying oil

connection) (crOSsed lines)

Pipe line junction (with

Pipe line junction (T-connection)

Crossed pipe lines (with no connection)

+
1
Fixed rigid line between points/parts 1 and 2

2
Flexible ine between points/parts 1 and 2

Pressure line with plug

Arrow inclined 45° indicates the component

45° setting can be adjusted or varied.

Drain line.

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for

knowiedge
TydraulicsandPneumatics 3-3

Conversion Elements
B)Energy Generating /
Description / Indication
Functional Symbol
Hydraulic Pump
energy displacement
flow (1 to 2) - Fixed
a) Single directional
hydraulic

single directional flow (1 to 2)

into b) Variable displacement
energy

mechanical
to 2 or 2 to 1) - Fixed
c) Both directional flow (1
displacement

Convert
both directional flow
d) Variable displacement
(1 to 2 or 2 to 1)

Hydraulic Motor

Fixed displacement
energy a) Single directional flow (2 to 1) -

mechanical

flow (2 to 1)
b) Variable displacement single directional
into
energy

hydraulic
2 c) Both directional flow (2 to 1or 1 to 2) - Fixed
displacement
Convert 1

d) Variable displacement both directional flow

(1 to 2 or 2 to 1)

e) Oscillating motor or limited rotation motor.

) Variable type oscillating motor.

lics and Pneumatics Hydraulic Pump / Motor

pump or motor (Fixed type)

Hydraulic a) Can be used as
energy

motor (Variable type).

Can be used as pump or
mechanical< b)

energy
Convert

Air Compressors

compressor. (1 to 2)
Convert
mechanical
energy a) Fixed type
into
Prneumatic
energy

compressor, (1 to 2)
b) Variable type

Air Motors
into
mechanical
energy
a) Single directional flow. (2 to 1)

b) Variable type single directional flow. (2 to 1)

pressure
energy

2 c) Both directional flow. (1 to 2 or 2 to 1)

1
Convert
d) Variable type both directional flow. (1 to 2 or 2 to 1)

e) Limited rotation or oscillating air motor.

f) Variable type oscillating air motor.

Tydraulicsand Pneumatics 3-5

Air Motor /Compressor

energy
compressor or air
Air a) can be used as
motor (fixed type)
V

mechanical
Convert b) can be used as compressor or air
energy motor (variable type)

C) Prime Mover : [Main Energy Source]

Functional
mechanical
energy
electrical
Convert Symbol Description / Indication
energy
into
a) Pump coupled with Electric Motor
[M’ Electric motor]

Convert
fuel
energy
into
mechanical
energy
b) Pump coupled with IC Engine
[IC’ Internal Combustion]

Power Pack :

Functional Symbol Description / Indication

a) Hydraulic power pack

b) Pneumatic power pack

Power pack includes allcomponents which produces power to run the hydraulic / pneumatic system
ly in
Oil Hydraulics and Pne Storage Elements
Storage Elements / Fluid
D) Enorgy Description / Indication
Functional Symbol
vented reservoir
a) Open /
fluids
pressurized
Stores
normal
b) Pressurised reservoir.

or
c) Air tank

Accumulators

a) Basic symbol of accumulator

means.
under
under
fluid b) Weight loaded accumulator [Stores fluid
various gravity force]
pressurized
using

pressure
Stores c) Spring loaded accumulator [Stores fluid under spring
force]

d) Gas loaded accumulator [Stores fluid under gas

force]

Intensifier

Increases the level of pressure of fluid. It is also called

as pressure booster.
a) Single acting intensifier :
Provides higher pressure during single stroke
(forward stroke)

b) Double acting intensifier :

Provides higher pressure during
(forward stroke and return stroke)both stroke

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS- An
E) Fluld Conditioning Elements
Description / Indication
Functional Symbol
Filters
filtered
non-filtered side 2 is
a) Filter: 1 is
Removes
the
undesirable 2 side. [Flow 1 to 2]
from
fluid

particles

water drain (Flow :1 to

b) Filter along with
2]

Heaters

Increases
fluid
temperature, heads indicates heat
a) Heater (Inside arrow
areas is added). [Flow : 1 to 2]

cooler keep
level
in
to
optimum
elements
used heating medium.
b) Heater with liquid as a
[Flow from 1 to 2]
at
essential
viscosity

temperature.
tiuid
edses arefluid Coolers
These Arrow heads outside, indicates that heat is
areas the
removed. [Flow is from 1 to 2]
hotter

in
used
Decrea

pneumatic
Removes
water
from Separator
a) Water separator (Manual drain)

in 2
used
air
b) Water separator (Automatic drain)
draulics and
Elements / Valves Description / Indication
Control
H) Fluld Flow
Functlonal Symbol

Valves [FCVI: Throttle Valve

I. Flow Control
[Controlled flow on
a)Fixed throttle valve
side 2]

of 2to
volume
1
fromn b) Adjustable throttle valve. [Controlled flow
thefiowing on side 2]

Controls
fluid

c) Orifice valve [Controlled flow on side 21

yalvel
non-return valve or one directional
I. Check Valves : [Also called as
a) Check valve without retun spring.
Flow allowed

one
directional
flow
allow
Flow restricted
to
Used Flow aliowed b) Check valve with return spring.

Flow restricted

the
Pilot
signal
is check
valve
open
toused c) Pilot controlled check valve.

Pilot
line
I. Flow Control
valye with check valve:
led
one
inOn
Fluid flows through check
While returning it flows valve from 1 to 2.
throttle valve fromn 2 to 1.through variable
 en the two parts and the flow takes place then it is called normai
The normal status of connection between two parts is ON. HOwever, if the pilot line is applied to the
connection then the line contact will be said to be OFF. Refer the following connection between part 1 atu

Functional Symbol Description / Indication

a -b is sliding contact between 1 and 2.
OPEN
2

2) Normally closed line / Contact :

If no flow is possible between the part 1 and 2 and sliding connection is always away
from the port 1 and 2
then it is said to be normally closed line. Pilot signal and pressure is required to make the connection
between 1 and 2 by forcing the sliding contact a - b.

Functional Symbol Description /Indication

a -b is sliding contact between 1 and 2.

Pressure Relief Valve

a) Pilot operated pressure relief valve.
[Spring force keep the disconnection. Pilot pressure
2 force should exceed the spring force to make
connection]
Here, 2 is connected to the tank.

normally
position
closed

Follows b) Sequence Valve

[Aldetails are same as that of pilot operated pressure
relief valve, however port 2 or line 2 is connected to
the another actuator in series of actuator, which is
already did extention or retraction stroke.

position
open Pressure Reducing Valve
Normally a) Pressure Reducing Valve/Pressure Regulator.
Carefully observe :
i. Normally open position
(connection between 1 and 2).
iü. Pilot is taken from line which is
after valve.
When pressure on side 2 exceeds the limit, pilot force
the connection between 1 and 2 and stops the
flow.
Oll hycuatu :
Control Valves [DCV]
V. Directlonal
il Hydra
Ports :
of Different Name of Port / Connection
"Designation Lettering System
********s****

ISO Numbering Pressure port or line

P
Working port or lines
1 A, B
Return port or lines
2, 4 R,S
Pilot port
3, 5 X, Y
12, 14

practice of this nomenclature. One can follow a habit of

to do
Note : Students are adviced number bracket.
symbols i.e. as well as letter in
writting both the like 1 (P).
want to indicate pressure port then show it
e.g. If one
:
and Spool Positions / Switching Positions
" Logic of Directional Control Ports
Here, Switching position
i.Square indicates one switch position.

i. Arrow inside the square indicates the

connection between various ports. Connection between port 1and

II. Note :For better understarnding of switching positions following designation is followed in this book
I Switching position for forward connection. 2
I. Switching position for no flow condition or
also called as neutral position.
I
II. Switching position for reverse II
connection.
e.g. This is called as 5/3 directional
control valve.
5 ’ Number of ports (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) 5 13 51
3 ’ Number of
switching position
(1, I, &II)

Functional Symbol Description / Indication

2
Two
switching
positions a) 2/2 DCV:
Either have
and 2 or not.connection and flow between 1

b) 3/2 DCV:
3: Ports
2: Switching positions

3
 Fuid Power
Hydraulicsand Pneumatics 3-11

2 4 ) 4/2 DCV:
4:Ports
2: Switching positions

1 3

2 4 d) 4/3 DCV:
4: Ports
3: Switching positions

1 3

2 e) 5/2 DCV:
5: Ports
2:Switching positions

5 13

2 4.. 2 ) 5/3 DCV:

5: Ports
3: Switching positions

5 13,

G) Controllers for Directional Control Valves:

Switching
switching position of directional control valves.
Note : These are used to change the are infinite position valves, which are
altered between I, II and II. Some
positions generally
explained later in this book.

Description / Indication
Functional Symbol
a) Mechanical
Shifting mechanism

b) Push button

c) Pedal
 Pneumatics d) Lever
OlHydraulics and
lH

his

e) Push Rod

position
) Spring operated
fo spool
Operate
/Actuate

/
switching

g) Roller operated
the
shifting

h) Solenoid (Electrical)

i) Pneumatic

) Hydraulic

Note : Once you

iyou should be ablestudy directional control
to combine them to valve symbols and symbols of controllers for
symbol integrated withdirectional control valves
method (controller symbol). draw a particular DCV
e.g. Draw ISO symbol for corresponding actuatior
Note : Here, you are
following, 4 x3 pneumatically double pilot
having 4 x 3 operated DCV operated DCV.
whidh can be drawn as,

This is half part done.

This DCV is
actuated by pilot signals which are
pneumatic. So controller symbol you are
using
 controller is on both side as per requirement of exampl
DCV
comes like.
al symbol positions DCV.
any three spool
Spring should be a part of

H Cylinders [Linear Actuators] :

a) Plunger type Cylinder

with spring return.

b) Single acting cylínder
WWWW

or with single rod.

only) c) Double acting cylinder
stroke).
stroke
return
(forward
with twin rod.
as d) Double acting cylinder
well
acting
as
(forward
single
cushioning
e) Cylinder with one side
be acting
may
double
Cylinders

) Cylinder with both side cushioning.

8) Telescopic cylinder.

1. Some Indicators :
a) Pressure gauge
 b) Temperature gauge.
and Pheumatics
OilHydraulics ilH
called

alsoaccesSories.
are c) Flow meter.
Indicators

J]Miscellaneous Symbols :
Description /Indicator
Functional Symbol
a) Counterbalance valve

b) Unloading valve

From
pump

L----To pilot pressure source

c) Pressure compensated flow control valve

d) Pressure and
control valve temperature compensated flow

PNEUMATICSYMBOLS
e) Air pressure
regulator
3K
raullcsand I'neumatlca 3-15

) Airiler

8) Air Lubricator

h)Service unit/FRL unit

I)Detailed symbol

I) Symbol

Lubricator
III) Service unit without

i) Silencer / Mufflers

j) Dryer

2 k) Shuttle valve (or valve)

I)Quick Exhaust valve

CYL CYL ’ Cylinder
IN Input
EX ’ Exhaust

EX
IN
 3-16
lics and Pneumatics

m) Two pressure valve (AND valve)

Fud Pow

uestions
any five controllers for directional control valves. Explain in short their working ?
a ANSI symbols for,
ssure Relief valve.
uence valve.
p control valve with check valve.

Directional control valve, solenoid operated.

able type hydraulic pump.
NSI symbols for,
wectional variable hydraulicpump.
type air compressor.
Rloaded accumulator.
eacting cylinders with both side
eter.
cushioning.
cature and pressure compensated flow
control valve.