Structure of Computer
By Nadeem khan
University of Swat
Structure of Computer Systems
• A computer system consists of hardware,
software, and networking components that work
together to process, store, and communicate
information
Hardware Components:
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The CPU, also known as the processor, is the primary component of
a computer that executes instructions and performs calculations
2 . Memory (RAM)
RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of computer memory that
temporarily stores data and applications while a computer is
running
3 . Storage Devices (HDD, SSD)
Storage devices are used to store data, programs, and operating systems
in a computer
HDD(Hard Disk Drive)
Uses physical disks and mechanical heads to read and write data
SSD(Solid-State Drive)
Uses flash memory to store data
4 . Input/Output Devices
Input devices are used to enter data, instructions, or commands into a
computer
- Keyboard
- Mouse
- Scanner
- Webcam
- Microphone
- Gamepad etc…
Output devices display or produce the results of the result of
computer’s processing
- Moniter
- Printer
- Speaker
- Headphone
- Projector etc…
Software Components :
1 . Operating System (OS)
An operating system is a software that manages computer hardware
resources and provides a platform for running application software
2 . Application Software
A type of software that performs a specific task or set of tasks for
the user
3 . Utility Software
A type of software that performs a specific maintenance or
management function, often related to the computer’s hardware or
operating system
e.g Disk Management, File Management, Backup and Recovery,
Antivirus
4 . Drivers :
A driver is a software component that allows a computer’s operating
system to communicate with a hardware devices, such as printer,
graphics card etc…
Networking Components :
1 . Network Interface Card (NIC)
A NIC is a hardware component that connects a computer to a
network, allowing it to communicate with other devices
2 . Router
A router is a networking devices that connects multiple networks
together and routes traffic between them
3 . Switches
A switch is a networking device that connects multiple devices
within a network and forwards data packets between them
4 . Modem
A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a hardware device that
connects a computer to the internet or other networks via a
broadband or dial-up connection
