SECTION D OR

6. a) What are coherent sources? Why are two

(2020)
coherent sources necessary for observing the
1. a) Define the potential gradient. interference pattern?
b) Explain the working principle of the instrument b) Show that the superposition of the waves
used for comparing the emfs of two primary cells. origination from two coherent sources described by
c) How can the sensitivity of this instrument be Y1 = a cos ωt and Y2 = a cos (ωt + Φ). At a point
increased? produces a resultant intensity, I = 4a2cos2Φ/2. Hence,
d) In what is this method of comparing the emfs of write the condition for the appearance of dark and
two primary cells different from the one using a bright fringes. (2020)
voltmeter? Explain. (2020) _________________________________________
(2020)
OR
2. a) Use Kirchhoff’s rules to obtain balance
7. a) Using Gauss law, derive expression for electric
condition in a Wheatstone bridge.
field due to a spherical shell of uniform charge
b) Explain with the help of a circuit diagram, how
distribution σ and radius R at a point lying at a
this balance condition is used in a meter bridge to
distance x from the centre of shell, such that
determine the unknown resistance of a wire.
(i) 0 < x < R, and (ii) x > R
c) Under what condition is the error in determining
b) An electric field is uniform and acts +x direction
the unknown resistance minimized? (2020)
in the region of positive x. It is also uniform with the
same magnitude but acts in -x direction in the region
3. a) Describe briefly the construction and principle of negative x. The value of the field is E = 200 N/C
of a step-up transformer. for x > 0 and E = -200 N/ C for x < 0. A right circuit
b) Deduce the expressions for the secondary voltage cylinder of length 20 cm and radius 5 cm has its
and secondary current in terms of number of in centre at the origin and its axis along the x- axis so
primary and secondary windings of ideal that one flat face is at x = + 10 cm and the other is at
transformer. x = -10 cm. Find:
c) Write any two factors which are responsible for (1) The net outward flux through the cylinder.
energy losses in actual transformers. (2020) (2) The net charge present inside the cylinder. (2020)
OR
OR
8. (a) Find the expression for the potential energy of
4. a) State the principle on which a cyclotron works.
a system of two-point charges q1 and q2 located at
b) Describe its working and explain how this
r1 and ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗.
r2 , respectively in an external electric field E
machine is used to accelerate the charged particles.
c) Obtain the expression for cyclotron frequency and (b) Draw equipotential surfaces due to an isolated
show that it is independent of energy of the point charge (– q) and depict the electric field lines.
accelerated charged particles. (2020) (c) Three-point charges + 1 C, – 1 C and + 2 C
are initially infinite distance apart. Calculate the
work done in assembling these charges at the vertices
5. A parallel beam of monochromatic light is incident of an equilateral triangle of side 10 cm. (2020)
normally on a narrow slit and the light coming out of
the slit falls on a screen kept parallel to the plane of 9. (a) Derive the expression for the torque acting on
the slit. the rectangular current carrying coil of a
a) What kind of a pattern informed on the screen and galvanometer. Why is the magnetic field made
how? radial?
b) What will be the change in the (i) angular width, b) An -particle is accelerated through a potential
and (ii) linear width, of the principal maximum in difference of 10 kV and moves along x-axis. It enters
this pattern when the screen is moved parallel to in a region of uniform magnetic field B = 2  10–3 T
itself away from the slit plane? acting along y-axis. Find the radius of its path. (Take
c) State two differences between this pattern and the mass of -particle = 6·4  10-27 kg) (2020)
interference pattern formed in young’s double slit OR
experiment. (2020)
10. (a) With the help of a labelled diagram, explain 13. (a) Use Gauss’s law to show that due to a
the working of a step-up transformer. Give reasons uniformly charged spherical shell of radius R, the
to explain the following: electric field at any point situated outside the shell at
(i) The core of the transformer is laminated. a distance r from its centre is equal to the electric
(ii) Thick copper wire is used in windings field at the same point, when the entire charges on
(b) A conducting rod PQ of length 20 cm and the shell were concentrated at its centre. Also plot the
resistance 0·1  rests on two smooth parallel rails of graph showing the variation of electric field with r,
negligible resistance AA and CC. It can slide on the for r  R and r  R.
rails and the arrangement is positioned between the (b) Two-point charges of + 1 C and + 4 C are kept
poles of a permanent magnet producing uniform 30 cm apart. How far from the + 1 C charge on the
magnetic field B = 0·4 T. The rails, the rod and the line joining the two charges, will the net electric field
magnetic field are in three mutually perpendicular be zero? (2020)
directions as shown in the figure. If the ends A and C OR
of the rails are short circuited, find the 14. a) Two-point charges q1 and q2 are kept r distance
(i) external force required to move the rod with apart in a uniform external electric field ⃗E. Find the
uniform velocity v = 10 cm/s, and amount of work done in assembling this system of
(ii) power required to do so. (2020) charges.
b) A cube of side 20 cm is kept in a region as shown
in the figure. An electric field E⃗ exists in the region
such that the potential at a point is given by V=10x+5
where V is in volt and x is in m.

11. (a) Draw the ray diagram of an astronomical

telescope when the final image is formed at infinity.
Write the expression for the resolving power of the
telescope.
(b) An astronomical telescope has an objective lens
of focal length 20 m and eyepiece of focal length 1
cm. Find the
(i) Find the angular magnification of the telescope. (i) electric field ⃗E, and
(ii) If this telescope is used to view the Moon, find (ii) total electric flux through the cube. (2020)
the diameter of the image formed by the objective
lens. Given the diameter of the Moon is 3·5  106 m 15. (a) A circular loop of radius R carries a current I.
and radius of lunar orbit is 3·8  108 m. (2020) Obtain an expression for the magnetic field at a point
OR on its axis at a distance x from its centre.
12. (a) An object is placed in front of a concave (b) A conducting rod of length 2 m is placed on a
mirror. It is observed that a virtual image is formed. horizontal table in north-south direction. It carries a
Draw the ray diagram to show the image formation current of 5 A from south to north. Find the direction
1 1 1
and hence derive the mirror equation v+ u = f . and magnitude of the magnetic force acting on the
rod. Given that the Earth’s magnetic field at the place
(b) An object is placed 30 cm in front of a plano-
convex lens with its spherical surface of radius of is 0·6  10–4 T and angle of dip is π⁄6. (2020)
curvature 20 cm. If the refractive index of the OR
material of the lens is 1·5, find the position and 16. (a) Obtain the expression for the deflecting
nature of the image formed. (2020) torque acting on the current carrying rectangular coil
of a galvanometer in a uniform magnetic field. Why
(2020) is a radial magnetic field employed in the moving
coil galvanometer?
(b) Particles of mass 1·6  10–27 kg and charge 1·6  21. (a) Derive the expression for the force acting per
10–19 C are accelerated in a cyclotron of dee radius unit length between two long straight parallel current
40 cm. It employs a magnetic field 0·4 T. Find the carrying conductors. Hence define one ampere.
kinetic energy (in MeV) of the particle beam (b) Two long parallel straight conductors are placed
imparted by the accelerator. (2020) 12 cm apart in air. They carry equal currents of 3 A
each. Find the magnitude and direction of the
17. (a) Derive lens maker’s formula for a biconvex magnetic field at a point midway between them
lens. (drawing a figure) when the currents in them flow in
(b) A point object is placed at a distance of 12 cm on opposite directions. (2020)
the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 10 OR
cm. A convex mirror is placed coaxially on the other 22. (a) Draw the schematic sketch of a cyclotron.
side of the lens at a distance of 10 cm. If the final Explain the shape of the path on which charged
image coincides with the object, sketch the ray particle moves when the particle is accelerated by it.
diagram and find the focal length of the convex (b) To convert a given galvanometer into a voltmeter
mirror. (2020) of ranges 2 V, V and V/2 volt, resistances R1, R2 and
OR R3 Ω respectively, are required to be connected in
18. (a) What is a wavefront? How does it propagate? series with the galvanometer. Obtain the relationship
Using Huygens’ principle, explain reflection of a between R1, R2 and R3. (2020)
plane wavefront from a surface and verify the laws
of reflection. 23. (a) What is meant by plane polarised light? An
(b) A parallel beam of light of wavelength 500 nm unpolarised light is incident at an angle  on the
falls on a narrow slit and the resulting diffraction surface of glass of refractive index . If the reflected
pattern is obtained on a screen 1 m away. If the first and refracted rays are perpendicular to each other,
minimum is formed at a distance of 2·5 mm from the then obtain the relationship between  and .
centre of the screen, find the (i) width of the slit, and (b) Two polaroids P1 and P2 are placed in a crossed
(ii) distance of first secondary maximum from the position. Unpolarised light of intensity IO is incident
centre of the screen. (2020) on P1. If P2 is rotated through an angle  about the
direction of propagation of light, keeping P1 fixed,
(2020) plot the graph of intensity of light for 0 <  < 360
which is (i) transmitted by P1, and (ii) transmitted by
19. (a) An electric dipole of dipole moment p ⃗ is P2. (2020)
placed in a uniform electric field 𝐸⃗ at an angle  with OR
it. Derive the expression for torque (𝜏) acting on it. 24. (a) Briefly describe the Young’s double slit
Find the orientation of the dipole relative to the experiment of interference of light. Derive the
electric field for which torque on it is (i) maximum, expression for fringe width in the pattern.
and (ii) half of maximum. (b) Monochromatic light of wavelength 588 nm is
(b) Two-point charges q1 = + 1 C and q2 = + 4 C incident from air to water interface. Find the
are placed 2 m apart in air. At what distance from q1 wavelength and speed of the refracted light. The
along the line joining the two charges, will the net refractive index of water is 4/3. (2020)
electric field be zero? (2020)
OR (2020)
20. (a) Derive an expression for the energy stored in
a parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C when 25. (a) Show that a current carrying solenoid behaves
charged up to voltage V. How is this energy stored in like a small bar magnet. Obtain the expression for the
the capacitor? magnetic field at an external point lying on its axis.
(b) A capacitor of capacitance 1 F is charged by (b) A steady current of 2A flows through a circular
connecting a battery of negligible internal resistance coil having 5 turns of radius 7 cm. The coil lies in X-
and emf 10 V across it. Calculate the amount of Y plane with its centre at the origin. Find the
charge supplied by the battery in charging the magnitude and direction of the magnetic dipole
capacitor fully. (2020) moment of the coil. (2020)
OR
26. (a) Derive the expression for the force acting (b) Find the ratio of the longest and the shortest
between two long parallel current carrying wavelengths amongst the spectral lines of Balmer
conductors. Hence, define 1 A current. series in the spectrum of hydrogen atom. (2020)
(b) A bar magnet of dipole moment 3 Am2 rests with
its centre on a frictionless pivot. A force F is applied (2020)
at right angles to the axis of the magnet, 10 cm from
the pivot. It is observed that an external magnetic 31. (a) Define the term ‘focal length of a mirror’.
field of 0.25 T is required to hold the magnet in With the help of a ray diagram, obtain the relation
equilibrium at an angle of 30° with the field. between its focal length and radius of curvature.
Calculate the value of F. How will the equilibrium be (b) Calculate the angle of emergence (e) of the ray of
affected if F is withdrawn? (2020) light incident normally on the face AC of a glass
prism ABC of refractive index √3. How will the
27. (a) Draw the ray diagram showing refraction of angle of emergence change qualitatively, if the ray of
ray of light through a glass prism. Derive the light emerges from the prism into a liquid of
expression for the refractive index  of the material refractive index 1.3 instead of air? (2020)
of prism in terms of the angle of prism A and angle
of minimum deviation m.
(b) A ray of light PQ enters an isosceles right angled
prism ABC of refractive index 1.5 as shown in figure

OR
32. (a) Define the term ‘resolving power of a
telescope’. How will the resolving power be affected
(i) Trace the path of the ray through the prism. with the increase in
(ii) What will be the effect on the path of the ray if (i) Wavelength of light used.
the refractive index of the prism is 1.4? (2020)
(ii) Diameter of the objective lens.
OR Justify your answers.
28. (a) Two thin lenses are placed coaxially in (b) A screen is placed 80 cm from an object. The
contact. Obtain the expression for the focal length of image of the object on the screen is formed by a
this combination in terms of the focal lengths of the convex lens placed between them at two different
two lenses. locations separated by a distance 20 cm. Determine
(b) A converging lens of refractive index 1.5 has a the focal length of the lens. (2020)
power of 10 D. When it is completely immersed in a
liquid, it behaves as a diverging lens of focal length 33. (a) Show that an ideal inductor does not dissipate
50 cm. Find the refractive index of the liquid. power in an ac circuit.
(2020) (b) The variation of inductive reactance (XL) of an
inductor with the frequency (f) of the ac source of
29. (a) Derive the law of radioactive decay 100 V and variable frequency is shown in the fig.
N = No e–t
(b) The half-life of 238U92 undergoing -decay is
4.5×109 years. Find its mean life.
(c) What fraction of the initial mass of a radioactive
substance will decay in five half-life period? (2020)
OR
30. (a) State the postulates of Bohr’s model of (i) Calculate the self-inductance of the inductor.
hydrogen atom and derive the expression for Bohr (ii) When this inductor is used in series with a
radius. capacitor of unknown value and a resistor of 10  at
300 s–1, maximum power dissipation occurs in the
circuit. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor. (ii) A point charge of 4 μC is at the centre of a cubic
(2020) Gaussian surface, 1·0 m on edge. Find the electric
OR flux through one of the faces of the Gaussian surface.
34. (a) A conductor of length ‘l’ is rotated about one
of its ends at a constant angular speed ‘’ in a plane 39. (a) (i) Two long parallel straight conductors
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field B. Plot carrying current I1 and I2 are kept r distance apart in
graphs to show variations of the emf induced across air. Obtain an expression for the force per unit length
the ends of the conductor with (i) angular speed  on one conductor due to the magnetic field produced
and (ii) length of the conductor l. by the other conductor. Hence, define one ampere.
(b) Two concentric circular loops of radius 1 cm and Under what condition will the force between the
20 cm are placed coaxially. conductors be attractive in nature?
(i) Find mutual inductance of the arrangement. (ii) A closely wound circular coil of radius 6·28 cm,
(ii) If the current passed through the outer loop is having 50 turns carries a steady current of 4 A. Find
changed at a rate of 5 A/ms, find the emf induced in the magnetic field at the centre of the coil. How will
the inner loop. Assume the magnetic field on the the magnitude of the magnetic field be affected if the
inner loop to be uniform. radius of the coil is halved keeping other factors
same? (2023)
35. (a) Write two important characteristics of OR
equipotential surfaces. 40. (b) (i) A particle of mass m and charge q, at the
(b) A thin circular ring of radius r is charged origin moves with a velocity v in xy-plane making
uniformly so that its linear charge density becomes an angle with x-axis. It is subjected to a uniform
. Derive an expression for the electric field at a magnetic field B along x-axis. Justify that the particle
point P at a distance x from it along the axis of the will move in a helical path. Hence, obtain expression
ring. Hence, prove that at large distances (x >> r), the for the radius of the helix.
ring behaves as a point charge. (2020) (ii) A long straight wire kept horizontally carries a
OR current of 4 A from west to east direction. Find the
36. (a) State Gauss’s law on electrostatics and derive direction and magnitude of magnetic field ⃗B at a
an expression for the electric field due to a long point 20 cm below the wire. (2023)
straight thin uniformly charged wire (linear charge
density ) at a point lying at a distance r from the 41. (a) (i) What is meant by total internal reflection
wire. of light? Write the two conditions necessary for this
(b) The magnitude of electric field (in NC–1) in a phenomenon to occur. Briefly explain one of its
region varies with the distance r (in m) as E = 10r+5 technological applications.
By how much does the electric potential increase in (ii) A thin converging lens of focal length 10 cm is
moving from point at r=1 to a point at r=10 m. (2020) placed coaxially in contact with a thin diverging lens
of focal length 15 cm. Find the nature and focal
(2023) length of the combined lens. (2023)
OR
37. (a) (i) What is an electric dipole? Derive an 42. (b) (i) Answer the following giving reasons:
expression for the torque acting on an electric dipole (1) The angular size of the image equals the angular
in a uniform electric field. size of the object in a simple microscope, yet it offers
(ii) An electric dipole with dipole moment 6*10-9 Cm magnification.
is aligned at an angle of 30o with the direction of a (2) Both the objective and the eyepiece of a
uniform electric field of magnitude 4*104 NC-1. compound microscope have short focal lengths.
Calculate magnitude of the torque acting on the (3) A microscope and a telescope play different roles
electric dipole. (2023) with respect to resolution and magnification of the
OR image.
38. (b) (i) State Gauss’s law in electrostatics. Using (ii) In Young’s double-slit experiment, the two slits
it, derive an expression for the electric field due to a are 1 mm apart. They are illuminated with light of
uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R at wavelength 600 nm. Find the fringe width on a
a point (i) outside, and (ii) inside the shell. screen 2 m away from the slits. (2023)
 respectively in opposite directions. Calculate the
(2023) magnitude of the force exerted by wire A on a 10 cm
length of wire B. (2023)
43. (a) (i) State coulomb’s law in electrostatics and
write it in vector form, for two charges. 47.(a) (i) (1) Write two points of difference between
(ii) Gauss’s law is based on the inverse-square an interference pattern and a diffraction pattern.
dependence on distance contained in the coulomb’s (2) Name any two factors on which the fringe width
law. Explain. in a Young’s double-slit experiment depends.
(iii) Two charges A (q) and B (2q) are located at (ii) In Young’s double-slit experiment, the two slits
(0, 0) and (a, a) respectively. Let î and ĵ be the unit are separated by a distance equal to 100 times the
vectors along x-axis and y-axis respectively. Find the wavelength of light that passes through the slits.
force exerted by A on B, in terms of î and ĵ . (2023) Calculate:
OR (1) the angular separation in radians between the
44. (b) (i) Derive an expression for the electric field central maximum and the adjacent maximum.
at a point on the equatorial plane of an electric dipole (2) the distance between these two maxima on a
consisting of charges q and -q separated by a distance screen 50 cm from the slits. (2023)
2a. OR
(ii) The distance of a far-off point on the equatorial 48. (b) (i) A spherical surface of radius of curvature
plane of an electric dipole is halved. How will the R separates two media of refractive indices n1 and n2.
electric field be affected for the dipole? A point object is placed in front of the surface at
(iii) Two identical electric dipoles are placed along distance u in medium of refractive index n1 and its
the diagonals of a square ABCD of side √2 m as image is formed by the surface at distance v, in the
shown in the figure. Obtain the magnitude and medium of refractive index n2. Derive a relation
direction of the net electric field at the centre (O) of between u and v.
the square. (2023) (ii) A solid glass sphere of radius 6 cm has a small air
bubble trapped at a distance 3 cm from its centre C
as shown in the figure. The refractive index of the
material of the sphere is 1.5. Find the apparent
position of this bubble when seen through the surface
of the sphere from an outside point E in air. (2023)

45. (a) (i) State Biot-savart’s law for the magnetic

field due to a current carrying element. Use this law
to obtain an expression for the magnetic field at the
centre of a circuit loop of radius ‘a’ and carrying a
current ‘I’. Draw the magnetic field lines for a
current loop indicating the direction of magnetic (2023)
field. 49. a) (i) Use Gauss’s law to obtain an expression for
(ii) An electron is revolving around the nucleus in a the electric field due to an infinitely long thin straight
circular orbit with a speed of 107 m s 1. If the radius wire uniform linear charge density λ.
of the orbit is 10-10 m, find the current constituted by (ii) An infinitely long positively charged straight
the revolving electron in the orbit. (2023) wire has a linear charge density λ. An electron is
OR revolving in s circle with a constant speed v such that
46. (b) (i) Derive an expression for the force acting the wire passes through the centre, and is
on a current carrying straight conductor kept in a perpendicular to the plane, of the circle. Find the
magnetic field. State the rule which is used to find kinetic energy of the electron in terms of magnitudes
the direction of this force. Give the condition under of its charge and linear charge density λ on the wire.
which this force is (1) maximum, and (2) minimum. (iii) Draw a graph of kinetic energy as a function of
(ii) Two long parallel straight wires A and B are 2.5 linear charge density λ. (2023)
cm apart in air. They carry 5.0 A and 2.5 A currents
 OR (ii) A concave mirror of focal length 12 cm forms a
50. b) (i) Consider two identical point charge located three-times magnified virtual image of an object.
at point (0,0) and (a,0) Find the distance of the object from mirror. (2023)
(1) Is there a point on the line joining them at which OR
the electric field is Zero? 54. b) (1) Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the
(2) Is there a point on the line joining them at which image formation by a refracting telescope. Define its
the electric potential is zero? magnifying power. Write two limitations of a
Justify our answers for each case. refracting telescope over reflecting telescope.
(3) State the significance of negative value of (2) The focal lengths of the objective and the eye-
electrostatic potential energy of system of charges. piece of a compound microscope are 1 and 2.5 cm
Three charges are placed at the corners of an respectively. Find the tube length of the microscope
equilateral triangle ABC of side 2.0 m as shown in for obtaining a magnification of 300. (2023)
figure. calculate the electric potential energy of the
system of three charges. (2023) (2023)

55. (a) (i) Define electric flux and write its SI unit.
(ii) Use Gauss’s law to obtain the expression for the
electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite
plane sheet.
(iii) A cube of side L is kept in space, as shown in the
figure. An electric field E = (Ax + B)î N/C exists in
the region. Find the net charge enclosed by the cube.
51. a) (1) Define coefficient of self-induction. Obtain
an expression for self-inductance of a long solenoid
of length l, area of cross- section A having N turns.
(2) Calculate the self- inductance of a coil using the
following data obtained when an AC source of
frequency (200/π) Hz and a DC source is applied
across the coil. (2023)

(2023)
OR
56. (b) (i) Define electric potential at a point and
write its SI unit.
OR
(ii) Two capacitors are connected in series. Derive an
52. b) (i) With the help of a labelled diagram,
expression of the equivalent capacitance of the
describe the principle and working of an ac
combination.
generator. Hence, obtain an expression for the
(iii) Two-point charges + q and -q are located at
instantaneous value of the emf generated.
points (3a, 0) and (0, 4a) respectively in x-y plane. A
(ii) The coil of an aca generator consists of 100 turns
third charge Q is kept at the origin. Find the value of
of wire, each of area 0.5 m2. The resistance of the
Q, in terms of q and a, so that the electrostatic
wire is 100Ω. The coil is rotating in a magnetic field
potential energy of the system is zero. (2023)
of 0.8 T perpendicular to axis of rotation, at a
constant angular speed of 60 radian per second.
57. (a) (i) Write the principle and explain the working
Calculate the maximum emf generated emf
of a moving coil galvanometer. A galvanometer as
generated and power dissipated in the coil. (2023)
such cannot be used to measure the current in a
circuit. Why? (2023)
53. a) (i) State Huygen’s principle. With the help of
(ii) Why is the magnetic field made radial in a
a diagram, show how a plane wave is reflected from
moving coil galvanometer? How is it achieved?
a surface. Hence verify the law of reflection.
OR
58. (b) (i) Derive an expression for magnetic field on can you say about the internal resistance of the two
the axis of a current carrying circular loop. batteries?
(ii) Write any two points of difference between a (iii) Calculate the total energy supplied by the
diamagnetic and a paramagnetic substance. (2023) batteries to the circuit shown in the figure, in one
minute. (2023)
59. a) (i) Draw a ray diagram showing the formation
of a real image of an object placed at a distance ‘u’
in front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature
‘R’. Hence, obtain the relation for the image distance
‘v’ in terms of u and R.
(ii) A 1·8 m tall person stands in front of a convex
lens of focal length 1 m, at a distance of 5 m. Find
the position and height of the image formed. (2023)
OR 63. (a) (i) Draw a ray diagram to show how the final
60. (b) (i) Draw a ray diagram showing refraction of image is formed at infinity in an astronomical
a ray of light through a triangular glass prism. Hence, refracting telescope. Obtain an expression for its
obtain the relation for the refractive index (μ) in magnifying power.
terms of angle of prism (A) and angle of minimum (ii) Two thin lenses L1 and L2, L1 being a convex lens
deviation (δm). (ii) The radii of curvature of the two of focal length 24 cm and L2 a concave lens of focal
surfaces of a concave lens are 20 cm each. Find the length 18 cm are placed coaxially at a separation of
refractive index of the material of the lens if its 45 cm. A 1 cm tall object is placed in front of the lens
power is -5·0 D. (2023) L1 at a distance of 36 cm. Find the position & height
of the image formed by the combination. (2023)
(2023) OR
61. (a) (i) Define mobility of electrons. Give its SI 64. (b) (i) Explain the working principle of an optical
units. fibre with the help of a diagram. Mention one use of
(ii) A steady current flows through a wire AB, as a light pipe.
shown in the figure. What happens to the electric (ii) A ray of light is incident at an angle of 60o on one
field and the drift velocity along the wire? Justify face of a prism with the prism angle A = 60o. The ray
your answer. passes symmetrically through the prism. Find the
angle of minimum deviation (δm) and refractive
index of the material of the prism. If the prism is
immersed in water, how will δm be affected? Justify
your answer. (2023)

(iii) Consider the circuit shown in the figure. Find the 65. (a) (i) A germanium crystal is doped with
effective resistance of the circuit and the current antimony. With the help of energy-band diagram,
drawn from the battery. (2023) explain how the conductivity of the doped crystal is
affected.
(ii) Briefly explain the two processes involved in the
formation of a p-n junction.
(iii) What will the effect of (1) forward biasing, and
(2) reverse biasing be on the width of depletion layer
in a p-n junction diode? (2023)
OR
66. (b) (i) With the help of a circuit diagram, briefly
OR explain the working of a full-wave rectifier using p-
62. (b) (i) Define electrical conductivity of a wire. n junction diodes.
Give its SI unit. (ii) Draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode.
(ii) High current is to be drawn safely from (1) a low- Explain how these characteristics make a diode
voltage battery, and (2) a high-voltage battery. What suitable for rectification.
(iii) Carbon and silicon have the same lattice 5cm and the final image is formed at the near point,
structure. Then why is carbon an insulator but silicon find the magnifying power of the microscope. (2023)
a semiconductor? (2023) OR
72. b) (ⅰ) Draw a ray diagram for the formation of
(2023) image of an object by an astronomical telescope, in
normal adjustment. Obtain the expression for its
67. a) (1) Explain how free electrons in a metal at magnifying power.
constant temperature attain an average velocity (ⅱ) The magnifying power of an astronomical
under the action of an electric field. Hence obtain an telescope in normal adjustment is 2.9 and the
expression for it. objective and the eyepiece are separated by a
(2) Consider two conducting wires A and B of the distance of 150cm. Find the focal length of the two
same diameter but made of different material joined lenses. (2023)
in series across a battery. The number density of
electrons in A is 1.5 times that in B. find the ratio drift (2024)
velocity of electrons in wire A to that in wire B.
(2023) 73. (a) (i) A capacitor of capacitance C is charged to
OR a potential difference V by a battery. The battery is
68. b) (1) A cell emf of (E) and internal resistance (r) disconnected and the separation between the plates is
is connected across a variable load resistance (R). halved. How will the following quantities be
Draw plots showing the variation of terminal voltage affected?
V with (ⅰ) R and (ⅱ) the current (I) in the load. (1) Capacitance of the capacitor
(2) three cells, each of emf E but internal resistance (2) Electric field between the plates
2r, 3r and 6r are connected in parallel across a resistor (3) Energy stored in the capacitor.
R. Obtain expressions for (ⅰ) current flowing in the Justify your answer in each case.
circuit, and (ⅱ) the terminal potential difference (ii) A capacitor of 20μF is charged to 30 V. It is then
across the equivalent cell. (2023) connected to an uncharged 30μF capacitor. Calculate
the charges on each capacitor in equilibrium. (2024)
69. a) Draw the circuit arrangement for studying V-I OR
characteristics of a p-n junction diode in (ⅰ) forward 74. (b) (i) Obtain an expression for electric potential
biasing and (ⅱ) reverse biasing. Draw the typical V-I at a distance r from a point charge Q.
characteristics of a silicon diose. Describe briefly the (ii) Two-point charges of 10 μC and -5μC are placed
following terms: at (3 cm, 0) and (6 cm, 0) in an external electric field
(ⅰ) minority carrier injection in forward biasing E = A/r2, where A = 1·8 × 105 N C-1 m2. Calculate the
(ⅱ) breakdown voltage in reverse biasing. (2023) electrostatic energy of the system. (2024)
OR
70. b) Name two important processes involved in the 75. (a) (i) Define the term self-inductance of a coil.
formation of a p-n junction diode. With the help of a Obtain an expression for self-inductance of a
circuit diagram, explain the working of junction solenoid of area of cross-section A, length L and
diode as a full wave rectifier. Draw its input and having n turns per unit length.
output waveforms. State the characteristic property (ii) The current flowing in a coil of inductance 50 mH
of a junction diode that make it suitable for is reduced from 10 A to 0 in 20 ms. Calculate change
rectification. (2023) in flux linked with the coil. (2024)
OR
71. a) (ⅰ) Draw a ray diagram to show the working of 76. (b) (i) Briefly explain the working of an ac
a compound microscope. Obtain the expression for generator. Obtain the expression for the
the total magnification for the final image to be instantaneous value of the emf induced in the
formed at the near point. generator.
(ⅱ) In a compound microscope an object is placed at (ii) Calculate the angular frequency at resonance of a
a distance of 1.5 cm from the objective of focal series LCR circuit with R=12Ω, L=2 H and C=32μF,
length 1.25cm. If the eye-piece has a focal length of connected to an ac source.
77. (a) (i) What are coherent sources of light? Briefly (ii) When does an inductor act as a conductor in a
explain how a pair of coherent sources are obtained circuit? Give reason for it.
in a Young’s double-slit experiment. Mention the (iii) An electric lamp is designed to operate at 110 V
conditions for constructive and destructive dc and 11 A current. If the lamp is operated on 220
interferences in this experiment. V, 50 Hz ac source with a coil in series, then find the
(ii) An object is kept 20 cm from a convex mirror of inductance of the coil. (2024)
radius of curvature 60 cm. Find the position of the OR
image formed. Will the image be real or virtual? 82. (b) (i) Draw a labelled diagram of a step-up
(2024) transformer and describe its working principle.
OR Explain any three causes for energy losses in a real
78. (b) (i) Answer the following giving reasons: transformer.
(1) In modern microscopes, multicomponent lenses (ii) A step-up transformer converts a low voltage into
are used for both the objective and the eyepiece. high voltage. Does it violate the principle of
(2) In a compound microscope, both the objective conservation of energy? Explain.
and the eyepiece have small focal lengths. (iii) A step-up transformer has 200 and 3000 turns in
(3) When viewing through a compound microscope, its primary and secondary coils respectively. The
our eyes should be positioned not on the eyepiece, input voltage given to the primary coil is 90 V.
but a short distance away from it for best viewing. Calculate:
(ii) Two students are separated by a 6 m partition wall (1) The output voltage across the secondary coil
in a room 9 m high. If both light and sound waves (2) The current in the primary coil if the current in
can bend around obstacles, how is it that the students the secondary coil is 2.0 A. (2024)
are unable to see each other, though they can talk
easily? (2024) 83. (a) (i) A ray of light passes through a triangular
(2024) prism. Show graphically, how the angle of deviation
varies with the angle of incidence? Hence define the
79. (a) (i) Derive an expression for potential energy angle of minimum deviation.
of an electric dipole 𝑝 in an external uniform electric (ⅱ) A ray of light is incident normally on a refracting
field 𝐸⃗ . When is the potential energy of the dipole face of a prism of angle A and suffers a deviation of
(1) maximum, and (2) minimum? angle δ. Prove that the refractive index n of the
sin(𝐴+𝛿 ⁄2)
(ii) An electric dipole consists of point charges -1 pC material of the prism is given by n= .
sin(𝐴⁄2)
and 1 pC located at (0, 0) and (3 mm, 4 mm) (iii) The refractive index of the material of a prism is
respectively in x y plane. An electric field of value
√2. If the refracting angle of the prism is 60o, Find
E = (1000 V/m) î is switched on in the region. Find
(1) Angle of minimum deviation
the torque 𝜏 acting on the dipole. (2024)
(2) Angle of incidence. (2024)
OR
OR
80. (b) (i) An electric dipole (dipole moment 𝑝 = pî),
84. (b) (i) State Huygens principle. A plane wave is
consisting of charges -q and q, separated by distance
incident at an angle i on a reflecting surface.
2a, is placed along the x-axis, with its centre at the
Construct the corresponding reflected wavefront.
origin. Show that the potential V, due to this dipole,
Using this diagram, prove that the angle of reflection
𝑘𝑝.𝑖̂
at a point x, (x >> a) is equal to . is equal to the angle of incidence.
𝑥2
(ii) Two isolated metallic spheres S1 and S2 of radii (ii) What are the coherent sources of light? Can two
1 cm and 3 cm respectively are charged such that independent sodium lamps act like coherent sources?
2
both have the same charge density (𝜋*10-9) C/m2. Explain.
(iii) A beam of light consisting of a known
They are placed far away from each other and
wavelength 520 nm and an unknown wavelength λ,
connected by a thin wire. Calculate the new charge
used in young’s double slit experiment produces two
on sphere S1.
interference patterns such that the fourth bright
fringe of unknown wavelength coincides with the
81. (a) (i) A resistor and a capacitor are connected in
fifth bright fringe of known wavelength. Find the
series to an ac source v=vmsin t. Derive an expression
value of λ. (2024)
for the impedance of the circuit.
(2024) 89. (a) (i) Give any two differences between the
interference pattern obtained in Young’s double-slit
85. (a) (i) Obtain an expression for the electric experiment and a diffraction pattern due to a single
potential due to a small dipole of dipole moment 𝑝, slit.
at a point 𝑟 from its centre, for much larger distances (ii) Draw an intensity distribution graph in case of a
compared to the size of the dipole. (2024) double-slit interference pattern.
(ii) Three-point charges q, 2q and nq are placed at the (iii) In Young’s double-slit experiment using
vertices of an equilateral triangle. If the potential monochromatic light of wavelength λ, the intensity
energy of the system is zero, find the value of n. of light at a point on the screen, where path
OR difference is λ, is K. Find the intensity of at a point
86. (b) (i) State Gauss’s Law of electrostatics. Apply on the screen where the path difference is λ/6. (2024)
this to obtain the electric field 𝐸⃗ at a point near a OR
uniformly charged infinite plane sheet. 90. (b) (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram of a
(ii) Two long straight wires 1 and 2 are kept as shown compound microscope showing image formation at
in the figure. The linear charge density of the two least distance of distinct vision. Derive an expression
wires are λ1=10 C/m & λ2=20 C/m. Find the net force for its magnifying power.
F experienced by an electron held at point P. (2024) (ii) A telescope consists of two lenses of focal length
100 cm and 5 cm. Find the magnifying power when
the final image is formed at infinity. (2024)

(2024)

91. (a) (i) Obtain the expression for the capacitance

of a parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric medium
87. (a) (i) A particle of mass m and charge q is between its plates.
⃗ as (ii) A charge of 6 μC is given to a hollow metallic
moving with a velocity 𝑣 in a magnetic field 𝐵
sphere of radius 0.2 m. Find the potential at
shown in the figure. Show that it follows a helical
(i) the surface and (ii) the centre of the sphere (2024)
path. Hence, obtain its frequency of revolution.
OR
92. (b) (i) A charge + Q is placed on a thin conducting
spherical shell of rad an expression for the electric
field at a point lying (i) inside and (ii) outside the
shell.
(ii) Show that the electric field for same charge
density (σ) is twice in case of a conducting plate or
surface than in a nonconducting sheet. (2024)
(ii) In a hydrogen atom, the electron moves in an
93. (a) (i) (1) What is meant by current sensitivity of
orbit of radius 2Å making 8*1014 revolutions per
a galvanometer? Mention the factors on which it
second. Find the magnetic moment associated with
depends.
the orbital motion of the electron. (2024)
(2) A galvanometer of resistance G is converted into
OR
a voltmeter of range (0-V) by using a resistance R.
88. (b) (i) What is current sensitivity of a
Find the resistance, in terms of R and G, required to
galvanometer? Show how the current sensitivity of a
convert it into a voltmeter of range (0-V/2).
galvanometer may be increased. Increasing the
(ii) The magnetic flux through a coil of resistance 5
current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not
increases with time as: Φ= (2t3 + 5t2 + 6t) mWb
necessarily increase its voltage sensitivity. Explain.
Find the magnitude of induced current through the
(ii) A moving coil galvanometer has a resistance 15Ω
coil at t = 2 s. (2024)
and takes 20 mA to produce full scale deflection.
OR
How can this galvanometer be converted into a
voltmeter of range 0 to 100 V? (2024)
94. (b) (i) A rectangular coil of N turns and area of (ⅲ) The magnification of a small object produced by
cross-section A is rotated at a steady angular speed ω a compound microscope is 200. The focal length of
in a uniform magnetic field. Obtain an expression for the eyepiece is 2 cm and the final image is formed at
the emf induced in the coil at any instant of time. infinity. Find the magnification produced by the
(ii) Two coplanar and concentric circular loops L1 objective. (2024)
and L2 are placed coaxially with their centres OR
coinciding. The radii of L1 and L2 are 1 cm and 100 98. b) ⅰ) Differentiate between a wavefront and ray.
cm respectively. Calculate the mutual inductance of (ⅱ) state Huygen’s principle and verify laws of
the loops. (Take π2 = 10) (2024) reflection using suitable diagram.
(ⅲ) In young’s double slit experiment, the slits S1
95. (a) (i) Trace the path of a ray of light showing and S2 are 3 mm apart and the screen is placed 1 m
refraction through a triangular prism and hence away from the slits. It is observed that the fourth
obtain an expression for angle of deviation (δm) in bright fringe is at a distance of 5 mm from the second
terms of A, i and e, where symbols have their usual dark fringe. Find the wavelength of light used.
meanings. Draw a graph showing the variation of (2024)
angle of deviation with the angle of incidence.
(ii) In the figure, a ray of light is incident on a 99. a) ⅰ) A dielectric slab of dielectric constant ‘K’
transparent liquid contained in a thin glass box at an and thickness ‘t’ is inserted between plates of a
angle of 45o with its one face. The emergent ray parallel plate capacitor of plate separation d and plate
passes along the face AB. Find the refractive index area A. Obtain an expression for its capacitance.
of the liquid. (2024) ⅱ) Two capacitances of different capacitance are
connected first (1) in series and then (2) in parallel
across a dc source of 100V. If the total energy stored
in the combination in the two cases are 40 mJ and
250 mJ respectively, find the capacitance of the
capacitors. (2024)
OR
100. b) ⅰ) Using Gauss’s law, show that the electric
field 𝐸⃗ at a point due to a uniformly charged infinite
plane sheet is given by E= σ/ 2ɛ0 𝑛̂ where symbols
have their usual meanings.
OR ⅱ) Electric field 𝐸⃗ in a region is given by E=(5x2+2)𝑖̂
96. (b) (i) The displacement of two light waves, each where E is in N/C and x is in meters. A cube of side
of amplitude ‘a’ and frequency ω, emanating from 10 cm is placed in the region as shown in figure.
two coherent sources of light, are given by
y1= a cos ωt and y2= a cos(ωt+Φ). Φ is the phase
difference between the two waves. These light waves
superpose at a point. Obtain the expression for the
resultant intensity at that point.
(ii) Find the ratio of intensities at two points on a
screen when waves emanating from two slits
reaching these points have path differences (i) λ/6 Calculate (1) the electric flux through the cube
and (ii)λ/12. (2024) (2) the net charge enclosed by the cube. (2024)

101. a) ⅰ) Mention the factors on which the resonant

(2024)
frequency of a series LCR circuit depends. Plot a
graph showing variation of impedance of a series
97. a) (ⅰ) Draw a ray diagram for the formation of the
LCR circuit with the frequence of the applied A.C.
image of an object by a convex mirror. Hence, obtain
source.
the mirror equation.
ⅱ) With the help of a suitable diagram, explain the
(ⅱ) why are multi-component lenses used for both the
working of a step-up transformer.
objective and the eyepiece in optical instruments?
ⅲ) Write two causes of energy loss in a real ⅱ) Discuss four main causes of energy loss in a real
transformer. (2024) transformer. (2024)
OR
102. b) ⅰ) With the help of a diagram, briefly explain 107. a) ⅰ) A plane light wave propagating from a rarer
the construction and working of ac generator. into a denser medium, is incident at an angle i on the
ⅱ) An electron is revolving around a proton in an surface separating two media. Using Huygen’s
orbit of radius r with a speed v. Obtain expression for principle, draw the refracted wave and hence verify
magnetic moment associated with the electrons. Snell’s law of refraction.
(2024) ⅱ) In a Young's double-slit experiment, the slits are
(2024) separated by 0.30 mm, and the screen is kept 1.5 m
away. The wavelength of light used is 600 nm.
103. a) ⅰ) Draw equipotential surface for an electric Calculate the distance between the central bright
dipole. fringe and the 4th dark fringe. (2024)
ⅱ) Two-point chares q1 and q2 are located at r1 and r2 OR
respectively in an external electric field 𝐸⃗ . Obtain an 108. b) ⅰ) Discuss briefly the diffraction of light from
expression for the potential energy of the system. a single slit and draw the shape of the diffraction
ⅲ) The dipole moment of a molecule is 10-30 Cm. it pattern.
is placed in an electric field E of 105 V/m such that ⅱ) An object placed between the pole and the focus
its axis is along the electric field. The direction of E of a concave mirror. Using the mirror formula, prove
is suddenly changed by 60° at an instant. Find the mathematically that it produces a virtual and
charge in the potential energy of the dipole, at that enlarged image. (2024)
instant. (2024)
OR
104. b) ⅰ) A thin spherical shell of radius R has a
uniform surface charge density σ. Using Gauss’s law,
deduce an expression for electric field
(ⅰ) outside and (ⅱ) inside the shell.
ⅱ) Two long straight thin wires AB and CD have
linear charge densities 10 µC/m and -20 µC/m,
respectively. They are kept parallel to each other at a
distance 1 m. Find magnitude and direction of the net
electric field at a point midway between them. (2024)

105. b) ⅰ) You are given three circuit elements X, Y

and Z. They connected one by one across a given ac
source. It is found that V and I are in phase for
element X. V leads I by (π/4) for element Y while I
leads V by (π/4) for element Z. Identify elements X,
Y and Z.
ⅱ) Establish the expression for impedance of circuit
when elements X, Y and Z are connected in series to
an ac source. Show the variation of current in the
circuit with the frequency of the applied ac source.
ⅲ) In a series LCR circuit, obtain the conditions
under which (ⅰ) impedance is minimum
(ⅱ) wattless current flows in the circuit. (2024)
OR
106. b) ⅰ) Describe the construction and working of a
transformer and hence obtain the relation for (υs/υp)
in terms of number of turns of primary and
secondary.