Transport Phenomena
Chapter-2
(Shell Momentum Balances Velocity
distributions in laminar flow)
Dr. M.S.Rao
Chemical Engineering Department
D. D. University
Outline of presentation
• Introduction
• Shell Momentum balances and Boundary
conditions
• Flow of falling film
• Flow through circular tube
• Flow through annulus
• Flow of adjacent immiscible fluids
• Creeping flow around sphere
2
Shell Momentum Balances
• It is basically force balance
• Rate of momentum balance
• This is a restricted statement for law of
conservation of momentum
• Lets apply it to one component of momentum
that is in the direction of flow
3
Procedure to solve problems
• Identify non vanishing velocity component
and spatial variable on which it depends
• Write a momentum balance over a thin shell
perpendicular to the relevant spatial variable
• Make thickness of the shell approach zero and
get the differential equation for momentum
flux
• Integrate the diff equation to get momentum
flux distribution
4
Procedure to solve problems
• Insert Newton’s law of viscosity to obtain
differential equation for velocity
• Integrate this equation to get velocity
distribution
• Use velocity distribution to get other
quantities
– Average velocity, Maximum velocity
– Mass flow and volumetric flow
– Shear stress and force acting on the surface
5
Most commonly used Boundary
conditions
• No slip condition at solid fluid interface
• Liquid-liquid interface
– velocities are continuous
– Molecular stress components are also continuous
• Liquid gas interface
– The stress tensor are taken to be zero
– Gas viscosities very less compared to liquid
viscosities
• Assumed no mass transfer across interface
6
Flow through a Circular Tube
7
Flow through circular tube Problem
• The system
– Cylindrical tube of length L
– Radius R
– Liquid is flowing down (||| to wetted wall column)
• Assumptions
– Entrance and exit disturbances are neglected
– Viscous steady flow
8
Flow through Circular Tube
• vz becomes independent of z in short distance
– vz(r);
– vr=0 ;
– vθ=0;
– Non vanishing velocity component is vz
• Pressure is dependent on height of liquid
– P=p(z)
• We shall setup a shell perpendicular to r direction
– thickness ∆r
– length L and at a distance of r to r+∆r
9
Combined momentum flux tensors
• φrr=pδrr+τrr+ρvrvr =p(1)+τrr+ ρvrvr =0 ; p(z)as vr=0
• φrθ=pδrθ+τrθ+ρvrvθ =p(0)+τrθ+ ρvrvθ =0 as vθ=0
• φrz=pδrz+τrz+ρvrvz =p(0)+τrz+ ρvrvz = τrz as vr=0
• φθr=pδθr+τθr+ρvθvr =p(0)+τθr+ ρvθvr =0 as vr=0
• φθθ=pδθθ+τθθ+ρvθvθ =p(1)+τθθ+ ρvθvθ =0;p(z) and vθ=0
• φθz=pδθz+τθz+ρvθvz =p(0)+τθz+ ρvθvz =0;as vz(r) and vθ=0
• φzr=pδzr+τzr+ρvzvr =p(0)+τzr+ ρvzvr =0 as vr=0
• φzθ=pδzθ+τzθ+ρvzvθ =p(0)+τzθ+ ρvzvθ =0 as vθ=0
• φzz=pδzz+τzz+ρvzvz =p(1)+τzz+ ρvzvz =p+ ρvzvz as vz(r)
10
Combined momentum flux tensors
• We are considering flow in the z direction
• Hence, we actually need to consider
– The force and velocity are in z direction
– only non-vanishing velocity components vz
– φrz=pδrz+τrz+ρvrvz =p(0)+τrz+ ρvrvz = τrz as vr=0
– φθz=pδθz+τθz+ρvθvz =p(0)+τθz+ ρvθvz =0 as vz(r) and vθ=0
– φzz=pδzz+τzz+ρvzvz =p(1)+τzz+ ρvzvz =p+ ρvzvz as vz(r)
11
Forces acting on the system
12
Forces acting on the system
13
Force balance and simplification
• Divide the equation with 2∏L∆r and ∆r0
• From the definition of derivative we get
• Two terms involved here are
14
Force balance and simplification
• All other terms vanish except Φrz=τrz
• Integration of this equation gives
• At r=0 τrz is finite this gives us c1=0
15
Equation for Velocity Profile
• Newton’s law of viscosity gives
• Substitution gives
• Integration of the first order separable
differential equation gives
16
Equation for Velocity Profile
• No slip at boundary gives vz=0 at r=R
• Substitution of C2 gives
17
Final result with profiles
18
Maximum and average velocities
• Hagen Poiseuille equation
19
Force acting
• The z component of force of the fluid on
wetted surface is shear stress integrated over
the wetted area
• Viscous force is counter balanced (steady vz)
– Net pressure force
– Gravitational force
20
Analysis of results
21
Flow through an annular space
22
Flow through an annular space
• The system
– Cylindrical tube of length L
– Radius R
– Liquid is flowing upward direction (Positive z
direction)
• Assumptions
– Entrance and exit disturbances are neglected
– Viscous steady flow is assumed
23
Flow through an annular space
• vz becomes independent of z in short distance
– vz(r);
– vr=0 ;
– vθ=0;
– Non vanishing velocity component is vz
• Pressure is dependent on height of liquid
– P=p(z)
• We shall setup a shell perpendicular to r direction
– thickness ∆r
– length L and at a distance of r to r+∆r
24
Combined momentum flux tensors
• φrr=pδrr+τrr+ρvrvr =p(1)+τrr+ ρvrvr =0 ; p(z)as vr=0
• φrθ=pδrθ+τrθ+ρvrvθ =p(0)+τrθ+ ρvrvθ =0 as vθ=0
• φrz=pδrz+τrz+ρvrvz =p(0)+τrz+ ρvrvz = τrz as vr=0
• φθr=pδθr+τθr+ρvθvr =p(0)+τθr+ ρvθvr =0 as vr=0
• φθθ=pδθθ+τθθ+ρvθvθ =p(1)+τθθ+ ρvθvθ =0;p(z) and vθ=0
• φθz=pδθz+τθz+ρvθvz =p(0)+τθz+ ρvθvz =0;as vz(r) and vθ=0
• φzr=pδzr+τzr+ρvzvr =p(0)+τzr+ ρvzvr =0 as vr=0
• φzθ=pδzθ+τzθ+ρvzvθ =p(0)+τzθ+ ρvzvθ =0 as vθ=0
• φzz=pδzz+τzz+ρvzvz =p(1)+τzz+ ρvzvz =p+ ρvzvz as vz(r)
25
Combined momentum flux tensors
• We are considering flow in the z direction
• Hence, we actually need to consider
– The force and velocity are in z direction
– only non-vanishing velocity component vz
– φrz=pδrz+τrz+ρvrvz =p(0)+τrz+ ρvrvz = τrz as vr=0
– φθz=pδθz+τθz+ρvθvz =p(0)+τθz+ ρvθvz =0 as vz(r) and vθ=0
– φzz=pδzz+τzz+ρvzvz =p(1)+τzz+ ρvzvz =p+ ρvzvz as vz(r)
26
Forces acting on the system
27
Forces acting on the system
Note: The direction
of flow is in the upward
direction ie positive z
direction. This figure is
taken from previous
Problem. Reverse the
Z direction as upward
And the origin is at the
bottom
28
Force balance and simplification
• Divide the equation with 2∏L∆r and ∆r0
• From the definition of derivative we get
• Two terms involved here are
29
Force balance and simplification
• All other terms vanish except Φrz=τrz
• Integration of this equation gives
• We can not get value of c1 here but we can
convert the same into a quantity that can have
some physical meaning
30
Boundary condition
• Velocity is zero at
– r=kR and r=R
• It is increasing and then
decreasing
• It implies zero velocity
gradient occurs at some
where at r= λR
31
Equation for Velocity Profile
Here onward slides are to be
modified
• Newton’s law of viscosity gives
• Substitution gives
• Integration of the first order separable
differential equation gives
32
Equation for Velocity Profile
• No slip at boundary gives vz=0 at r=R
• Substitution of C2 gives
33
Final result with profiles
34
Maximum and average velocities
• Hagen Poiseuille equation
35
Force acting
• The z component of force of the fluid on
wetted surface is shear stress integrated over
the wetted area
• Viscous force is counter balanced (steady vz)
– Net pressure force
– Gravitational force
36
Thank you
Any questions?
