Semester IV

Course of study for semester IV

Course No. of Credit

Name of the course Tutorial
code hours points
BP401T Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry III– Theory 3 1 4
BP402T Medicinal Chemistry I – Theory 3 1 4
BP403T Physical Pharmaceutics II – Theory 3 1 4
BP404T Pharmacology I – Theory 3 1 4
BP405T Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry I– Theory 3 1 4
BP406P Medicinal Chemistry I – Practical 4 - 2
BP407P Physical Pharmaceutics II – Practical 4 2
BP408P Pharmacology I – Practical 4 - 2
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry I –
BP409P Practical 4 - 2
Total 31 5 28

58
 BP401T. PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY –III (Theory)

Credit Points 04 Total Teaching Hours 45

No. of lectures per week 03 No. of tutorials per week 01

Scope:
This subject imparts knowledge on stereo-chemical aspects of organic compoundsand
organic reactions, important named reactions, chemistry of important hetero cyclic
compounds. It also emphasizes on medicinal and other uses of organic compounds.

Objectives:
At the end of the course, the student shall be able to
 understand the methods of preparation and properties of organic compounds
 explain the stereo chemical aspects of organic compounds and stereo chemical
reactions
 know the medicinal uses and other applications of organic compounds

Course Content:
Note: To emphasize on definition, types, mechanisms, examples,
uses/applications

Unit I Stereo isomerism 10

Optical isomerism – hours

Optical activity, enantiomerism, diastereoisomerism, meso

compounds Elements of symmetry, chiral and achiral molecules
DL system of nomenclature of optical isomers, sequence rules,
RS system of nomenclature of optical isomers
Reactions of chiral molecules
Racemic modification and resolution of racemic mixture.
Asymmetric synthesis: partial and absolute
Unit II Geometrical isomerism 10
hours
Nomenclature of geometrical isomers (Cis Trans, EZ, Syn Anti
systems)
Methods of determination of configuration of geometrical
isomers. Conformational isomerism in Ethane, n-Butane and
Cyclohexane.
Stereo isomerism in biphenyl compounds (Atropisomerism) and
conditions for optical activity.

59
 Stereospecific and stereoselective reactions

Unit III Heterocyclic compounds: 06

Nomenclature and classification hours

Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following

compounds/derivatives Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene
Relative aromaticity and reactivity of Pyrrole, Furan and
Thiophene
Unit IV Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following 12
compounds/derivatives Pyrazole, Imidazole, Oxazole and hours

Thiazole.
Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Acridine and Indole. Basicity of
pyridine Synthesis and medicinal uses of Pyrimidine, Purine,
azepines and their derivatives
Unit V Reactions of synthetic importance 07
hours
Metal hydride reduction (NaBH4 and LiAlH4), Clemmensen
reduction, Birch reduction, Wolff Kishner reduction.
Oppenauer-oxidation and Dakin reaction.
Beckmanns rearrangement and Schmidt rearrangement.
Claisen-Schmidt condensation

Recommended Books (Latest Editions)

1. Organic chemistry by I.L. Finar, Volume-I & II.
2. A text book of organic chemistry – Arun Bahl, B.S. Bahl.
3. Heterocyclic Chemistry by Raj K. Bansal
4. Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd
5. Heterocyclic Chemistry by T.L. Gilchrist

60
 BP402T. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I (Theory)
Credit Points 04 Total Teaching Hours 45
No. of lectures per week 03 No. of tutorials per week 01

Scope:
This subject is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on the structure,chemistry
and therapeutic value of drugs. The subject emphasizes on structure activity
relationships of drugs, importance of physicochemical properties and metabolism of
drugs. The syllabus also emphasizes on chemical synthesis of important drugs under
each class.

Objectives:
Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to
 understand the chemistry of drugs with respect to their pharmacological activity
 understand the drug metabolic pathways, adverse effect and therapeutic
value of drugs
 know the Structural Activity Relationship (SAR) of different class of drugs
 write the chemical synthesis of some drugs

Course Content:
Study of the development of the following classes of drugs, Classification,
mechanism of action, uses of drugs mentioned in the course, Structure activity
relationship of selective class of drugs as specified in the course and synthesis of
drugs superscripted (*)

Unit I Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry 10

hours
History and development of medicinal chemistry
Physicochemical properties in relation to biological
action
Ionization, Solubility, Partition Coefficient,
Hydrogen bonding, Protein binding,
Chelation, Bioisosterism, Optical and
Geometrical isomerism.
Drug metabolism
Drug metabolism principles- Phase I and Phase II.
Factors affecting drug metabolism including stereo chemical
aspects
Unit II Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System 10
hours
Adrenergic Neurotransmitters:

61
 Biosynthesis and catabolism of catecholamine.
Adrenergic receptors (Alpha & Beta) and their distribution.

Sympathomimetic agents: SAR of Sympathomimetic

agents
Direct acting: Nor-epinephrine, Epinephrine,
Phenylephrine*, Dopamine,Methyldopa,
Clonidine, Dobutamine, Isoproterenol,
Terbutaline, Salbutamol*, Bitolterol, Naphazoline,
Oxymetazoline and Xylometazoline.
 Indirect acting agents: Hydroxyamphetamine,
Pseudoephedrine, Propylhexedrine.
 Agents with mixed mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol.

Adrenergic Antagonists:
Alpha adrenergic blockers: Tolazoline*,
Phentolamine,Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin,
Dihydroergotamine, Methysergide.
Beta adrenergic blockers: SAR of beta blockers,
Propranolol*,Metipranolol, Atenolol, Betazolol, Bisoprolol,
Esmolol, Metoprolol, Labetolol, Carvedilol
Unit III Cholinergic neurotransmitters: 10
hours
Biosynthesis and catabolism of acetylcholine.
Cholinergic receptors (Muscarinic & Nicotinic) and their
distribution.

Parasympathomimetic agents: SAR of

Parasympathomimetic agents
Direct acting agents: Acetylcholine, Carbachol*,
Bethanechol,Methacholine, Pilocarpine.
Indirect acting/ Cholinesterase inhibitors (Reversible
& Irreversible):
Physostigmine, Neostigmine*, Pyridostigmine,
Edrophonium chloride, Tacrine hydrochloride,
Ambenonium chloride, Isofluorphate,
Echothiophate iodide, Parathion, Malathion.
Cholinesterase reactivator: Pralidoxime chloride.

Cholinergic Blocking agents: SAR of cholinolytic agents

Solanaceous alkaloids and analogues: Atropine
sulphate, Hyoscyaminesulphate, Scopolamine
hydrobromide, Homatropine hydrobromide,
Ipratropium bromide*.

62
 Synthetic cholinergic blocking agents: Tropicamide,
Cyclopentolatehydrochloride, Clidinium bromide, Dicyclomine
hydrochloride*, Glycopyrrolate, Methantheline bromide,
Propantheline bromide, Benztropine mesylate, Orphenadrine
citrate, Biperidine hydrochloride, Procyclidine hydrochloride*,
Tridihexethyl chloride, Isopropamide iodide, Ethopropazine
hydrochloride
Unit IV Drugs acting on Central Nervous System 08
A. Sedatives and Hypnotics: hours
Benzodiazepines: SAR of Benzodiazepines,
Chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam*,Oxazepam,
Chlorazepate, Lorazepam, Alprazolam, Zolpidem
Barbiturtes: SAR of barbiturates, Barbital*,
Phenobarbital, Mephobarbital,Amobarbital,
Butabarbital, Pentobarbital, Secobarbital
Miscelleneous:
Amides & imides: Glutethmide.
Alcohol & their carbamate derivatives: Meprobomate,
Ethchlorvynol.
Aldehyde & their derivatives: Triclofos sodium, Paraldehyde.

B. Antipsychotics
Phenothiazeines: SAR of Phenothiazeines -
Promazine hydrochloride,Chlorpromazine
hydrochloride*, Triflupromazine, Thioridazine
hydrochloride, Piperacetazine hydrochloride,
Prochlorperazine maleate, Trifluoperazine
hydrochloride.
Ring Analogues of Phenothiazeines:
Chlorprothixene, Thiothixene,Loxapine
succinate, Clozapine.
Fluro buterophenones: Haloperidol, Droperidol,
Risperidone.
Beta amino ketones: Molindone hydrochloride.
Benzamides: Sulpieride.

C. Anticonvulsants: SAR of Anticonvulsants,

mechanism of anticonvulsantaction
Barbiturates: Phenobarbitone, Methabarbital. Hydantoins:
Phenytoin*, Mephenytoin, Ethotoin Oxazolidine diones:
Trimethadione, Paramethadione Succinimides:
Phensuximide, Methsuximide, Ethosuximide* Urea and

63
 monoacylureas: Phenacemide, Carbamazepine*
Benzodiazepines: Clonazepam
Miscellaneous: Primidone, Valproic acid , Gabapentin,
Felbamate
Unit V Drugs acting on Central Nervous System 07
General anesthetics: hours
Inhalation anesthetics: Halothane*, Methoxyflurane,
Enflurane,Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane.
Ultra short acting barbitutrates: Methohexital sodium*,
Thiamylalsodium, Thiopental sodium.
Dissociative anesthetics: Ketamine hydrochloride.*

Narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics

Morphine and related drugs: SAR of Morphine analogues,
Morphinesulphate, Codeine, Meperidine hydrochloride,
Anilerdine hydrochloride, Diphenoxylate hydrochloride,
Loperamide hydrochloride, Fentanyl citrate*, Methadone
hydrochloride*, Propoxyphene hydrochloride, Pentazocine,
Levorphanol tartarate.
Narcotic antagonists: Nalorphine hydrochloride, Levallorphan
tartarate,Naloxone hydrochloride.
Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory agents: Sodium salicylate,
Aspirin, Mefenamic acid*,Meclofenamate, Indomethacin,
Sulindac, Tolmetin, Zomepriac, Diclofenac, Ketorolac,
Ibuprofen*, Naproxen, Piroxicam, Phenacetin,
Acetaminophen, Antipyrine, Phenylbutazone.

64
 BP 403 T. PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-II (Theory)

Credit Points 04 Total Teaching Hours 45

No. of lectures per week 03 No. of tutorials per week 01

Scope:
The course deals with the various physical and physicochemical properties,
andprinciples involved in dosage forms/formulations. Theory and practical components
of the subject help the student to get a better insight into various areas of formulation
research and development, and stability studies of pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Objectives:
Upon the completion of the course student shall be able to
 Understand various physicochemical properties of drug molecules in the
designing the dosage forms
 Know the principles of chemical kinetics & to use them for stability testing and
determination of expiry date of formulations
o Demonstrate use of physicochemical properties in the formulation
 development and evaluation of dosage forms.

Course Content:
Unit I 07
Colloidal dispersions: Classification of dispersed systems & hours
their generalcharacteristics, size & shapes of colloidal particles,
classification of colloids & comparative account of their general
properties. Optical, kinetic & electrical properties. Effect of
electrolytes, coacervation, peptization& protective action.
Unit II Rheology: Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematic viscosity, 08
effect of temperature,non-Newtonian systems, pseudoplastic, hours
dilatant, plastic, thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation,
determination of viscosity, capillary, falling Sphere, rotational
viscometers
Deformation of solids: Plastic and elastic deformation, Heckel
equation, Stress, Strain,Elastic Modulus
Unit III Coarse dispersion: Suspension, interfacial properties of 10
suspended particles, settling insuspensions, formulation of hours
flocculated and deflocculated suspensions. Emulsions and
theories of emulsification, microemulsion and multiple
emulsions; Stability of emulsions, preservation of emulsions,
rheological properties of emulsions and emulsion formulation by
HLB method

67
Unit IV Micromeretics: Particle size and distribution, mean particle size, 10
number and weightdistribution, particle number, methods for hours
determining particle size by different methods, counting and
separation method, particle shape, specific surface, methods for
determining surface area, permeability, adsorption, derived
properties of powders, porosity, packing arrangement, densities,
bulkiness & flow properties.
Unit V Drug stability: Reaction kinetics: zero, pseudo-zero order, first & 10
second order, units of basicrate constants, determination of hours
reaction order. Physical and chemical factors influencing the
chemical degradation of pharmaceutical product: temperature,
solvent, ionic strength, dielectric constant, specific & general acid
base catalysis, Simple numerical problems. Stabilization of
medicinal agents against common reactions like hydrolysis &
oxidation. Accelerated stability testing in expiration dating of
pharmaceutical dosage forms. Photolytic degradation and its
prevention

68
 BP 404 T. PHARMACOLOGY-I (Theory)

Credit Points 04 Total Teaching Hours 45

No. of lectures per week 03 No. of tutorials per week 01

Scope:
The main purpose of the subject is to understand what drugs do to the livingorganisms
and how their effects can be applied to therapeutics. The subject covers the information
about the drugs like, mechanism of action, physiological and biochemical effects
(pharmacodynamics) as well as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
(pharmacokinetics) along with the adverse effects, clinical uses, interactions, doses,
contraindications and routes of administration of different classes of drugs.

Objectives:
Upon completion of this course the student should be able to
 Understand the pharmacological actions of different categories of drugs
 Explain the mechanism of drug action at organ system/sub
cellular/ macromolecular levels.
 Apply the basic pharmacological knowledge in the prevention and treatment
of various diseases.
 Observe the effect of drugs on animals by simulated experiments
 Appreciate correlation of pharmacology with other bio medical sciences

Course Content:

Unit I General Pharmacology 08

hours
a. Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition, historical
landmarks and scope of pharmacology, nature and source
of drugs, essential drugs concept and routes of drug
administration, Agonists, antagonists( competitive and non
competitive), spare receptors, addiction, tolerance,
dependence, tachyphylaxis, idiosyncrasy, allergy.
b. Pharmacokinetics- Membrane transport, absorption,
distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs .Enzyme
induction, enzyme inhibition, kinetics of elimination
Unit II General Pharmacology 12
a. Pharmacodynamics- Principles and mechanisms of drug hours
action. Receptor theories and classification of receptors,
regulation of receptors. drug receptors interactions signal
transduction mechanisms, G-protein–coupled receptors, ion
channel receptor, transmembrane enzyme linked receptors,
transmembrane JAK-STAT binding receptor and receptors
that regulate transcription factors, dose response
relationship, therapeutic index, combined effects of drugs
and factors modifying drug action.

70
 b. Adverse drug reactions.
c. Drug discovery and clinical evaluation of new drugs -Drug
discovery phase, preclinical evaluation phase, clinical trial
phase, phases of clinical trials and pharmacovigilance.
Unit III Pharmacology of drugs acting on peripheral nervous system 10
a. Organization and function of ANS. hours

b.Neurohumoral transmission,co-transmission and

classification of neurotransmitters.
c. Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics,
Sympathomimetics, sympatholytics.
d. Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle
relaxants (peripheral).
e. Local anesthetic agents.
Drugs used in myasthenia gravis and glaucoma
Unit IV Pharmacology of drugs acting on central nervous system 08
a. Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S.special emphasis on hours
importance of various neurotransmitters like with GABA,
Glutamate, Glycine, serotonin, dopamine.
b. General anesthetics and pre-anesthetics.
c. Sedatives, hypnotics and centrally acting muscle relaxants.
d. Anti-epileptics
Alcohols and disulfiram
Unit V Pharmacology of drugs acting on central nervous system 07
a. Psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, hours
antidepressants, anti-anxiety agents, anti-manics and
hallucinogens.
b. Drugs used in Parkinsons disease and Alzheimer’s disease.
c. CNS stimulants and nootropics.
d. Opioid analgesics and antagonists
Drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance and dependence.

71
 BP 405 T.PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY I (Theory)
Credit Points 04 Total Teaching Hours 45
No. of lectures per week 03 No. of tutorials per week 01

Scope:
The subject involves the fundamentals of Pharmacognosy like scope, classification of
crude drugs, their identification and evaluation, phytochemicals present in them and
their medicinal properties.

Objectives:
Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able
 to know the techniques in the cultivation and production of crude drugs
 to know the crude drugs, their uses and chemical nature
 know the evaluation techniques for the herbal drugs
 to carry out the microscopic and morphological evaluation of crude drugs

Course content:

Unit I Introduction to Pharmacognosy: 13

(a) Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy hours
(b) Sources of Drugs – Plants, Animals, Marine Mineral& Tissue
culture
(c) Organized drugs, unorganized drugs (dried latex, dried juices,
dried extracts, gums and mucilages, oleoresins and oleo- gum -
resins).
(d)Systematic description of crude drugs.
Classification of drugs:
Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical,
pharmacological, chemo and sero taxonomical classification of
drugs with merits and demerits.
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin:
(a) Adulteration of drugs of natural origin. Definition, causes of
adulteration and different methods adopted in drug
adulteration.
(b) Evaluation by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical
and biological methods including quantitative microscopy.
Unit II Cultivation, Collection, Processing and storage of drugs of 07
natural origin: hours
Exogenous- Altitude, climate, temperature, rainfall, soil and soil
fertility, pest & pest control, growth hormones.
Endogenous-Mutation, Hybridisation, polyploidy and
chemodenses).
Detailed method of cultivation and processing of the
following drugs: Senna, Cinchona, Isabgul, Opium &
Rauwolfia.
Conservation of medicinal plants:

74
 In situ and Ex situ Conservation of medicinal plants
Unit III Plant tissue culture: 06
Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures hours
including callus, suspension, embryo, protoplast and hairy
root cultures, Nutritional requirements, types of media,
preparation and their maintenance.
Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy.
Edible vaccines
Unit IV Cell Biology: 04
hours
(a) Cell wall constituents and cell inclusions (Ergastic
substances – organic and inorganic substances).
(b) Study of simple plant tissues – parenchyma, collenchyma,
sclerenchyma, complex tissues – xylem and phloem.
(c) Study of stomata and trichomes.

Unit V Study of biological source, chemical nature, tests and uses of 15

drugs of natural origin containing following drugs hours
Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogens- Fungi and Lysergic acid derivatives,
Teratogens,- Nicotine and Lobelia
Natural allergens- Pollen and Rhus species

Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry,
sources, preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage,
therapeutic used and commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids
and/or Medicines for the following Primary metabolites:
Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey
Proteins and Enzymes : Gelatin, casein, proteolytic enzymes
(Papain, bromelain, serratiopeptidase, urokinase, streptokinase,
pepsin).
Lipids(Waxes, fats, fixed oils) : Castor oil, Chaulmoogra oil,
Wool Fat, Bees Wax

Marine Drugs:
Novel medicinal agents belonging to the class of Cardiovascular,
Cytotoxic, Antimicrobial,from marine sources

75