ACLC COLLEGE OF MEYCAUAYAN

ENERGY RESOURCES

A Report on Energy Resources for the Subject Science, Technology, and Society

Prepared by:

Casimiro, Raymund III L.

Espadilla, Raymel Jared

Galvez, Gerladine

Ocampo, Loraine

Golondrina, Ariele Louise V.

Submitted to:
Ms. Annabelle Moratal
Instructor

November 7, 2024
 Table of Contents

Overview of the Resource……………………………………………………………….01

Definition……………………………………………………………..…………………01

Historical Background… ……………………………….……………..………………01

Importance……………………………………….……….………….…………………01

Types and Forms………………………………..…….…………….…………………02

Global and Local Context……………………………….………….…………………02

Current Issues…………………………………………………………………………….03

Challenges……………………………………………….………….…………………03

Causes of Decline………………………………………………….…………………03

Environmental Impact………………..…………………………….…………………03

Societal Impact…………………………..………………………….…………………04

Statistics……………………………………………………….…….…………………04

Trends Over Time………………………….……………………….…………………05

Sustainable Practices…………………………………………………………………….06

Examples…………………………………………………………….…………………06

Benefits…………………………………………..………………….…………………06

Policy Frameworks……………………………………………………………………07

Community Involvement…………………………………..……….…………………07

Challenges to Implementation…………………………………….…………………08

Case Studies………………………………………………………………………………09

Successful Initiatives………………………………..…………….…………………09

Analysis……………………………………………………………..…………………09

Comparative Analysis…………………………………….……….…………………10
 Stakeholder Roles………………………………………………….…………………11

Outcome………………………………………….………………….…………………11

Future Consideration……………………………………………………….……………..12

Policy Recommendations………………………………………….…………………12

Public Awareness Campaigns…………………………………….…………………12

Research Needs……………………………………………………………………….13

Innovations……………………………………………………………………………..13

Recommendations…………………………………………………………………….14

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………15

Summary……………………………………………………………….………………15

Implications for the Future……………………………………………….……...…...16

Call to Action…………………………………………………………………………..17

Definition of terms…………………………………………………………………………19

References…………………………………………………………………………………24
 Overview of the Resources

Definition

We rely on energy resources to make energy that powers almost

everything we do. They fall into two main types: nonrenewable (like coal, oil,

and gas) and renewable (like solar, wind, and hydro). Every day, energy fuels

our homes, transportation, and industries, making it essential for our lives and

economies.

Historical Background

Humans have used different types of energy for thousands of years. At

every point in time, people have always found new ways to get energy. First,

we used fire for heat and cooking. Then, wind and water helped with things

like grinding grain. Coal powered factories and trains during the Industrial

Revolution, and later oil became the main energy source for cars and

factories. By the 1900s, natural gas and nuclear energy started growing. Now,

we’re using more renewable energy like solar, wind, and hydro because

they’re better for the environment. Every energy source has helped shape

how things work today.

Importance

Energy keeps the world literally moving. Energy is everywhere. It has

the potential to power schools, hospitals, businesses, mostly everything we

need in our society. If we switch to cleaner energy, it could help fight climate

change, cut pollution, and make countries less dependent on other countries

for power. In the Philippines, we are using more solar energy and geothermal

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energy so that we can reduce the need to import power and help the country

lead the way in Southeast Asia.

Types and Forms

Many different types of energy naturally occur in our world. They fall

into two main types: nonrenewable (like coal, oil, and gas) and renewable

(such as solar, wind, and hydro). In the Philippines, there’s a mix of renewable

and non-renewable energy. Solar, wind, geothermal, and hydropower are the

main renewables. Coal and natural gas are still used too, but they cause

pollution.

Global and Local Context

Globally, fossil fuels still dominate, although renewable use is increasing

fast in places like Europe and North America. In other regions, especially

parts of Asia and Africa, fossil fuels are still heavily relied upon. Getting

access to affordable energy is crucial for growing economies, especially in

poorer countries. In the Philippines, the reliance on imported energy is a big

issue. However, by focusing more on solar and geothermal energy, the

country can reduce that and lead the way in Southeast Asia. Plus, the

Philippines has all the natural resources needed to become a clean energy

leader.

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 CURRENT ISSUES

Challenges

Since it is practically difficult to create, transport, or consume energy

without having a major negative influence on the environment, energy and

environmental issues are intimately intertwined. Air pollution, climate change,

water pollution, thermal pollution, and solid waste disposal are among the

environmental issues that are closely linked to the production and

consumption of energy. The primary source of air pollution in cities is the

burning of fossil fuels, which releases air pollutants into the atmosphere. The

primary source of greenhouse gas emissions is also the burning of fossil

fuels. Energy use is linked to a variety of water pollution issues. Oil spills are

one issue. There is a limited chance that oil will spill on land or in a body of

water during any petroleum handling operation. Water pollution is another

effect of coal mining. Mining-induced changes in groundwater flow

Causes of Decline

Environmental Impact

Even methane oxides have an impact on animals and humans who drink

water from the impacted bodies of water. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas

that is released into the atmosphere in large amounts when fossil fuels are

burned. Global warming is eventually caused by these gases' capacity to trap

heat in the atmosphere. Additionally, biomass causes the production of toxic

gases. Because it contains lead and cadmium, ash produced when biomass

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is burned is another undesirable waste that presents disposal challenges.

Toxic substances are produced during the production of photovoltaic (PV)

cells. Despite not polluting the air or water, hydropower hurts fish populations.

People and animals who live close to the dam sites are forced to relocate as a

result. Additionally, it alters the water.

Societal Impact

Energy affects society in both positive and negative ways. Humans

benefit from having access to clean, safe, inexpensive, and plentiful energy.

However, a society's economy, environment, and health may suffer as a result

of the extraction, usage, and transportation of energy. Furthermore, a

country's security may become vulnerable if it depends too much on imported

energy. Energy decisions have different effects on different people. Because

they are less able to adjust and may not have as much negotiating leverage

as higher-income civilizations, lower-income or marginalized cultures are

more likely to experience the negative effects of energy decisions. Therefore,

increases in energy affordability, safety, or accessibility can have a significant

positive impact on disadvantaged people.

Statistics

When commodities like coal, crude oil, natural gas, electricity, or

renewable energy sources (such as biomass, geothermal, wind, or solar

energy) are used for the energy they contain, energy statistics refers to the

gathering, assembling, evaluating, and sharing of data on these resources.

The ability of certain substances to do work or generate heat due to their

"Physical and chemical" characteristics is known as energy. When certain

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energy commodities, known as fuels, burn, their energy content is released as

heat. An internal or external combustion engine could be powered by this

heat. The 1973 oil crisis, which resulted in a tenfold increase in gasoline

prices, made the necessity of energy commodity data clear. Accurate

information on the world's energy supply and demand was not considered

essential before the crisis

Trends Over Time

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 Sustainable Practices

Examples

People: Human Resources are also important when talking about energy

resources because Humans are the beneficiaries of it. People are essential for

creativity, problem-solving, and producing sorts of energy resources.

Technology: refers to digital and newer technologies to make energy

reproduction smooth. Advanced technology can give businesses a competitive

advantage by increasing productivity, facilitating innovation, and improving energy

consumption experiences.

Equipment: Physical resources including machinery, tools, and facilities are

required for the production and delivery of goods and services. The reliability and

quality of equipment have a direct impact on the business's operational efficiency.

Information: Data and knowledge are vital resources. Access to reliable and

timely information aids the proper needs and requirements of energy resources.

Benefits

Sustainable energy—using renewable resources, reducing environmental

impact, adopting cleaner energy carriers, and boosting efficiency—is crucial for both

human progress and environmental health. It also involves addressing societal

challenges like poverty and social acceptance. Successful energy management

requires thorough analysis, strategic planning, and consistent oversight. Even while

renewable energy is becoming increasingly popular, not all of it is completely

environmentally benign. Its actual strength stems from the fact that renewable

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resources replenish faster than they are consumed. In contrast to fossil fuels, which

emit toxic greenhouse gases, renewable energy is more plentiful and cleaner.

Policy Frameworks

Community engagement plays a big role in managing natural resources, but it

comes with challenges related to livelihoods, decentralization, and sustainability.

Often, policies overlook the community’s role in the bigger social picture, missing out

on its complexities. This paper introduces a framework to better understand how

local communities connect with the outside world, focusing on the concept of

“delocalization of communities” in natural resource management. By using

Bourdieu’s social field theory, the study explores potential delocalization paths,

particularly looking at the exchange of resources that hold value in certain areas of

natural resource governance. The authors propose a fresh take on the idea of a

“delocalized community,” emphasizing the interactions between actors at different

spatial scales and political levels. They also highlight specific features of

delocalization through evidence from five case studies spread across three

continents.

Community Involvement

Community engagement plays a big role in managing natural resources, but it

comes with challenges related to livelihoods, decentralization, and sustainability.

Often, policies overlook the community’s role in the bigger social picture, missing out

on its complexities. This paper introduces a framework to better understand how

local communities connect with the outside world, focusing on the concept of

“delocalization of communities” in natural resource management. By using

Bourdieu’s social field theory, the study explores potential delocalization paths,
7
particularly looking at the exchange of resources that hold value in certain areas of

natural resource governance. The authors propose a fresh take on the idea of a

“delocalized community,” emphasizing the interactions between actors at different

spatial scales and political levels. They also highlight specific features of

delocalization through evidence from five case studies spread across three

continents.

Challenges to Implementation

Energy efficiency is an important and cost-effective way for businesses to lower

greenhouse gas emissions and meet sustainable development goals. However,

there are often obstacles that prevent these strategies from being fully implemented.

This study examines the energy management practices in the Korean steel industry,

looking into the factors that drive and hinder energy efficiency, the conditions that

lead to these practices, and how public policy or organizational changes might help

overcome these challenges. Both market-based and organizational factors play

significant roles in energy efficiency investments, along with economic factors like

cost savings and energy taxes. Organizational issues, such as technical risks and

limited management influence, have a major impact on energy efficiency within the

steel sector.

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 Case Studies

Successful Initiatives

As stated by Jaeger J. (2023), in the past 2 decades, as a result of government

policy and falling prices, renewable energy has grown exponentially a lot quicker

than what experts have initially thought of. Today, building new solar and onshore

wind power on average costs around 40% less than coal or gas power, and the

decline of these costs allowed renewables to reach a climax, significantly making the

transition away from fossil fuels difficult to reverse.

It is also stated that 3 countries, Uruguay, Denmark, and Lithuania, have proven it

possible to increase solar and wind generation from 12% to more than 57% by 2030,

though it requires a rapid pace of change, as they have all grown solar and wind

over a span of five years at average annual rates higher than what’s needed.

Analysis

Renewable energy, according to Igini M. (2022), is an inexhaustible source of

energy meaning it can be replenished naturally. They, in comparison to things like

fossil fuels which are non-renewable energy like coal, are able to convert natural

resources like the sun, wind, water, or biomass into electricity and these have a

significantly smaller environmental footprint and are cheaper, cleaner, and easier to

produce.

On the other end of this is the non-renewable energy. According to Heintz C. (2023),

non-renewable energy is finite natural resources that cannot be replenished in a

short amount of time like metals, rocks, minerals, and fossil fuels.

Due to their nature of being limited and scarce, they eventually become more and

more expensive and less accessible. We usually use these to generate electricity
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and power vehicles but these things pollute the air and cause environmental

problems.

Now we have a couple of emerging technologies: energy storage and hydrogen

energy.

Energy storage, described by The New York State Energy Research and

Development Authority, allows for more control over the usage of energy especially

during outages and periods of high demand. Examples of energy storage are

batteries, thermal systems, pumped hydro powers, and flywheels.

Next is hydrogen energy. Hydrogen is a clean fuel that solely produces water when

consumed in a fuel cell. This with domestic resources such as natural gas, nuclear

power, biomass, solar, and wind power, can be produced and it becomes a well-used

option for fuel for transport and electricity generation because of its qualities.

Comparative Analysis

To compare, The National Geographic Society states that the difference between

the two types of resources, renewable and nonrenewable, is that renewable

resources can be replenished whilst nonrenewable cannot be as they are limited and

cannot be used sustainably.

From this, we can deduce that renewable resources, for the long term, would be

more sustainable as these can replenish naturally compared to non-renewables

which slowly become scarce and limited.

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Stakeholder Roles

To compare, The National Geographic Society states that the difference between

the two types of resources, renewable and nonrenewable, is that with renewable

resources, it can be replenished whilst nonrenewable cannot be as they are limited

and cannot be used sustainably.

From this, we can deduce that renewable resources, for the long term, would be

more sustainable as these can replenish naturally compared to non-renewables

which slowly become scarce and limited.

Outcomes

Both renewable and nonrenewable have their advantages and disadvantages.

Renewable energy is significantly cleaner and better for the environment but

according to the Consumer Energy Solutions, it has its disadvantages still as it highly

depends on certain, favorable weather conditions such as solar panels being

dependent on the sun so if it, say, gets blocked by clouds, it will weaken, and it takes

significantly more space.

In spite of this, it is much more reliable and better for the environment as well as

more efficient in the long run as it can be replenished naturally in comparison to our

non-renewables, which is finite and will run out eventually.

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 Future Considerations

Policy Recommendations

The development of renewable energy can be boosted through the indicators of

economic growth whether regional or global. The political will and proactiveness of

one’s government can pursue constructive measures in order to achieve the target of

23% renewable in the primary energy mix by the coming year of 2025. The possible

measures could be 1) involvement of fossil fuel subsidies in a gradual removal

manner; 2) regional markets promotional integration; and 3) execution of strategic

plans effectively and efficiently. The environment and the economy will benefit in the

long run if there are continuous efforts on policy concentration that support the

sources of renewable energy for electricity generation and would therefore enhance

the nation’s political commitment and effective leadership.

Public Awareness Campaigns

Every local community globally must be aware, acknowledge, and realize that in

this fast-paced world of technology, promoting the sustainable use of energy is a

great opportunity to elevate the awareness of the public and disseminate

information, particularly on the many critical issues. The relevance of these

campaigns will lead to 1) educating and empowering the younger generation which

is highly important, for them to understand that each one can make a difference in

contributing to the community actions and strategies; 2) supporting an initiative such

as the proposed development of a cutting-edge web-based platform which is

designed to enhance the energy efficiency as well as the use of renewable energy

sources (RES); and 3) through public campaign awareness, this fosters community

engagement and eventual changes towards positive behavior which will be beneficial

not only to individuals but to support the endeavors of the local governments in the

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enhancement and advancement of energy goals. These informative and educational

initiatives in the communities can gear towards a more significant and sustainable

future.

Research Needs

One of the profound research projects that can be done in advancing equitable

energy transitions is by studying, analyzing, and incorporating environmental justice

into renewable energy planning. To mitigate the risks and disparities that could come

with renewable energy sources (RES) growth, it is recognized that utilizing Spatial

Planning techniques is effective. It is a fact that Spatial Planning for renewable

energy development shows various challenges in the areas of management,

technical, and political, however, addressing these challenges can lead to better

results such as: 1) the policies and practices on Spatial Planning can bring a

significant influence on environmental justice outcomes; 2) although many research

has been recognized to renewable planning, this can be treated as a valuable

opportunity to shift the focus and create strategies that can increase community

engagement and lessen the public opposition; and 3) the Spatial Energy Planning

can offer a constructive pathway to discuss the political and justice issues

concerning environmental and energy justice aspects.

Innovations

The adoption of renewable energy technologies (RET) can be considered as one

of the emerging technologies that present a remarkable and valuable opportunity to

minimize the challenges in the environment and aim to link to economic growth and

advancement on sustainable resource development. The identification of key factors

and sub-drivers as well as actionable strategies can lead to promoting the successful

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adoption of RETs. The effective deployment of RETs can materialize if there are

initiatives from the government, consumers’ participation, and efforts extended by

the industry; these are all recognized as critical components in the implementation.

Equally important is the collaboration among stakeholders which can lead to the

creation of a solid framework to accelerate the renewable energy sources transition.

Recommendations

It is very evident that challenges on climate change have rapidly grown and that

awareness is recognizable, along with serious concerns and needs for energy

security and economic stability. These should foster a much more proactive and firm

global discourse on the future of energy resources globally. Solar, Wind, Hydro,

Geothermal, and Biomass are renewable energy sources that can be recognized as

crucial and viable factors in aiming towards the transition of a sustainable energy

structure. The impact of fossil fuel combustion which is important in reducing carbon

dioxide emission, a primary contributor to climate change, is equally important to

address as well. The renewable energy transition represents a great opportunity for

a positive and rewarding socio-economic transformation. The significant effects of

having access to energy can be reflected in the quality of life and socioeconomic

development as we are aware that many regions and communities are left out of the

benefits of centralized energy systems, while we envisage that renewable energy

offers a promising pathway leading to move directly to more innovative, sustainable

and self-sufficient energy solutions.

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 Conclusion

Summary

Energy resources power everything in modern life. They are split into

nonrenewable sources like coal oil and gas and renewable sources like solar

wind and hydropower. Over time humans have moved from using fire to fossil

fuels and now toward cleaner renewable energy. Countries like the

Philippines are focusing on renewables to reduce dependence on fossil fuel

imports and support sustainability.

Fossil fuels still dominate global energy use but renewables are growing

fast, especially in Europe and North America. In places like Asia and Africa

fossil fuels are still key. Access to affordable energy is important for economic

growth and the Philippines wants to lead Southeast Asia in clean energy by

using its renewable resources.

Energy production has a big impact on the environment and society.

Fossil fuels cause air pollution and climate change while renewables are

cleaner but still have ecological effects. Energy also affects society by

improving health and development but can make inequalities worse for

vulnerable communities.

Sustainable energy aims to increase the use of renewable resources and

boost energy efficiency. Although renewables offer long-term benefits,

challenges remain such as high costs and the need for better energy storage.

New technologies like energy storage systems and hydrogen fuel are being

researched and developed to help these issues.

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 Nations like Uruguay, Denmark, and Lithuania show that with the right

policies and investments, large-scale renewable energy is achievable. To

speed up the transition, governments should cut subsidies for fossil fuels,

promote renewable energy markets, and raise awareness among the public.

Research into just energy transitions is important to ensure that the shift to

cleaner energy is beneficial for everyone.

Implications for the future

Looking ahead as more places switch to renewable energy we’re going to

see changes in pretty much every part of our lives and how the economy runs

Fossil fuels that are used to power everything are slowly being replaced by

cleaner options like solar wind and hydropower Making this shift will need a lot

of investment in new tech infrastructure and policies This could create a gap

where countries that move quickly lead the green economy while others might

struggle to keep up. If poorer regions don’t get enough support, the gap

between wealthy and struggling nations could get worse.

People are starting to understand how their energy choices impact the

planet. Problems like air pollution and climate change mean that energy

decisions have become about more than just money—they’re choices that

affect people’s health, future generations, and the Earth. Communities are

speaking up for cleaner options, and governments are under pressure to

make these affordable for everyone. The switch to renewable energy won’t be

easy, though. While wind and solar power are cleaner, they’re not always

reliable, and storing this energy so it’s available when we need it remains a

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big challenge.

Advances in technology will be at the heart of this transition. New

developments like better energy storage and smarter systems for using and

saving power will be important, and human creativity and problem-solving will

play a huge role. As technology develops, more places may move toward

energy independence, especially remote areas far from traditional power

grids, where renewable energy offers a way to be self-sufficient.

To move away from fossil fuels, governments need to make it easier and

cheaper to use clean energy. That could mean cutting back on oil and coal

subsidies, backing local energy sources, and helping people save energy.

Getting the word out to the public is just as important as campaigns can show

people why clean energy matters and how they can get involved.

The research will be key in making renewable energy both

environmentally friendly and fair for everyone good planning and people-

centered policies can help ensure the benefits reach more people ultimately

creating a cleaner and better future that will depend on collaboration between

governments businesses and communities

Call to Action

Teaching people about energy conservation and the benefits of

renewables could help build support for greener energy. Governments could

continue funding renewable energy projects, invest in research, and support

things like carbon pricing to encourage cleaner energy. Communities

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worldwide need to recognize and embrace the importance of sustainable

energy use in today’s rapidly evolving technological landscape. Promoting

sustainable energy use offers a prime opportunity to increase public

awareness and share critical information on pressing issues. Such initiatives

can lead to first educating and empowering young people, helping them

understand that each individual can play a part in community efforts and

strategies; then supporting the development of innovative solutions, like a

web-based platform aimed at enhancing energy efficiency and the adoption of

renewable energy sources (RES); and finally fostering community

engagement through public awareness campaigns, encouraging positive

behaviors that benefit both individuals and local government efforts to achieve

energy goals. These educational and informational initiatives can drive

communities toward a more sustainable future.

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 Definition of terms

1. Energy Resources

Things we use to make energy. like coal oil and wind and sun are all

energy resources that power everything we do.

2. Nonrenewable Resources

Stuff like coal oil and gas that we can’t get back once we use it up. they

take millions of years to form and once it's gone, it's gone.

3. Renewable Resources

Energy from things that won’t run out like the sun, wind and water. we can

keep using them over and over without running out.

4. Industrial Revolution

A time when big machines were invented and we started using a lot of

coal and steam to power factories. it changed how people lived and worked.

5. Nuclear Power

Energy that comes from splitting tiny particles called atoms. It makes heat

which is turned into electricity.

6. Photovoltaic (PV) Cells

Solar panels. They turn sunlight into electricity, and you see them on

rooftops or big solar farms.

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7. Biomass

Stuff like wood or leftover crops that can be burned to make energy. it's

natural but still releases pollution when burned.

8. Geothermal Energy

Heat from the Earth. We can use it to make electricity or just to warm up

buildings.

9. Hydropower

Energy from moving water. Usually from rivers or dams, it powers turbines

that make electricity.

10. Fossil Fuels

Energy sources like coal oil and gas that come from plants and animals

that died millions of years ago. We burn them for energy but they pollute the

air.

11. Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Gases like carbon dioxide that trap heat in the air and make the Earth

warmer. too much of it causes climate change.

12. Global Warming

The Earth is getting hotter because of pollution. mostly from burning fossil

fuels that release gases into the air.

13. Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

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 A gas that comes out when we burn stuff like coal or gas. it’s the main

cause of global warming because it traps heat.

14. Methane Oxides

Gases like methane that also warm up the Earth. They come from things

like farming or from natural gas.

15. Air Pollution

Dirty stuff in the air that can make you sick. usually comes from burning

fuels like coal and oil.

16. Thermal Pollution

When factories or power plants dump hot water into rivers or lakes. it

messes with the animals and plants that live there.

17. Spatial Planning

Figuring out where to build things, like wind farms or solar panels, to make

sure we use land and resources the best way.

18. Environmental Justice

Making sure everyone is treated fairly when it comes to protecting the

environment. We want everyone to have clean air and water, no matter where

they live.

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19. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Goals set by the United Nations to make the world better by 2030. They

focus on things like fighting poverty, protecting the planet, and making sure

everyone gets clean energy.

20. Renewable Energy Technologies (RET)

Tools we use to get energy from things like the sun, wind or water. These

include things like solar panels and wind turbines that help us get clean

energy.

21. Energy Efficiency

Using less energy to do the same things. like using LED lights or energy-

saving appliances that need less power to work.

22. Carbon Footprint

How much pollution you create by doing things like driving a car or using

electricity. The bigger the footprint, the more you’re adding to climate change.

23. Fossil Fuel Subsidies

When the government makes fossil fuels cheaper to use. It's supposed to help

people afford energy, but it also makes it harder to switch to cleaner energy.

24. Energy Transition

The shift from using fossil fuels like coal and oil to using renewable energy

like wind and solar. it's a big change to fight climate change

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25. Public Policy

Decisions made by the government about things like energy and the

environment. It helps guide how we use resources and take care of the

planet.

26. Stakeholders

People or groups who care about or are affected by a decision or project.

like local communities, governments, or businesses.

27. Environmental Impact

The effect something has on the environment. Like how energy production

can affect the air, water, and land.

28. Energy Tax

A tax on energy, like electricity or gas. It's meant to encourage people to

use less energy or to help fund clean energy projects.

29. Public Awareness Campaigns

Efforts to spread knowledge about important issues. like teaching people to

save energy or fight pollution.

30. Energy Commodities

Basic materials like coal or oil that are used to make energy. they are traded

and sold to create things like electricity and fuel.

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