Chapter 3 Data Handling Introduction to Data A data is a collection of numbers, words, measurements, or just a description of things, gathered to give some information. o —=— In our daily life, we see several kinds of data through newspapers, magazines, television, and other sources. Example: i) Your performance in annual examination. ii) The number of storybooks read by Ethan and his sister during summer vacations. Marks scored by students of Class VII in the Mathematics Annual Examination. Marks of 15 students of Class Vil in Mathematics Annual Examination (out of 100): 78, 81, 57, 92, 88, 67, 94, 97, 82, 87, 75, 64, 96, 83, 86 Why do we collect data? We first collect and record data, then it is presented in a way such that it gives meaningful information. We primarily collect data for the following reasons,1) Analysis Let us consider an example where we are using data for analysis. The table given below is the data of the top 5 scorers in the FIFA World Cup 2018. Scorer Goals Harry Kane 6 RomeluLukaku 4 Denis Cheryshev 4 Christiano Ronaldo 4 ArtemDzyuba 3 This data helps us to analyze the performance of the top 5 scorers in the FIFA World Cup 2018. 2) Comparison Data is also useful for comparison of data sets. The table given below shows the performance of Indian Cricketers. Name | OOF | nuns scored| NBM®St average | Strike rate MS Dhoni 341 10500 183 50.72 87.55 KedarJadhav so 1174 120 43.48 102.53 Dinesh Karthik | 91 1738 73 31.03 73.70 From the given table we can easily compare the performances of the cricketers. We can find which cricketer among these three have played maximum matches, whose strike rate is the highest? 3) Prediction We use data for predictions, like weather forecasting where previous data of weather conditions are compared with the present data to predict future weather.Collecting Data The District Football Association has recorded the heights (in cm) ofthe football players of the district team. The heights of the playersare:152, 151, 148, 163, 159, 150, 143, 157, 147 and 167. The above data can tell us many things, like the height of the tallest and the shortest player, but is this data sufficient if we want to find the age of the youngest player in the district football team? The answer is no because for that we need to collect data regarding the age of all the players. Therefore, before collecting the data, we need to know what we would use it for. Organisation of Data The collection, recording, and presentation of data help us to draw inferences from them. Now the District Football Association recorded the ages (in years) of the football players as well. The ages (in years) of the players are: 13, 14, 14, 17, 16, 15, 16, 12, 15, 16. The data in this form is called raw data. Raw data is the data obtained in its original form.Now, if we arrange the data in ascending or descending order, then we can interpret the data in a better way. 12, 13, 14, 14, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 17 (Ascending order) The data arranged in an ascending or descending order is called an array or array data. Now, we can easily tell that + The youngest player in the team is 12 years old + The oldest player is 17 years old. ‘The above data can also be arrange in a tabular form Tom 17 Name [Ron | Ethan | Roger | Jacob | Ash_| Shane | Charlie Age(infaz2 [a3 [1a [as [as [16 |16 years) aE Arithmetic Mean In our daily life, we come across statements like, * The average age of children playing football in the district team is 16 years. « Janet spends an average of 1 hour daily on her piano practice. iyThe first statement states that the average age of football players in the school team is 16 years. Let's see the data, regarding the ages of the players, again. Name |rona Ethan | Roger | Jacob | Mark | Shane | Charlie | Lucas | Tony Age (in years) 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | a5 | 16 16 | 16 | 17 We see that most of the players on the football team are 16 years old, but some are more or less than 16 years. Average age does not mean that every player in the team is 16 years old. In the second statement, the average time of 1 hour daily means that Janet usually practices for 1 hour, but on some days she practices for less than 1 hour and on other days she may practice longer. Average is a number that represents or shows the central tendency (value) of a group of observations or data. Since average lies between the highest and the lowest value of the given data so, we say the average is a measure of the central tendency (value) of the group of data. Example: Janice studies for 2 hours, 4 hours, 3 hours, and 2 hours respectively on four consecutive days. How many hours does he study daily on average? 34+44+34+2 12 Average time of Studies 1 hours = 2 = 2 hours per day. Therefore, we can say that Janice studies for 2 hours daily on an average. Arithmetic Mean Different types of data need different forms of representative or central value to describe it. One of these representative values is the “Arithmetic Mean”. The Arithmetic mean of a group of observations is defined as, Sum of all observations Arithmetic Mean = Number of observations ‘The mean of a group of observations is the value that is equally shared out among all the observations.Example: A cricketer scores the following runs in eight innings: 58, 76, 40, 35, 46, 45, 0, 100. Find the mean score. (REFERENCE: NCERT) Runs scored by the cricketer in eight innings are 58, 76, 40, 35, 46, 45, 0 and 100. Total wnnings| 2 | 2 | 3 | | s | 6 | 7 ae Runs 7 4 eed | 2 6 | ao | 3s | as s | 0 100 | 400 Total runs scored Mean Score = Tatal number of innings 584+ 76+ 40+ 35+4+46+45+0+4+ 100 400 = 8 = 8 =50 We know that the mean of a group of observations is the value that is equally shared among all the observations. Total Innings | 1 | 2 | 3 | ag Eon za score ‘Runs 50 50 50 | 50 50 50 50 50 400 We see that if we distribute the total score equally over each inning, then the batsman scored 50 runs in each inning. Example: The following table shows the points of each player scored in four games: (REFERENCE: NCERT) Player | Game1 | Game2 | Game3 | Game4 A 14 16 10 10 B 0 8 6 c 8 11 _|Didnotplay| 13Now answer the following questions i) Find the mean to determine A’s average number of points scored per game. ii) To find the mean number of points per game for C, would you divide the total points by 3 or by 4? Why? iii) B played in all the four games. How would you find the mean? iv) Who is the best performer? Total points scored i) Mean/average score of player A = Total number of games 14+16+10+10 50 = 4 =4=125 ii) To find the mean number of points per game for C, we would divide his total score by 3 because player C played 3 games only. Total points scored iii) Mean score of player B = Potal number of games O+8+64+4 18 =45 iv) The best performer will have the highest mean score. Now, we have already calculated the mean score of Player A and Player B. We need to find the mean score of Player C as well. Total points scored Mean score of player ¢ = Total number of games B+11+13 32 = 3 =3=106 On comparing the mean score of Player A (12.5), Player B (4.5) and Player C (10.6) we get, 12.5 > 10.6 >4.5Therefore, Player A is the best performer as his mean score is the highest among the three players. Range The difference between the highest and the lowest observation is the range of the data. Range = Highest Observation ~ Lowest Observation Example: The marks (out of 100) obtained by a group of students in a Math test are 85, 76, 90, 85, 39, 48, 56, 95, 81 and 75. Find the: ( Highest and lowest marks obtained by the students. (ii) Range of the marks obtained. (iii) Mean marks obtained by the group. Firstly, we arrange the marks obtained by the students in ascending order. 39, 48, 56,75, 76, 81, 85, 85, 90 and 95 i) On arranging the marks in ascending order, we see that the highest mark obtained by the student is 95 and the lowest mark is 39. Highest marks = 39 Lowest marks = 95 ii) Range is the difference between the highest and the lowest observation of the data. Range = Highest Observation - Lowest Observation Range = 95 - 39 = 56 Total marks obtained of students iii) Mean marks = Vumbe39 + 48+ 475+ 76 Example: The heights of 10 girls of 8 class were measured in cm and the results are as follows: 135, 150, 139, 128, 151, 132, 146, 149, 143, and 141. i) What is the height of the tallest girl in 8 class? ii) What is the height of the shortest girl in 8% class? iii) What is the range of the data? iv) What is the mean height of the girls in 8" class? v) How many girls have heights more than the mean height? On arranging the heights of 10 girls in ascending order we get, 128, 132, 135, 139, 141, 143, 146, 149, 150 and 151 i) Height of the tallest girl is 151 cm ii) Height of the shortest girl is 128 cm ili) Range = Highest Observation - Lowest Observation Range = 151 cm - 128 cm = 23 cm iv)Mean height = Total number of girls 35 + 130+ 141 + 143+ 146 + 14941504 151 1414 = 10 = 10 =1414 v) The heights of girls more than the mean height, 141.4 cm are 143 cm, 146 cm, 149 cm, 150 cm, and 151 cm. Clearly, 5 girls have heights more than the mean height.Mode ‘The owner of a bookshop has put up a stall in one of the Book Fair organized by the city mayor. He keeps a daily record of sales of all the books. The table given below shows the record of the weekly sale. Name of | Matilda | Charite and | Pride and | Rebecca by [Great [Anna | Jane Eyre the, | byRoald | the chocolate | Prejudice | Daphne Ou | Expectations | Karenina by | by ‘Maurer book | oahi | Factory by | by Jane boy charles | Leo Tolstoy | charlotte Roald Dahl _| Austen Dickens Bronte | Number |otbooks| 8 2 7 6 10 8 5 sold He saw the record and realized that Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and theGreat Expectations are more popular books among children and adults respectively. He decided to procure these two books, as their sale may increase during the coming weekend. We see that the owner is concerned about the number of books sold and which books are sold the most during the week. This is another representative value for the data. This representative value is called the mode of the data. The mode of a set of observations is the observation that occurs most often. Consider the given set of numbers: 3, 3, 4, 5, 2, 2, 2,2 We first arrange the given numbers in ascending order, keeping the numbers with the same value together. 2,2,2,2,3,3,4 am Frequency is the number of times | Number | 2 | 3 | 4 || anobservation occurs in the given [Frequency) 4 | 2 | 1 data. We see that 2 is repeated the maximum number of times, therefore 2 is the mode of the given data. Example: Heights (in cm) of 30 children are given below:165, 165, 163, 160, 163, 161, 162, 164, 163, 162, 164, 163, 160, 165, 164, 165, 166, 162, 163, 164, 166, 160, 166, 163, 162, 161, 160, 161, 163, 166 What is the mode of their heights? We first put the data in tabular form: Height (in cm) Tally Bars | Number of children 160 Hi | 4 161 ui] 3 162 4 163 Z 164 ui 4 165 Ww 4 166 ui 4 Total | 30 We see that 163 occurs the maximum number of times, so 163 cm is the mode of the given data. Median A class teacher is conducting a math quiz in the class. Now, she wants to divide students of the class into two groups, so that both the groups have an equal number of students. How would she do it? She decided to form two groups based on the weights of the students. One group has students with weights lesser than a particular weight and the other group has students with weights more than a particular weight. The weights (in kg) of the students are as follows: 35, 38, 37, 35, 39, 40, 42, 38, 39, 40, 42, 45, 47,42, 44 She first arranged the weights of the students in ascending order.35, 35, 37, 38, 38, 39, 39, 40, 40, 42, 42, 42, 44, 45, 47 WW _ ~~ ~ —__ She saw that the middle value of the given data, 40 kg is the value that divides the data into two equal groups. This middle value is called the Median. Median is the value that lies in the middle of the data, arranged in an ascending or descending order. So, the class teacher divided the students into two groups of 7 students each. Are you wondering what happened to the student whose weight is the middle value? Well, the teacher decided to make him the scorekeeper. 1) If the number of observations(n) in the given data is odd then, ay Median = Value of ("<*) observation z 2) If the number of observations(m) in the given data is even then, Median = “seee() hemi tone i) beervation Example: The runs scored in a colony cricket match by 11 boys is as follows: 6, 15, 120, 50, 100, 80, 10, 15, 8, 10, 15 Find the mean, mode, and median of this data. Are the three same? We first arrange the given scores in ascending order. 6, 8, 10, 10, 15, 15, 15, 50, 80, 100, 120 Sum of the scores of players i) Mean score = Total number of players 648410410415 4+154+15+50+80+100+120 429 = sat iL Mean Sore = 39ii) The given scores are 6, 8, 10, 10, 15, 15, 15, 50, 80, 100, 120. o—_Y We see that 15 occurs the maximum number of times. Therefore, the mode is 15 The scores are: 6, 8, 10, 10, 15, 15, 15, 50, 80, 100, 120 The number of observations is 11, an odd number. n+1 So, Median 2)! Value of observation + 12 yt = (2 Jt = 6th observation Median = Value of ( We see that the value of the 6t* observation in the given data is 15. Therefore, 15 is the median of the given data. Example: The weights (in kg) of 15 boys in a class are: 38, 42, 35, 37, 45, 50, 32, 43, 43, 40, 36, 38, 43, 38, 47 i) Find the mode and median of the weights. ii) Is there more than one mode? We first arrange the data in ascending order. 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 38, 38,{ 42, 43, 43, 43, 45, 47,50 —— —— i) We see that both 38 and 43 are repeated the maximum number of times. Therefore, 38 and 43 are the modes of the given data. Number of observations in the given data is 15, an odd number. n+1 So, Median = Value of ( 2)!" observation16 Median = Value of (2 _)&= (2)= 8% observation We see that the value of the 8th observation in the given data is 40. Therefore, 40 is the median of the given data. ii) Yes, there are more than two modes. Both 38 and 43 occur three times in the given data. Therefore, 38 and 43 are the modes of the given data. Bar Graph A bar graph is a pictorial representation of numerical data using bars of uniform width drawn horizontally or vertically with equal spacing between them. The length of the bar depends upon the number it represents. A bar graph is an effective way of presenting visual information. We see bar graphs in newspapers, magazines comparing sets of data between different groups. Students of Class VII were asked to name their favourite ice-cream flavour as the school committee had decided to give ice - creams to students on Children's Day. The following bar graph shows the preferences of the students. ay Ice Cream Flavour | Vanilla | Chocolate stawbery | Mang ‘Number of | ‘oe | = | « | @ | 6 | We see that the bar representing the number of students who like chocolate is the tallest. So, students’ most preferred ice cream is chocolate. Constructions of Bar GraphsExample: Numbers of students in six different classes are given below. Represent the data on a bar graph. Step 1: Draw two perpendicular lines. Mark them as OX and OY. These lines are called the x —axis and y —axis respectively. Step 2: Along OX, write classes at points taken at uniform gaps and along OY, write the number of children. Class Fifth | Sixth | Seventh | Eight | Ninth | Tenth Number of students | 140 | 120 110 100 | 90 80 Step 3: Choose a suitable scale on OY. We will choose a scale as 1 unit = 20 children Step 4: Calculate the heights of the bar according to the scale chosen. Y Seale 1 nit» 20¢hldren Number cas | of students ith | a0 sian | 120 Seventh | 120 fignt | 100 with | 90 ents | 80 Exampl : Use the bar graph to answer the following questions. i) Which is the most popular pet? ii) How many children have a dog as a pet? i) We see that the bar representing the number of students who have a cat as a pet is the tallest; therefore cat is the most popular pet. ii) We know,1 unit = 2 students Height of the bar = 8 units Number of Students = 2x 8 = 16 students So, 16 students have a dog as a pet. O [ome coe ait, tomate Ones Pet Animals Double Bar Graph A double bar graph is a graphical display of information using two bars beside each other at various heights. With the help of a double bar graph, we can compare two data groups. ‘The following double bar graph displays the number of Mathematics and Science books bought by a school library from the year 2015 - 2019.Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 Mathematics| 30_| 35 | 25 Science | 25 | 35 | 40 Sale: unt =20b00k8 With the help of a double bar graph, we can easily compare the number of Mathematics and Science books bought in the last 5 years. Construction of Double Bar Graph Example: Consider this data collected from a survey of a colony. Favourite Sport | Cricket | Basket Ball | Swimming | Hockey | Athletics Watching 1240 470 | 510 430 250 Participating | 620 320 | 320 250 105 i) Draw a double bar graph choosing an appropriate scale. What do you infer from the bar graph? ii) Which sport is the most popular? iii) Which is more preferred, watching or participating in sports? (REFERENCE: NCERT) Step 1: Draw two perpendicular lines. Mark them as OX and OY. These lines are called the x — axis and y — axis respectively.‘Step 2: Along OX, write the name of the sports at points taken at uniform gaps and along OY, wr ‘ite the number of people. Sports Watching ‘Number of Height of the bar ‘Number of People _| (1 division = 100 children) | People _| (1 division = 100 children) Cricket 1240 z ee Basket Ball 470 ae ‘Swimming s10 ez on 250 250 105 10: Athletics 250 i725 im 15 Step 3: Choose a suitable scale on OY. We choose a scale as 1 unit = 100 people Step 4: Calculate the heights of the bar according to the scale chosen. Step 5: On the x — axis, draw pairs of bars of equal width and heights (calculated in Ste ofBasee BR s8egee88 p 4) Seale 4 « norte watching Brticpating ‘Cricket Basket Ball Swimming Wockey Athletics sportsThis double bar graph displays the number of people who like watching and participating in different sports. ii) The bar graph representing the number of people who like watching and participating in cricket is the tallest. So, cricket is the most popular sport. iii) The bars representing watching sports are longer as compared to the bar representing participating in sports. Therefore, we can conclude that watching sports is preferred than participating in it. Chance and Probability The Chance of happening of an event may be described as one of the following: Can happen but ore spec Impossible We often hear these statements like: + It will probably rain in the afternoon. + Indian Cricket team will probably win the ICC World Cup series this year. In all of the above statements, there is uncertainty about the occurrence of the event. The word ‘probability’ means there is uncertainty about the happening of the event. Terms related to Probability Experiment: We need Tails on two coins when we throw them simultaneously. Now, on tossing two coins simultaneously the possible outcomes are {H, H}, {H, 7), (7, HB, {T, T}.‘We may not get Tails on both the coins in our first attempt. So, we repeat this process till we get Tails on both the coins. Toss 1 Zinjeed 4 [5 6 iz Result | {H,T} [{T,H} |{H,H} |{H,T} | {H, H} [{H, 7) |{T, T} So, we finally got Tails on both the coins in our seventh attempt. This whole process of tossing the coins simultaneously to get Tails on both the coins is called an experiment. An experiment is an operation that produces some well-defined outcomes. E.g. tossing a coin, rolling a dice. Each toss of the coins is called a trial. Atrial is an action that results in one or several outcomes. In this experiment, we knew all the possible outcomes but we could not predict the exact outcome in advance. Such an experiment is called a random experiment. An experiment in which all the possible outcomes are known and the exact outcomes cannot be predicted in advance is called a random experiment. Example: Suppose a jar contains 7 green and 6 blue marbles, If a marble is drawn at random from the jar without seeing, can you tell what the probability of getting a green marble is? Total number of marbles in the jar = 13 Number of green marbles = 7 Probability of getting a green marble = 13,