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Lesson 23 Mole Calculations in Equations
Topic 6 The Mole Concept and Calculations
Mole Concept in Equations
A chemical equation shows changes that are taking place in a chemical reaction. A balanced
chemical equation is a recipe for changing one or more chemical substances to different substances.
Consider the balanced equation: N2 + 3H2 2NH3
This balanced equation reads like a recipe in the following way:
1 mole of nitrogen (N2) is combined or reacted with 3 moles of hydrogen (3H2)
to yield or make 2 moles of ammonia (2NH3).
A balanced chemical equation shows the mole proportions (ratios) of reactants and products of a
reaction. From these mole ratios, any number of moles of a product can be made by combining
more or less of the reactants in the same proportion as given in the equation.
In this lesson, you will learn how to interpret and solve problems that involve mole proportions in
chemical equations.

Mole Ratio in Equations: Ratio of Coefficients

A coefficient is a whole number in front of a substance in a balanced equation.
A coefficient indicates the number of moles of the substance taking part in the reaction. From
these coefficients, mole ratios of substances can be determined as shown in the example below.

Concept Task: Be able to determine the mole ratio of substances in a balanced equation.
To determine the mole ratio of substances in an equation: Practice 69
In the balanced equation below:
Step 1: Identify the coefficients of the substances
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
Step 2: If the coefficients are reducible, reduce them What is the mole ratio of KClO 3
by the greatest common factor (GCF). decomposed to O2 produced?
1) 2 : 2 3) 2 : 3
Example 23 2) 1 : 3 4) 1 : 1
In the equation below, Practice 70
Given the balanced equation
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
Mole ratios of substances in the reaction
are listed below. What is the mole ratio of C2H6 combusted
to that of H2O produced in the reaction?
Mole ratio of NH 3 to O2 is 4 : 5 1) 4 : 6 3) 3 : 1
2) 1 : 3 4) 1 : 1
Mole ratio of NH 3 to NO is 1 : 1
(reduced from 4 : 4 by GCF of 4) Practice 71
Given the reaction:
Mole ratio of NO to H 2O is 2 : 3 3Cu + 8HNO 3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
(reduced from 4 : 6 by GCF of 2) The number of moles of NO produced to
that of HNO3 reacted is
1) 1 : 4 3) 8 : 2
2) 4 : 1 4) 2 : 8

E3Chemistry.com 123
Lesson 23Concept and CalculationsMole Calculations in Equations
The Mole Topic 6
Mole to Mole Problems in Equations: Examples and Practice Questions
When the number of moles of one substance in a reaction is given, the number of moles of another
substance in the reaction can be calculated using their ratio in the balanced equation.
A mole to mole problem is given and solved in the example below.

Concept Task: Be able to set up and solve a mole-to-mole problem for a given reaction.

Example 24:
Given the balanced equation below:

4NH3 + 5O2 6H2O + 4NO

What is the total number of moles of oxygen that will be consumed to produce 10 moles of water?
Two setups to solving the problem are given below.
Proportion Setup Factor-label Setup
5 6 moles given x mole ratio of O2/H2O
numerical ------- = ----- in the question in the equation
setup
X 10 5 mol O2
6X = 50 10 mol H2O x ------------------- = 8.33 mol O2
6 mol H2O
calculated result X = 8.33 mol O2
numerical setup calculated result

Practice 72 Practice 74 Show a numerical setup and the result.

Given the reaction below:
Given the reaction:
Mg + 2H2O Mg(OH)2 + H2
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
The number of moles of water needed
to react with 3 moles of magnesium is Calculate the number of moles of CO 2 that will
1) 6 moles 3) 3 moles react to produce 1.75 moles of C6H12O6 .
2) 0.50 moles 4) 4 moles

Practice 73
Given the reaction Practice 75 Show a numerical setup and the result.
C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 2H2O Given a balanced chemical equation below:
How many of moles of CO 2 are produced 3Cu(s) + 2H3PO4(aq) Cu3(PO4)2(s) + 3H2(g)
from reacting 0.25 moles of C3H8? Calculate the number of moles of copper needed
1) 0.75 3) 5.0 to react with 0.15 moles of phosphoric acid.
2) 0.80 4) 11

124 ©2019 E3 Scholastic Publishing. All Rights Reserved

Lesson
Topic 6
23 Mole Calculations in Equations
The Mole Concept and Calculations
Volume to Volume Problems in Equations: Examples and Practice Questions
When the volume of one substance in a reaction is known, the volume of another gaseous
substance in the reaction can be calculated as shown in the example below.

Concept Task: Be able to set up and solve a volume-to-volume problem for a given reaction.
Example 25:
Given the balanced equation below:
C3H8 + 5O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
How many liters of propane, C3H8, will react to produce 9 liters of CO2?

Two setups to solving the above problem are given below.

Proportion setup Factor-label setup
mole given x mole ratio of C3H8/CO2
1 3 in question in the equation
numerical
----- = -----
setup X 9 1 mol C3H8
9 L CO2 x --------------------- = 3 L C3H8
3X = 9 3 mol CO2
calculated
result X = 3 L C3H8 numerical setup calculated result

Practice 76 Practice 78 Show a setup and the result.

According to the reaction below: Given the reaction:
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
What is the total number of liters of O 2(g) that Calculate the total number of liters of
will react completely with 89.6 liters of SO 2 at STP? CO2(g) produced by the complete
1) 1.0 L 3) 0.500 L combustion of 35 liters of C2H6(g) at STP.
2) 22.4 L 4) 44.8 L

Practice 77 Practice 79 Show a setup and the result.

Given the reaction:
Given the balanced combustion reaction
C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O below:
At STP, how many liters of CO 2 are produced C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 2H2O
when 15 liters of O2 are consumed?
Calculate the volume of propane, C3H8,
1) 10 L 3) 15 L that will completely react with 22.4 liters
2) 30 L 4) 45 L of oxygen, O2, at STP.

E3Chemistry.com 125
Lesson 23 Mole Calculations in Equations
The Mole Concept and Calculations Topic 6
Mass to Mass Problems in Equations: Examples and Practice Questions
When the mass of one substance in a reaction is known, the mass of another substance in the
reaction can be calculated as shown in the example below.
In the volume-to-volume example problem on the previous page, proportions were set up with a
mix of two units (mole/volume). This was done because at STP, the volume of one mole of all
gases is the same.
In a mass-to-mass problem, mole/mass proportion cannot be used to set up and solve the problem
because the mass of one mole of each substance is different.
Concept Task: Be able to set up and solve a mass-to-mass problem for a given reaction.

Example 26:
Given the balanced equation below:
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
How many grams of KCl are produced by decomposing 100 g of KClO 3?
Proportion setup Factor-label setup
mass given x mol/FM x mole ratio KCl/KClO3 x FM KCl/
Mass of 2KClO3 Mass of 2KCl in question of KClO 3 in equation mol
---------------------------- = -----------------------
100 g X 1 mol KClO3 2 mol KCl 74 g KCl
100 g KClO3 x ---------------------- x ------------------- x ----------------- = 60.7 g
244 g 148 g KCl
----------- = ---------- 122 g KClO3 2 mol KClO 3 1 mol KCl
100 g X
Formula mass of KClO3 Mass of 2KClO3 Formula mass of KCl Mass of 2KCl
244X = 14800 1 K 1(39) = 39 g 1K 1(39) = 39 g
1 Cl 1(35) = 35 g 2(122 g) = 244 g 1Cl 1(35) = 35 g 2(74 g) = 148 g
X = 60.7 g KCl 3 O 3(16) = 48 g 74 g
122 g
Use in factor-label setup use in proportion setup use in factor-label setup use in Proportion setup

Practice 80 Practice 82 Show a setup and the result.

Given the reaction: According to the reaction:
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O
What is the total number of grams of Mg Calculate the grams of CO 2 produced from
consumed when 1 g of H2 is produced? combusting 80 grams of C2H2.
1) 6.0 g 3) 3.0 g
2) 12 g 4) 24 g

Practice 81 Practice 83 Show a setup and the result.

Given the balanced equation below: Given the reaction:
3Cu + 8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O 4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3
The total number of grams of Cu needed Calculate the mass of Fe2O3, iron(III) oxide, that
to produce 188 grams of Cu(NO3)2 is
will be produced from 20 grams of Fe.
1) 64 3) 32
2) 128 4) 124
126 ©2019 E3 Scholastic Publishing. All Rights Reserved
Lesson
Topic 623 Mole Calculations
The Mole Concept andin Equations
Calculations
Base your answers to practice questions 84 and 85 on the information below.

Given the balanced equation representing a reaction:

2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
84. Determine the total number of moles of oxygen that react completely with 8 moles of C2H6
Show a numerical setup and the calculated result.

85. Determine the mass of 5.20 moles of C2H6 (gram-formula mass = 30.1 grams/mole).
Show a numerical setup and the calculated result.

Base your answers to practice questions 86 through 88 on the information below.

Rust on an automobile door contains Fe2O3(s). The balanced equation representing one of the
reactions between iron in the door of the automobile and oxygen in the atmosphere is given below.
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)
86. What is the mole ratio of iron reacted to iron(III) oxide formed as rust on an automobile door?

87. Determine the gram-formula mass of the product of this reaction.

88. Identify the type of chemical reaction represented by this equation.

Base your answers to practice questions 89 through 91 on the information below.

Some dry chemicals can be used to put out forest fires. One of these chemicals is NaHCO 3.
When NaHCO3(s) is heated, one of the products is CO2(g), as shown in the balanced equation below.

2NaHCO3(s) + heat Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)

89. Identify the type of chemical reaction represented by this equation.

90. Determine the total number of moles of CO 2(g) produced when 7.0 moles of NaHCO3(s) is
completely reacted. Show a numerical setup and the calculated result.

91. Show a correct numerical setup for calculating the percent composition by mass of carbon in
the product Na2CO3.

E3Chemistry.com 127
The Mole Concept and Calculations Topic 6
Topic 6 Mole Concept and Calculations

Vocabulary
Lesson 21: Mole Concept and Calculations in Formulas
Mole

Molar mass
Gram atomic mass
Gram-formula mass
Molar volume

Lesson 22: Percent Composition Calculations

Percent composition
Hydrate
Anhydrous

Lesson 23: Mole Concept and Calculations in Equations

Coefficient

128 ©2019 E3 Scholastic Publishing. All Rights Reserved

 Duplicate Copy with Answers
The Mole Concept and Calculations Topic 6
Lesson 23 Mole Concept and Calculations in Equations
A chemical equation shows changes that are taking place in a chemical reaction. A balanced
chemical equation is a recipe for changing one or more chemical substances to different substances.
Consider the balanced equation: N2 + 3H2 2NH3
This balanced equation reads as a recipe in the following way:
1 mole of nitrogen (N2) is combined or reacted with 3 moles of hydrogen (3H2)
to yield or make 2 moles of ammonia (2NH3).
A balanced chemical equation shows the mole proportions (ratios) of reactants and products of a
reaction. From these mole ratios, any number of moles of a product can be made by combining
more or less of the reactants in the same proportion as given in the equation.
In this lesson, you will learn how to interpret and solve problems that involve mole proportions in
chemical equations.

Mole Ratio in Equations

Ratio of Coefficients
The coefficients in front of substances in a balanced equation indicate the number of moles of the
substances. From these coefficients, mole ratios of substances can be determined as shown in the
example below.

Concept Task: Be able to determine the mole ratio of substances in a balanced equation.
To determine mole ratio of substances in an equation: Practice 69
In the balanced equation below:
Step 1: Identify the coefficients of the substances
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
Step 2: If the coefficients are reducible, reduce them What is the mole ratio of KClO3
by the greatest common factor (GCF). decomposed to O2 produced?
1) 2 : 2 3) 2 : 3
2) 1 : 3 4) 1 : 1
Example 1
In the equation: Practice 70
Given the balanced equation
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
Mole ratios of substances in the reaction
are listed below. What is the mole ratio of C2H6 combusted
to that of H2O produced in the reaction?
Mole ratio of NH3 to O2 is 4 : 5 1) 4 : 6 3) 3 : 1
2) 1 : 3 4) 1 : 1
Mole ratio of NH3 to NO is 1 : 1
(reduced from 4 : 4 by GCF of 4) Practice 71
Given the reaction:
Mole ratio of NO to H2O is 2 : 3 3Cu + 8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
(reduced from 4 : 6 by GCF of 2) The number of moles of NO produced to
that of HNO3 reacted is
1) 1 : 4 3) 8 : 2
2) 4 : 1 4) 2 : 8

122 ©2017 E3 Scholastic Publishing. All Rights Reserved

Topic 6 The Mole Concept and Calculations

Mole to Mole Problems in Equations

When the number of moles of one substance in a reaction is given, the number of moles of any other
substance in the reaction can be calculated using ratios in the balanced equation.
A mole to mole problem is given and solved in the example below.

Concept Task: Be able to set up and solve a mole-to-mole problem in a given equation.

Example 27:
Given the balanced equation below:

4NH3 + 5O2 6H2O + 4NO

What is the total number of moles of oxygen that will be consumed to produce 10 moles of water?
Two setups to solving the problem are given below.
Proportion Setup Factor-label Setup
5 6 moles given x mole ratio of O2/H2O
numerical ------- = ----- in the question in the equation
setup
X 10 5 mol O2
6X = 50 10 mol H2O x ------------------- = 8.33 mol O2
6 mol H2O
calculated result X = 8.33 mol O2
numerical setup calculated result

Practice 72 Practice 74 Show a numerical setup and the result.

Given the reaction below:
Given the reaction:
Mg + 2H2O Mg(OH)2 + H2
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
The number of moles of water needed
to react with 3 moles of magnesium is Calculate the number of moles of CO2 that will
1) 6 moles 3) 3 moles react to produce 1.75 moles of C6H12O6 .
2) 0.50 moles 4) 4 moles
6 1
-------- = ------- x = (6)(1.75) = 10.5 mol
x 1.75
Practice 73
Given the reaction Practice 75 Show a numerical setup and the result.
C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 2H2O Given a balanced chemical equation below:
How many of moles of CO2 is produced 3Cu(s) + 2H3PO4(aq) Cu3(PO4)2(s) + 3H2(g)
from reacting 0.25 moles of C3H8? Calculate the number of moles of copper needed
1) 0.75 3) 5.0 to react with 0.15 moles of phosphoric acid.
2) 0.80 4) 11
3 mol Cu
0.15 mol H3PO4 x ----------------- = 0.225 mol Cu
2 mol H3PO4

E3Chemistry.com 123
The Mole Concept and Calculations Topic 6
Volume to Volume Problems in Equations
When the volume of one substance in a reaction is known, the volume of any other gaseous
substance in the reaction can be calculated as shown in the example below.

Concept Task: Be able to set up and solve a volume-to-volume problem in a given equation.

Example 28:
Given the balanced equation below:
C3H8 + 5O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
How many liters of propane, C3H8, will react to produce 9 liters of CO2?

Two setups to solving the above problem are given below.

Proportion setup Factor-label setup
mole given x mole ratio of C3H8/CO2
1 3 in question in equation
numerical
---- = ----
setup X 9 1 mol C3H8
9 mol CO2 x --------------- = 3 mol C3H8
3X = 9 3 mol CO2
calculated
result X = 3 mol C3H8 numerical setup calculated result

Practice 76 Practice 78 Show a setup and the result.

According to the reaction below: Given the reaction:
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
What is the total number of liters of O2(g) that Calculate the total number of liters of
will react completely with 89.6 liters of SO2 at STP? CO2(g) produced by the complete
1) 1.0 L 3) 0.500 L combustion of 35 liters of C2H6(g) at STP.
2) 22.4 L 4) 44.8 L 2 4 (35) (4)
------- = ------ x = --------- = 70 L CO2
35 x 2
Practice 77
Given the reaction: Practice 79 Show a setup and the result.
C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O Given the balanced combustion reaction
below:
At STP, how many liters of CO2 are produced when
15 liters of O2 are consumed? C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 2H2O
1) 10 L 3) 15 L Calculate the volume of propane, C3H8,
2) 30 L 4) 45 L that will completely react with 22.4 liters
of oxygen, O2, at STP.
1 mol C3H8
22.4 L O2 x ------------------ = 4.48 L O2
5 mol O2

124 ©2017 E3 Scholastic Publishing. All Rights Reserved

Topic 6 The Mole Concept and Calculations
Mass to Mass Problems in Equations
When the mass of one substance in a reaction is known, the mass of any other substance in the
reaction can be calculated as shown in the example below.
In the previous problem, volume to volume, proportions were setup with a mix of two units
(mole/volume). This was done because at STP the volume of one mole of all gases is the same.
In a mass to mass problem, mole/mass proportion cannot be used to setup and solve the problem
because the mass of one mole of each substance is different.
Concept Task: Be able to set up and solve mass-to-mass problem in a given equation.
Example 29:
Given the balanced equation below:
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
How many grams of KCl are produced by decomposing 100 g of KClO 3?

Proportion setup Factor-label setup

mass given x mol/FM x mole ratio KCl/KClO3 x mass/FM
Mass of 2KClO3 Mass of 2KCl in question of KClO3 in equation of KCl
---------------------------- = -----------------------
100 g X 1 mol KClO3 2 mol KCl 74 g KCl
100 g KClO3 x ---------------------- x ------------------- x ----------------- = 60.7 g
244 g 148 g KCl
----------- = ---------- 122 g KClO3 2 mol KClO3 1 mol KCl
100 g X
Formula mass of KClO3 Mass of 2KClO3 Formula mass of KCl Mass of 2KCl
244X = 14800 1 K 1(39) = 39 g 1K 1(39) = 39 g
1 Cl 1(35) = 35 g 2(122 g) = 244 g 1Cl 1(35) = 35 g 2(74 g) = 148 g
X = 60.7 g KCl 3 O 3(16) = 48 g 74 g
122 g
Use in factor-label setup use in proportion setup use in factor-label setup use in Proportion setup

Practice 80 Practice 82 Show a setup and the result.

Given the reaction: According to the reaction:
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O
What is the total number of grams of Mg Calculate the grams of CO2 produced from
consumed when 1 g of H2 is produced? combusting 80 grams of C2H2.
1) 6.0 g 3) 3.0 g 52 g 176 g
2) 12 g 4) 24 g -------- = --------- x = 270.8 g CO2
80 g x
Practice 81 Practice 83 Show a setup and the result.
Given the balanced equation below:
Given the reaction:
3Cu + 8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3
The total number of grams of Cu needed
to produce 188 grams of Cu(NO 3)2 is Calculate the mass of Fe2O3, iron(III) oxide, that
will be produced from 20 grams of Fe.
1) 64 3) 32
2) 128 4) 124 1 mol Fe 2 mol Fe2O3 160 g Fe2O3
20 g Fe x ------------------ x ------------------------ x --------------------- = 28.6 g Fe2O3
56 g Fe 4 mol Fe 1 mol Fe2O3
E3Chemistry.com 125
The Mole Concept and Calculations Topic 6
Base your answers to practice questions 84 and 85 on the information below.

Given the balanced equation representing a reaction:

2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
84. Determine the total number of moles of oxygen that react completely with 8 moles of C2H6
Show a numerical setup and the calculated result.
2 7 (8)(7)
---- = ------- x = ------------ = 28 mol O2
8 x 2

85. Determine the mass of 5.20 moles of C2H6 (gram-formula mass = 30.1 grams/mole).
Show a numerical setup and the calculated result.

mass = (5.20 mol C2H6) (30.1 g/mol) = 157 g C2H6

Base your answers to practice questions 86 through 88 on the information below.

Rust on an automobile door contains Fe2O3(s). The balanced equation representing one of the
reactions between iron in the door of the automobile and oxygen in the atmosphere is given below.
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)
86. What is the mole ratio of iron reacted to iron(III) oxide formed as rust on an automobile door?
2:1
87. Determine the gram-formula mass of the product of this reaction.

2(Fe) + 3(O2) = 2(55.854 g) + 3(15.999) = 159.705 g/mol

88. Identify the type of chemical reaction represented by this equation.

synthesis or metathesis

Base your answers to practice questions 89 through 91 on the information below.

Some dry chemicals can be used to put out forest fires. One of these chemicals is NaHCO3.
When NaHCO3(s) is heated, one of the products is CO2(g), as shown in the balanced equation below.

2NaHCO3(s) + heat Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)

89. Identify the type of chemical reaction represented by this equation.
decomposition
90. Determine the total number of moles of CO 2(g) produced when 7.0 moles of NaHCO3(s) is
completely reacted. Show a numerical setup and the calculated result.
2 1 7
-------- = -------- x = ------ = 3.5 mol CO2
7 x 2
91. Show a correct numerical setup for calculating the percent composition by mass of carbon in
the product Na2CO3.
mass of C 12.011
% C = ------------------------ x 100 = ---------- x 100 = 11.3 % Na2CO3
mass of Na2CO3 105.98

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