HINDUSTAN INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW
Module 02
EXACT SOLUTIONS OF NAVIER-STOKES
EQUATIONS
EXACT SOLUTIONS OF NAVIER-
STOKES EQUATIONS
Concept of Fully Developed Flow
Entrance Length
Plane Poiseulle Flow
Couette Flow
Poiseuille Flow
Flow of Immiscible Fluids in a Channel
Fully Developed Flow and Entrance Length
Velocity is uniform at inlet
Boundary layer grows on both sides due to viscous drag
Boundary layer merges at centre
Fully Developed Flow and Entrance Length
Fully developed flow is a state in which the flow characteristics of a fluid no
longer change as it moves further along a pipe. This occurs when the boundary
layer, which is a region where friction causes fluid to move more slowly along the
pipe walls, expands to fill the entire pipe. In this state, the boundary layer
thickness is the same as the flow depth, and the flow is accelerated until the
boundary friction counterbalances the gravity force.
Entrance length is the distance a flow travels after entering a pipe before the flow
becomes fully developed.
Fully Developed Flow and Entrance Length
Poiseuille Flow
Laminar incompressible viscous axial flow without body force
between two fixed parallel plates. Pressure driven flow.
Conditions
Fully developed
Incompressible
Newtonian fluid
2-D
No slip condition
Viscosity is constant
Steady flow
Poiseuille Flow
Essential Conditions:
∂𝑢
Fully developed : =0
∂x
No slip condition : u(x, ± h) = 0
No body force : no gravity forces
Flow is axial : v=w=0
∂ρ
Incompressible flow : =0
∂(x,y,z,t)
∂
Plate is very wide (2D- flow) : =0
∂z
Distance between two plates : 2h
Poiseuille Flow
Continuity equation
For steady incompressible flow
∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =0
∂x ∂𝑦 ∂𝑧
∂u
For axial flow, v = w = 0 ∂x
=0
This indicates that the flow is fully developed
Poiseuille Flow
Navier-Stokes equation
X-momentum equation
Expanding this for incompressible flow we get,
Similarly Y and Z -Momentum equations are
Poiseuille Flow
X-momentum equation
Plate is wide
=
Y and Z- momentum equation
Since Then = So
‘u’ is also the function of y alone so the partial derivative is changed to ordinary differential
Poiseuille Flow
Integrate with respect to y we get
Integrate with respect to y again we get
Poiseuille Flow
Add above 2 eqs we get
Subtract above 2 eqs we get 𝐶1 = 0
Substitute C1 and C2 in eq (From previous slide)
is negative to move the flow in positive direction
Thus the velocity profile is parabolic in nature and it reach maximum at
value at y = 0 i.e at the centerline of the pipe.
Poiseuille Flow
Mass flow rate of the flow is given by
ത
𝑉=Average Velocity of the flow
For round pipe umax = 2 𝑉ത
Poiseuille Flow
Pressure drop in
Poiseuille flow
Poiseuille Flow
Shear stress of fluid in Poiseuille flow
∂𝑝
𝑆𝑜, 𝑇𝑦𝑥 = 𝑦
∂𝑥
The maximum shear stress T0 when y=h is at the walls
∂𝑝
𝑇𝑜 = h
∂𝑥
Problems on Poiseuille flow
1. Calculate i) the pressure gradient along the flow, ii) the average velocity and iii)
the discharge of an oil of viscosity 0.02 Ns/m2 flowing between two stationary
plates 1 m wide maintaining 10 mm apart. The velocity at the midway between the
plate is 2 m/s.
2. Determine i) the pressure gradient, ii) shear stress at the two horizontal parallel
plates and iii) discharge per meter width for the laminar flow of the oil with the
maximum velocity of 2 m/s between two horizontal parallel fixed plates which are
100 mm apart. Given viscosity = 2.4525 Ns/m2.
3. An oil of viscosity 10 poise flows between two parallel fixed plates which are kept
at a distance of 50 mm apart. Find the rate of flow of oil between the plates if the
drop of pressure in a length of 1.2 m is 0.3 N/cm3. The width of the plate is 200
mm.
Problems on Poiseuille flow
4. The water at 150c flows between two large parallel plates at a distance of
1.6 mm apart. Determine i) the maximum velocity ii) Pressure drop per
unit length and iii) the shear stress at the wall of the plates if the average
velocity is 0.2 m/s. The viscosity if water at 150c is 0.01 poise.
5. There is a horizontal crack 40 mm wide 2.5 mm deep in a wall of
thickness 100 mm. Water leaks through the cracks. Find the rate of
leakage of water through the crack of the pressure difference between the
two ends of the crack is 0.02943 N/m2. The viscosity of the water is 0.01
poise.
6. The radial clearance between the hydraulic plunger and the cylinder wall
is 0.1 mm. The length of the plunger is 300 mm and the diameter is 100
mm. Find the velocity of leakage and the rate of leakage past the plunger
at an instant when the pressure difference is 9 mm of water. Viscosity is
0.0127 poise.
Couette Flow
Laminar flow between two parallel plates where one plate is
fixed and other plate is moving with the velocity of V. Flow
driven by upper moving plate.
Conditions
Fully developed
No slip condition
No body Forces
No pressure gradient
Newtonian fluid
Incompressible flow
Steady flow
Viscosity is constant
Couette Flow
Essential Conditions
∂p
No pressure gradient : =0
∂x
∂
Fully developed : =0
∂x
No slip condition : u(x, h) = 0
No body force : no gravity forces
Flow is axial : v=w=0
∂ρ
Incompressible flow : =0
∂(x,y,z,t)
∂
Plate is very wide(2D- flow) : =0 :
∂z
Distance between two plates : 2h
Couette Flow
Continuity equation
For steady incompressible flow
∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =0
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂u
For axial flow, v = w = 0 ∂x
=0
This indicates that the flow is fully developed
Couette Flow
Again here u is the function of y only so partial differential become ordinary differential
All terms gets cancelled out in Y and Z-Momentum eqs.
Integrating above eq twice with respect to y we get
Couette Flow
ത
𝑉=Average Velocity of the flow
1
ത
𝑉= V
2
1
ത
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 = hV
2
Shear stress of fluid in Couette flow
Constant shear stress distribution
Combined Poiseuille and Couette Flow
Poiseuille flow- Flow due to pressure gradient
Couette flow- Flow due to motion of plate
Combined Poiseuille and Couette flow- Flow due to both the
pressure gradient and motion of plate.
Forces and equation of motions are same but the boundary
condition differs
1. Pressure gradient in the direction of movement of plate
(favourable pressure gradient)
2. Pressure gradient in the direction opposite to the plate
(adverse pressure gradient)
Combined Poiseuille and Couette Flow
Conditions Flow is due to both because of pressure gradient
Fully developed and velocity of plate
No slip condition
No body Forces
Pressure gradient
Newtonian fluid
Incompressible flow
Steady flow
Viscosity is constant
Combined Poiseuille and Couette Flow
Continuity equation
For steady incompressible flow
∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =0
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂u
For axial flow, v = w = 0 ∂x
=0
This indicates that the flow is fully developed
Combined Poiseuille and Couette Flow
Integrate with respect to y twice we get
Boundary Conditions
i) y=0, u = U (plate is moving with velocity U)
ii) y=b, u = 0 (plate is fixed)
Combined Poiseuille and Couette Flow
Apply boundary condition (i) we get, C2=U
So the equation becomes
Apply Boundary condition (ii) we get
Combined Poiseuille and Couette Flow
Parabolic equation
Favourable Pressure gradient Adverse Pressure gradient
+
+
Steep
velocity Velocity is
gradient negative
at top Reversible
flow
Combined Poiseuille and Couette Flow
Favourable Pressure gradient
Adverse Pressure gradient
Flow of immiscible fluids through the channel
Flow of two different fluids between the channel or between two
parallel plates ( one plate fixed or both plates fixed)
μ1>μ2
Flow of immiscible fluids through the channel
Poiseuille flow
μ1>μ2
Flow of immiscible fluids through the channel
Poiseuille flow
Which is of the following answer is correct ?
μ1>μ2
Flow of immiscible fluids through the channel
Poiseuille flow
The correct option is
Option A:
Slope of velocity is same for two fluids.
Option B & C:
Fluid slip in between two fluids.
Option D:
Velocity gradient of lower fluid is higher Velocity slope (reduction in velocity) of
than upper fluid and there is no slip upper fluid (higher viscosity) is lesser than the
lower fluid.
Note that the velocity gradient decrease with
increasing the viscosity of the fluid
Flow of immiscible fluids through the channel
Couette Flow
μ1>μ2
Flow of immiscible fluids through the channel
Couette Flow
Which is of the following answer is correct ?
μ1>μ2
Flow of immiscible fluids through the channel
Couette Flow
The correct option is
Option A:
Slope is negative in upper fluid.
Option C:
Fluid slip in between two fluids.
Option D:
Velocity slope (reduction in velocity) of
upper fluid (higher viscosity) is lesser than the
Velocity gradient of lower fluid is higher
lower fluid.
than upper fluid and there is no slip
Option E:
Note that the velocity gradient decrease with Constant velocity slope in between two
increasing the viscosity of the fluid different viscosity fluids.
