9695983941

SEED
TECHNOLOGY
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SEED PROCESSING
It is the process of narrow down the level of heterogeneity of the seed lot
using suitable processing methods. It is done by eliminating the
undersized, shrivelled, immature, ill filled seed using appropriate sieve
size.
1. Size: Based on size it can be separated with air screen cleaner cum
grader.
2. Length: Disc or Indented cylinder separator.
3. Weight: Specific gravity separator.
4. Shape: Spiral separator or Draper separator for round and flat seeds.
5. Surface Texture: Dodder mill.
6. Colour: Electronic colour separator.
7. Electrical conductivity: Seed differing in their ability to conduct
electrical charge can be separated with electronic separator.
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Seed Processing Equipments

1. Thresher- To remove the seeds from the inflorescence especially in cereals

2. Ginning machine- To separate the lint and seed from kapas in cotton
3. Maize sheller- To shell the seed from the cobs
4. Pulse thresher- To remove seeds from the pods
5. Tomato seed extractor- To extract tomato seed from fruit without wasting
the pulp
6. Chilli seed extractor- For easy removal of seed from chilli fruits
7. Groundnut decorticator- To shell the kernel (seeds from the pods)
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8. Sunflower thresher- For removal of seeds from the head

9. Debearder- To remove the awns form (Barley) the seed
10. Mechanical scarifier- To scarify the hard seed mechanically to
improve the germination of seeds
11.Pebble mill- To remove webby hairs from grasses
12.Timothy bumper mill- To remove weed seed from timothy seed
13. Hammer mill- To remove the hook or apendages from the seeds
14. Driers- To reduce the moisture content to lower or needed level for
safe handling both for processing and for storage at the final stage
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15. Cleaner cum grader- This homogenize the precleaned seed

based on size and is known basic grading in seeds. The sieve
sizes requirement varies with crop
16. Precleaner aspirator- This removes the inert material and
dust particles from seed and improve the grading efficiency
17. Specific gravity separator- Improve the quality of graded
seed further using its weight of specific gravity.
18. Indent cylinder – In lengthier seeds it maintains the size of
seed (breadth and length).
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SEED TREATMENT
Seed treatment refers to the application of fungicide, insecticide, or
a combination of both, to seeds to disinfect them from seed-borne
or soil-borne pathogenic organisms and storage insects. It also
refers to the subjecting of seeds to solar energy exposure,
immersion in conditioned water, etc
TYPES OF SEED TREATMENT
1. Seed disinfection: Seed disinfection refers to the eradication of
fungal spores that have become established within the seed coat, or
in more deep-seated tissues.
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2. Seed disinfestation: Seed disinfestation refers to

the destruction of surface-borne organisms that have
contaminated the seed surface but not infected the seed
surface. Chemical dips, soaks, fungicides applied as dust,
slurry or liquid have been found successful.
3. Seed Protection: The purpose of seed protection is to
protect the seed and young seedling from organisms in
the soil which might otherwise cause decay of the seed
before germination.
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SEED PRIMING
Seed priming is the process of controlled hydration of seeds to a
level that permits pre-germinative metabolic activity to proceed,
but prevents actual emergence of the radicle.
Types of priming
Hydro priming (use of water double the volume of seed)
Halo priming (use of salt solution-NaCl)
Osmo priming (use of osmotic solution – PEG)
Sand matric priming – (use of moist sand)
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BENEFITS
 Enhances the germination percentage
 Enhances the speed and uniformity of germination
 Improves the resistance towards water and
temperature stress
 Increases the shelf life of seed
 Highly suitable for small seeds
 Enhances the yield
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QUESTIONS
FROM
PREVIOUS
EXAMINATIONS
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Tag colour used for a seed lot which contains

certified seeds? (NABARD 2023 )

(a) Blue
(a) Blue
(b) Opal green
(c) Orange
(d) White
(e) Red
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What is true regarding the term rouging?

(NABARD )

(a) Improving soil fertility

(b) Removal
Removalofofunwanted
unwantedplants
plantsfrom
fromthe
thefield
field
(c) Removal of seeds from a mixture
(d) Treating the plants with biofertilizers.
(e) Introducing new varieties
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Foundation seed is progeny of which seed?

(NABARD 2023)

(a) Breederseed
(a) Breeder seed
(b) Certified seed
(c) Nucleus seed
(d) Register seed
(e) Truthful seed
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Seed viability is being tested by? (AFO 2015)

(a) Tetrazoliumtest
(a) Tetrazolium test
(b) First count test
(c) Grow out test
(d) All of these
(e) None of these
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Certified seeds are used for better yield of crops. What

is the viability of certified tagged seed from the date of
sample testing for all seeds?(RRB SO 2018)
a. 18 month
b. 12 month
c. 15 month
d. month
d. 9 month
e. None of the above
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Dormancy of seeds occur due to various reasons and this can be

removed by suitable process. When seeds are subjected to very
low temperature of 0-5 degree Celsius to break the embryo
dormancy it is known as? (RRB SO 2018)
a. Stratification
a. Stratification
b. Light treatment
c. Scarification
d. Leaching
e. Hot water treatment
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Scratching, rubbing and softening seed coat to make

it permeable for water? (AFO 2021)

a. Scarification
Scarification
b. Stratification
c. Scratching
d. Dilution
e. Removing
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Progeny of breeder seed which should maintain

certain germination standards and should be
approved by certification agency? (AFO 2021)
a. Breeder
b. Nucleus
c. Foundation
c. Foundationseed
seed
d. Certified
e. Truthful Labeled
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What is the minimum germination percentage of

wheat? (AFO 2020)

a. 90
b. 85
85
c. 70
d. 65
e. 80
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What is the Isolation distance required for

foundation seed production of okra? (AFO 2020)

a. 1000 m
b. 800 m
c. 400mm
400
d. 650 m
e. 1600 m
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Blue colour tag for which seed type?

(AFO 2020)
a. Certified
Certified
b. Foundation
c. Registered
d. Breeder
e. Nucleus seed
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Which among the following crop has Lowest

seed replacement ratio?
(AFO 2019)
(a) Pearl millet
(b) Wheat
(c) Groundnut
(c) Groundnut
(d) Sunflower
(e) Sugarcane
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What is the isolation distance for foundation

seed of Onion crop in m? (AFO 2022)
(a) 3
(b) 100
(c) 200
(d) 500
(e) 1000
(e) 1000
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Seeds with highest moisture content losses the

germination viability. What is the safe moisture
level of seed storage? (RRB 2018)
(a) 4-5 %
(b) 20-25 %
(c)
(c) 9-13 %
9-13 %
(d) 25-30 %
(e) 2-4 %
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Main reason for seed dormancy? (AFO 2022)

(a) Immature
(a) Immature embryo
embryo
(b) Physical cracking
(c) Presence of pathogen
(d) Distorted seed coat
(e) Fungal growth
 9695983941

What is the minimum germination percentage

of certified seed of onion? (AFO 2022)
(a) 70
70
(b) 75
(c) 60
(d) 65
(e) 80
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What is the Genetic purity of certified seed?

(NABARD 2023)
(a) 100%
(b)
(b) 99%
(c) 92%
(d) 95%
(e) 90
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Purity Percentage of foundation seed?

(NABARD 2023)
(a) 100%
99.5%
(b) 99.5%
(c) 99%
(d) 98%
(e) 90%
 9695983941

If a seed packet has a white sticker then what

kind of seed it is? (RRB SO 2019)
a) certified seed
b) breeder seed
c) nucleus seed
d) foundation
foundation seed
seed
e) Registered seed
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In which crop pair there is least isolation

distance? (RRB SO 2020)
a. Wheat and rice
rice
b. Cabbage and cauliflower
c. Chillies and tomato
d. Safflower and sunflower
e. Cotton and jute
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What is International seed certificate colour, sampling is

done in one country and analysis in other country?
(RRB SO 2020)
a. Orange
b. Green
b. Green
c. Blue
d. White
e. None of these
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Find the correct match of seed colour and seed tag?

(RRB SO 2020)

a.
a. Breeder seed
seed -- golden
goldenyellow
yellow
b. Foundation seed – blue tag
c. Certified seed- white tag
d. Nucleus seed- red seed
e. None of these
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The process in which seeds are formed but the embryos

develop without fertilization is known as? (ICAR -JRF
2011)

(a) Apogamy
(b) Apospory
(c) Anagenesis
(d)
(d) Apomixis
Apomixis
(e) None of these
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Which of the following is a monocotyledonous plant?

(RRB-2020)

(a) Ground nut

(b) Corn
(b) Corn
(c) Rose
(d) Sunflower
(e) All of these
 9695983941

Seed with no endosperm? (UP TGT 2016)

(a) Albuminous seed

(b) Exalbuminous seed
(c) Perispermic seed
(d) None of these
(e) All of these
 9695983941

Which among the following seeds are having property

of Non-albuminous , hypogeal germination & has the
property of Orthodox type seeds ? (BAU-2022)
(a) Pigeon pea & Litchi
(b) Pigeon Pea and Groundnut
(c) Onion and Coconut
(d) Groundnut and Wheat
(e) None of these
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Which of the following three generation system of

multiplication is followed for seed production India?
(NSCL Agricultural Trainee 2019)
(a) Breeder––Foundation
(a)Breeder Foundation--Certified
Certified
(b) Nucleus – Foundation – Registered - Certified
(c) Breeder – Foundation – Registered
(d) Nucleus – Registered – Certified
(e) None of these
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Seed dormancy can be detected by? (ICAR JRF/PG

2020)

(a) Vigour test

(b) Germination test
(b) Germination test
(c) Tetrazolium test
(d) Purity test
(e) None of these
 9695983941

Seed dormancy is due to? (IGKV CET-2023)

(a) Ethylene
(b) Abscisic acid
(c) IAA
(d) Starch
(e) None of these
 9695983941

The tag for breeder seed is issued by? ( JRF 2020)

(a) State Seed Certification Agency

(b) Central Seed Certification Agency
(c)
(c) Concerned Breeder of
Concerned Breeder the Variety
of the Variety
(d) Independent organization operated under the state gov.
(e) None of these
 9695983941

Generally Seedless watermelon is?

(a) Octaploid
(b) Triploid
(b) Triploid
(c) Hexaploid
(d) Pentaploid
(e) Diploid
 9695983941

Biologically, seed is a matured (icar jrf 2019)

(a) Ovary
(b) Ovule
(b) Ovule
(c) Fruit
(d) Capsule
(e) None of these
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The rudimentary root of the seed or seedling that forms

the primary root of the young plant is known as:
(MPSC)
(a) Plumule
(b) Offshoots
(c) Cotyledon
(d) Radicle
(e) All of these
 9695983941
Plant showing variation in expression of distinguishing
characters or abnormal performance of the plant in
comparison to normal expression of the cultivar i.e.,plant of
other cultivar, other species or diseased plant of the same
cultivar is considered as
(a) Off type
(b) Volunteer plant
(c) ODV
(d) CPO
(e) Rogue
 9695983941

What is the objective of Grow out Test?

(a) To determine the genetic purity of any cultivar

(b) To determine
(b) To determine the
the genetic
genetic purity
purity of
of aa notified/hybrid
notified/hybrid cul.
cul.
(c) To determine the genetic purity of any hybrid cultivar
(d) None of these
(e) All of these
 9695983941

The seed replacement rate of hybrid seeds is (ICAR

JRF 2019)

(a) 40%
(b) 50%
(c) 100%
(d) 75%
(e) All of these
 9695983941

Tetrazolium test determine the level of activities of

enzyme

(a) ATPase
(b) Dehydrogenase
(b) Dehydrogenase
(c) Carboxylase
(d) Carboxylase
(e) Isomerase
 9695983941

Seed plot technique is adopted in potato to raise the

(a) Healthy crop during the spring

(b) Crop free from white fly
(c) Crop free from late blight of potato
(d) Crop free from bacterial disease
(e)
(e) None of these
None of these
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Pure seed percentage in abelmoschus esculentus is?

(MSC entrance)

(a) 97%
(b) 99%
(b) 99%
(c) 98%
(d) 96%
(e) None of these
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A seed having well developed endosperm is called

as?

(a) Proteinaceous

(b) Globulous seed

(c) Undersize seed

(d) Albuminous seed

(d) Albuminous seed
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Coating the seeds with biological agents like

bacteria is called?

(a)Bio-priming
(a) Bio-priming

(b) Bio-layering

(c) Bio-synthetic

(d) Bio-nomics
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The white spongy outgrowth of the micropyle

present in seeds of castor and tapioca is known
as?
(a) Caruncle
(a) Caruncle

(b) Capsule

(c) Caryopsis

(d) Achene
 9695983941

Removal of male flowers from the female

parentin maize is commonly known as?

(a) Emasculation

(b)Detasseling
(b) Detasseling

(c) Pollination

(d) Tasseling
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The term that represents the tissue of seeds that

develops from sexual fusion of the polar nuclei of
the ovule and the second male sperm cell is called
as?
(a) Embryo

(b) Endosperm
(b) Endosperm

(c) Radicle

(d) Plumule
 9695983941

Plants in which the cotyledons appear above the

surface of the soil during germination is called
as?

(a) Epigeal
(a) Epigeal

(b) Epicotyl

(c) Epistatic

(d) Epigyny
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The blotter method of seed health testing detects

primarily the disease organisms like?

(a) Fungi
(a) Fungi

(b) Virus

(c) Bacteria

(d) Nematodes
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The form of sugar found in large amounts in

germinating seed is known as?

(a) Maltose
(a) Maltose

(b) Sucrose

(c) Cellobiase

(d) Lactose
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Emergence of normal seedlings from the seeds

under ideal conditions of light, temperature ,
moisture, oxygen and nutrients is called?

(a) Fertilization

(b) Detasseling

(c) Pollination

(d)Germination
(d) Germination
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If the pathogen is present inside the seed and

affecting its quality, then that seed is called as?

(a) Undersize seed

(b)
(b) Infected seed
Infected seed

(c) Infested seed

(d) Inert matter

 9695983941

The standard for minimum germination

percentage for gram is?

(a) 85

(b) 80

(c) 75
(c) 75

(d) 90
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In TZ test, the colour of living tissues of seed

changes to?

(a) Yellow

(b) Green

(c) Red
(c) Red

(d) Blue
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The seeds which can be dried to low moisture

content and stores at low temperatures without
loosing their viability are called as>

(a) Naked seed

(b) Recalcitrant seed

(c) Synthetic seed

(d)Othodox
(d) Othodox seed
seed