Lesson 1
1. Globalization
○ The growing connections between countries in trade, culture, politics, and more.
○ How It Works: It allows goods, people, and ideas to move more freely across
borders.
2. Globalism
○The belief that globalization is good for everyone, promoting free trade and
democracy.
○ How It Works: Encourages cooperation between nations but doesn’t always
address inequalities.
3. Appadurai’s Scapes
○ Ethnoscape: Movement of people (e.g., migrants, tourists).
○ Technoscape: Spread of technology (e.g., smartphones, apps).
○ Mediascape: Influence of global media (e.g., movies, news).
○ Financescape: Movement of money (e.g., investments).
○ Ideoscape: Spread of ideas (e.g., democracy, human rights).
○ How It Works: These "scapes" show how different parts of globalization affect
the world in unique ways.
Lesson 2
1. Economic Globalization
○The way economies around the world are linked through trade and money.
○How It Works: Countries trade goods and services, invest in each other, and
share technologies.
2. Comparative Advantage
○ A country focuses on what it does best and trades for the rest.
○ How It Works: For example, the Philippines exports bananas because it’s good
at farming them, while importing machines it doesn’t produce.
3. Bretton Woods System
○ A global system created after WWII to stabilize the economy.
○ How It Works: It created institutions like the IMF and World Bank but ended
when the dollar stopped being linked to gold.
4. Neoliberal Policies
○ Policies that promote free markets and less government control.
○ How It Works: These policies encourage trade and investment but often lead to
inequality.
Lesson 3
1. Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
○ Big companies that operate in multiple countries (e.g., McDonald’s, Apple).
○ How It Works: They use global supply chains to make products in cheaper
locations and sell worldwide.
2. Global Value Chains (GVCs)
○ Steps of making a product are spread across different countries.
○ How It Works: For example, parts of a phone may be made in China, assembled
in Vietnam, and sold in the Philippines.
3. Digital Globalization
○ The role of technology and the internet in linking economies.
○ How It Works: Businesses and people connect instantly through tools like
emails, online shops, or virtual meetings.
Lesson 4
1. Nation-State
○A country with borders, people, and a government.
○How It Works: The government makes laws and enforces them within its
territory.
2. Economic Interdependence
○ Countries depend on each other for goods, services, and resources.
○ How It Works: The Philippines relies on imports for oil while exporting workers
and products like electronics.
3. Transnational Advocacy Networks
○ Groups from different countries working together for a cause (e.g., human rights
or climate change).
○How It Works: They pressure governments or organizations to make changes,
like adopting green energy.
4. Fragmegration
○ A mix of countries coming together (integration) and breaking apart
(fragmentation).
○ How It Works: For example, the European Union promotes unity, but separatist
movements like in Catalonia push for independence.
Lesson 5
1. Sovereignty
○ A country’s full control over its own laws and decisions.
○ How It Works: Countries sometimes share control with global organizations, like
the UN or the WTO.
2. Global Governance
○ Countries working together to solve world problems.
○ How It Works: Examples include climate agreements and trade rules.
Lesson 6
1. Global South
○ Poorer, developing countries (e.g., Philippines, India).
○ How It Works: These countries face challenges like inequality and limited
resources.
2. Global North
○ Richer, developed countries (e.g., USA, Japan).
○ How It Works: They have strong economies and often make decisions that affect
the whole world.
3. Colonial Legacies
○ The long-term effects of colonization.
○ How It Works: Many Global South countries were exploited for resources,
leaving them poor and dependent even after gaining independence.
Lesson 7: Asian Regionalism
1. Asian Values
○Cultural ideas that value community and respect for authority over individualism.
○How It Works: These ideas influence how some Asian countries are governed
and interact with others.
2. Open Regionalism
○A type of regional cooperation that is also open to working with other regions.
○How It Works: Organizations like ASEAN work together while maintaining
connections with global markets.
3. Resistance to Globalization
○ Efforts to push back against Western influences or global control.
○ How It Works: Examples include promoting local products or creating regional
alternatives like the Asian Monetary Fund.
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