PM SHRI KV CRPF AVADI CH-55

Minimum Level of Learning

Class : X SOCIAL SCIENCE

Nationalism in Europe (HISTORY)

1- Explain the unification of Italy.

 Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic.
 He had also formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals.
 Chief Minister Cavour of Sardinia- Piedmont led the movement for the Unification of Italy.
 Garibaldi marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the
support of the local peas ants in order to drive out the Spain rulers.
 Victor Emanuel became the king of United Italy and Rome was declared the Capital of Italy.
2- What were the measures taken by French revolutionaries to forge a sense of collective identity?
 Through the ideas of ―la patrie and le citoyen
 New tricolor flag
 Composition of new system of hymns and commemoration of martyrs
 Formulating uniform laws for all citizens.
3- Explain the consequences of the Vienna congress.
 The Bourbon dynasty was restored in France.
 A number of states were set up on the boundaries of France.
 Prussia was given important new territories
 Austria got control of northern Italy
 Russia was given part of Poland.
4- Why the 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe.
1- Increase in population 2-Unemployment 3- migration 4-price rise 5- stiff competition in the
market.
5- What is the other name for Napoleonic code? Write any four changes brought by this.
 The Napoleonic code also known as civil codes of 1804.
 Did away privileges based on birth Established equality.
 Secured right to property.
 Simplified administrative division and abolished feudal system.
6- What were the ideals of liberal Nationalism?
 Freedom for individual
 Equality of all before law
 Concept of Govt. by consent.
 End of autocracy
 Freedom of market
7- Explain the different stages of unification of Germany. OR Describe the unification of Germany.
 Germany was group of small states before its unification.
 The liberal initiative to Nation building failed and was taken over by Prussian empire.
 Otto von Bismarck was the chief architect in German Unification.
 He led three wars against Austria, Denmark and France which ended in Prussian victory.
 In 1871 Prussian King William I, was declared German Emperor.
8- Briefly explain Balkan Issue.
 Balkan was region of Geographical and ethnic variation comprising of Romania Bulgaria, Albania
Greece, and Macedonia, Croatia,Bosnia- Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro who were all
together called slaves.
 Till the last part of 19th century, this was under Ottoman Empire.
 The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and emergence of Romantic Nationalism made this region a
land of conflict.
 Balkan nations tried to capture more territories from neighbouring places.
 It also became a scene of big power rivalry like Russia, Germany, England and Austria, Hungary.
 Ultimately it led to open wars and finally led it to the First World War.

NATIONALISM IN INDIA

9- “This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles role of
folklore, songs, icons & images”Analyse the
statement.
 In late 19th century, Indian Nationalist began recording folk tales sung by bards and toured village to
gather.
 The tales they believed gave true picture of traditional culture that was damaged by outside forces.
 It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover the National Identity.
 It restored a sense of pride in one‘s past During Swadeshi Movement, a tricolor flag was designed
representing eight provinces through eight lotuses and a crescent moon symbolizing Hindu-Muslim
unity.
 Later Gandhi developed tricolor flag (Red, Green and White) with a spinning wheel at center
representing self-help. Carrying the flag became a symbol of defiance.
 This image Bharath Mata was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In 1870 he wrote
Vande Mataram a hymn to the mother land.
 Abanindranath Tagore in his painting portrayed Bharath Mata as calm, ascetic figure, composed, divine
and spiritual
10- Describe the Dandi March of Gandhiji. Or Describe about Civil Disobedience Movement.
 Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the Nation.
 He sent letter to Viceroy Irwin in which the most stirring was demand to abolish salt tax.
 When Irwin refused, Gandhi started the salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers,
marched 240 miles from Sabarmati ashram to Dandi.
 On his way he told the importance of Swaraj to people and asked to defy British. On 6th April he
reached Dandi violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
 It marked the beginning of civil disobedience movement.
11- Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju? Explain his role in inspiring the rebels with Gandhijis ideas?
 Alluri Sitaram Raju was a tribal leader in the Guden hills of Andhra Pradesh.
 He started a militant Guerilla Movement in the early 1920s.
 The tribal people were enraged by the British policy, but when the government began forcing them to
contribute beggar for road building, the hill people revolted.
 Raju inspired the hill people. He talked on the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi.
 Inspired by Gandhijis Non-Cooperation Movement he persuaded people to wear Khadi and give up
drinking. But at the same time, he did not believe in Nonviolence, he thought that India could be
liberated only by the use of force.
12- Why Non-Cooperation? What was the method used in the Movement? Why did non-cooperation
movement slowdown in cities?
 Gandhi in his famous book Hind Swaraj, declared that the British continue to rule with the Cooperation of
the Indians – If we withdraw our Co-operation then their rule would end.
 It began with surrender of Titles, boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils,
schools and foreign goods Swadeshi, Boycott & National education.
 Khadi cloth was more expensive for the poor-No alternative Indian Institution to accommodate Indians.
 Students and teachers began going back to Govt. Schools and lawyer joined courts.

RESOURCE AND DEVELOPMENT (GEOGRAPHY-1)

13- Distinguish between Potential and developed resources.

 Potential resource-resources which have been found in a region but have not been utilized.
 Developed resource-resources which are surveyed and their quantity and quality have been determined for
utilization.
14- Distinguish between Bangar and Khadar.
 Bangar-It is the old alluvial soil. Less Fertile, it has a lot of concentration of kankar nodules
 Khadar-New alluvium, highly fertile.
15- Describe the land use pattern in India.
 Pasture land- land under permanent pasture is very low and further decreasing. But we are still managing
the cattle population in India by preparing fodder for them Net sown area- It is about 54 percent in India.
 The pattern of Net Sown Area varies from region to region.
 Forest area- It is far lower than the desired 33 percentage of the geographical area. It is considered
essential for maintaining the ecological balance.
 Waste land- It includes rocky, arid, desert areas and land put to non-agricultural uses.
16- Resource planning is the single solution for sustainable development .Justify.
 An equitable distribution of resources has become essential for a sustained quality of life and global peace.
 If the present trend of resource depletion by a few individuals and countries continues the future of our
planet is in danger.
 Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life.
 Utilizing the resources in a judicial manner so as our future generation is not deprived of them.
17- What are the advantages of renewable resources?
The resources which can be used again and can be reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical
processes are known as renewable resources These resources take a short time for renewal. These are
free gifts of nature Renewable resources are pollution free and therefore environment friendly
Example are solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy, forests and wildlife etc.

AGRICULTURE

18- Explain any five features of Indian agriculture.

 Intensive subsistence, labour intensive farming, high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used
for obtaining high yield.
 The right of inheritance has led to division of land among successive generations.
 Slash and burn‟ agriculture -Clears a patch of forest land and produce crops, when the soil fertility
decreases the farmer shifts and clear a fresh patch of land, known by different names in different parts of
India- like Jhumming ,mostly done in the North-eastern-states Rabi Crops-Sown in Winter from
October to December and harvested in Summer from April to June- eg. Wheat, Barley, Peas,Gram
 Kharif Crops -Grown with the onset of the Monsoon.
 TYPES OF FARMING-Commercial Farming Use modern inputs-HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers,
insecticides, pesticides. To obtain higher productivity Plantation –a type of commercial farming.
 Intensive Subsistence In areas of High Population
 Technical & Institutional Use of Water pumps Consolidation of land holdings Abolition of
Zamindari system Loan to farmers, Crop insurance Weather bulletin
 Primitive subsistence farming Depend on monsoon rain Small patches of land Use primitive tools
Labour intensive Use of high dose of bio-chemical inputs.

MANUFATURING INDUSTRIES

19- What are agglomeration economies?

Many industries tend to come together to make, use of the advantages offered by the urban institutions
such as banking, insurance, transport, labour. This is known as agglomeration economies.
20- Which factors are responsible for the decentralization of cotton textile mills in India?
 Cotton textile have a very high demand throughout the country.
 Major inputs like banking, electricity, transportation are available in almost every part of the country
Textile industry is labour intensive industry and labour is easily available in India.
 Textile industry requires less technological inputs and can be carried out using simple tools and machines.
21- What are the major problems of cotton textile industry?
Lack of good quality long staple cotton Erratic power supply Out dated machinery and technology Low
output of workers Stiff International Competition
22- What are the factors responsible for Jute industry in Hugli basin?
Proximity of jute producing areas Inexpensive water transport Well-connected
roads, rail and waterways. Abundant water Cheap labour from adjoining areas
Banking facilities in Kolkata
23- Why is iron and steel industry called a basic industry?
 It is the industry which lays the foundation of rapid development of other industries such as Heavy
Engineering, Defence equipment, Automobiles, Aeroplanes etc.
 It is also helpful in providing employment.
 It also helps in the economic development
24- The sugar industry is now shifting from north to south. Mention main reasons.
 The sugar contents in the cane is higher i.e. 10.5% in Maharashtra and other southern states.
 Climate is suitable for the cultivation of sugarcane. South has better export facilities as compared to North.
 Cooperative sugar mills are more successful in management in south India.
 The Peninsular climate helps to extend the crushing season by two months in the south India than north
India.
25- Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industries.
 Restricting use of fossil fuels and using hydel power Fitting smoke stacks to factories with
electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
 Discharging the dirty water after treating it.
 Machinery and equipment and generators can be fitted with silencers Redesign machinery to make them
energy efficient and to reduce noise

LIFE LINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

26- What are the advantages of transport?

 Facilitates easy and free movement of people from one place to another.
 Helps to carry goods and materials from one place to another Helps in production and distribution of
goods. Connect markets with the production centres.
 Promotes easy accessibility of goods and services.
 Helps in development of trade and commerce.
 Helps to increase the volume of the Trade.
27- What are the problems faced by Indian roadways?
 Road network is inadequate for increasing volume of traffic.
 About half of the roads are unmetalled.
 The National Highways are inadequate and are poorly maintained.
 The roadways are highly congested in cities and are lacking safety measures.
 Most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow.
 Lack of proper security measures.
28- What are the Problems Faced by Indian Railways?
 Requires huge investment at the time of installation.
 Maintenance and upkeep is very costly.
 Construction is difficult and costly in uneven and high hills and deserts.
 Not suitable for transportation of perishable goods.
 Ticket-less travellers. Thefts and damaging of railway property.
 Unnecessarily chain pulling to stop train. Gauge Conversions.
 Sinking and slipping of tracks in rains. Modernization and Electrification.
29- Why is transport and communication called lifelines of a country?
 Connects far lying areas of the country They benefit trade and commerce Help in the development of
agriculture and industry.
 Helpful during calamities Promotes unity of the country.

POWER SHARING (CIVICS)

30- Mention the three causes for the Civil War in Sri Lanka?
 The distrust between the two communities, Sinhala and Tamil turned into conflict.
 The Srilankan Tamils had launched Parties and struggles - Their demand for more autonomy to
provinces populated by the Tamils was denied.
 Struggles for the recognition of Tamil as an official language, for regional autonomy and equality of
opportunity in securing education and jobs failed.
 In 1980s several political organizations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Eelam [state]
in northern and eastern part of Srilanka.
 It soon turned into a Civil War. Shared Power Among Different levels of Govt.
31- List the three merits of Power Sharing?
 Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.
 It is the very spirit of democracy.
 It brings in the unity of the nation.
32- How has the democratically elected government in Srilanka established Majoritarian, measures?
In 1956, an Act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the only official language, disregarding Tamil.
The government followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for University positions
and government jobs. Protected and fostered Buddhism.
33- How is the system of „ checks and balances‟ maintained among the different organs of the
government?

o Power is shared among the different organs of the government such as the Legislature, executive and
judiciary.
 It allows different organs of the government placed at the same level to exercise different powers.
o Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power.
o Each organ checks the other .
o This result in balance of power.
34- Explain the four forms of Power Sharing with examples.
 Horizontal distribution of power. [between the organs of the government-Legislature, Executive and
Judiciary]
 India Vertical distribution of power. [among Central level, state level and local level]
 India Power sharing among different social groups. [ Community Government, [Belgium] reserved seats,
Women ]
 India Power sharing among different political parties, Pressure groups and Movements. - In India
[Coalition government]
 FEDERALISM

35- What are the two routes through which federation have been formed?
 There are two kinds of routes through which federations can be formed.
 First one is "Coming together Federation" in which independent units comes closely to each other to
form a union in which both Centre and states vis-à-vis powerful.
 Second one is "Holding together Federation" here a large country decides to divide its powers between
the constituent states and the national government.
36- What is the importance of Local Self-government?
 The matter of local interest like water supply, the cleaning and lighting of streets, maintenance of
drainage system, etc. are best settled at the local level.
 It is possible for the people to directly participate in decision making at the local levels like people can
take part in panchayat meetings held in their area.
 The money spends and the to manage things more efficiently are seen here.
37- What is the real reason for the success of federalism in India?
 The constitutional provisions are laid out very clearly.
 The nature of democratic politics has ensured its success There is respect for diversity.
 The creation of Linguistic States, the flexibility shown by the Indian political leaders in Language policy
and the significant changes made in the Centre –State relationships.
38- What was the relationship between the Centre and state when different parties ruled at the Centre
and state levels till 1990?
 When different parties ruled at the Centre and state levels the parties at the Centre tried to undermine the
power of states.
 The central government misused the constitution often to dismiss the state governments that were
controlled by other parties.
 This is against the spirit of federalism.
39- Write a note on the Local bodies that exist in urban areas?
 Municipalities are setup in towns.
 Big cities have Municipal Corporations.
 Both Municipalities and Municipal Corporations are controlled by elected bodies consisting of the people
‘s representatives.
 Municipal Chairman is the head of the Municipality and Mayor for Municipal Corporation.
40- What are the main features of Federalism?
 In federalism there are two or more tires of government but both of the tier’s rule over the same citizens.
 Powers of every level are clearly written in the constitution and no one is authorized to cross its limits.
 The fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of
government.
 In federalism, courts are known as the guardians of constitution.
 Source of revenue of each level of government are clearly specified. The dual objectives of federal
system – [a]To safeguard and promote unity of the country [b] accommodate regional diversity.
41- What are the three-fold distribution of Legislative powers between the Union and the State
governments? What are "Residuary Subjects"?
 Constitution has clearly demarcated the powers between different levels.
 Every level is given certain subjects to make laws related to its jurisdiction.
 Union List: Union List is a list of certain subjects on which Central government can make laws.
 State List: State list is a list of certain subjects on which state government can make laws
 Concurrent List: Concurrent list is a list of subjects which are of common interest for both central and
state government.
 Residuary Subjects: There are certain subjects which are not included in any of the three lists only
central government can make laws on these subjects.
42- What major steps were taken in 1992 towards decentralization?
A three tier democracies were introduced in 1992. A step was taken towards creating rural local self govt.
Regular elections to be held for panchayats.
 Seats reserved for SC‘s and STs OBCs One third seats reserved for women State govt. to share power and
revenue with local bodies.
43- Explain the flexibility shown in the language policy in Indian federation?
 Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language.
A candidate in an examination conducted for Central government positions may opt to take the
examination in any of the the languages.
 States too have their own official language.

POLITICAL PARTIES

44- What are the main functions of a political party?

 To contest election Forming policies and programmes Making laws Parties form and run govt.
 To play an active role of opposition Shaping public opinion Access to govt.
 machinery and welfare schemes.
45- What are the challenges faced by political parties in India?
 Following points can be given with explanation as the challenges of political parties in India—
 Lack of internal democracy
 Lack of transparency
 Use of money and muscle power
 Not providing meaningful choice to the voter.
46- Explain the different forms of party systems existing in various countries.
 There are three forms of party systems existing in the world
 Single party system: under this system only one party is allowed to function. This system cannot be
considered a good option because this is not a democratic option. Eg-Communist party of China.
 Two/Bi-party system: under this system only two parties are allowed to function. One in organization and
other in opposition. This system is a better option to single party system but cannot be considered
perfect. E.g- USA &UK.
 Multi-party system: If several parties compete for power and more than two parties have a reasonable
chance of coming to power either on their own strength or in alliance with others it is called multi-party
system. This system leads to political instability at the same time this system allows a variety of interest,
opinions to enjoy political representation. E.g-India.
47- What is the role of opposition party in democracy?
 Constructive criticism of govt.
 Restriction of arbitrariness of ruling party Safeguard, liberty and rights of the people Well prepared to
form govt.
 Expression of public opinion
48- What is the role of opposition party in democracy?
 Constructive criticism of govt.
 Restriction of arbitrariness of ruling party Safeguard, liberty and rights of the people Well prepared to
form govt.
 Expression of public opinion.
49- Explain some measures to strengthen the election system of India.
 Many people are of the opinion that with the purpose to check the misuse of money power, provision of
state funding of elements should be made.
 Laws should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties to maintain a register of its
members to follow its own constitution, to have an independent authority and to hold open election to the
highest post.
 Effort should be made to discourage inefficient candidates from contesting elections.
50- How can an ordinary citizen contribute in reforming the political parties?
 Ordinary citizens can put pressure on political parties through petitions, publicity and agitations.
 Pressure groups and movements and the media can play an important role in it.
 Educated people should join the political parties because the quality of democracy depends on the degree
of public participation.
 It is difficult to reform politics without taking part in it and simply criticizing it from outside.
51- When does a political party get recognition as a “National party” and “State party”?
 A party that secures at least 6% of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four
states and wins at least 4 seats in the Lok Sabha is recognized as a national party.
 A party that secures at least 6% of total in an election to the legislative Assembly of a state and wins at
least two seats is recognized as a state party.

OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY

52- How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government?
 Democracy is a form of government in which people rule themselves through the representatives who are
elected by them.
 The elected members from the government and make policies to run the administration of the country.
 The government elected by the people is also accountable to them.
53- How does democracies accommodate social diversity?
 It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply ruled by majority opinion.
 The majority always needs to work with the minority It is also necessary that rule by majority
does not become rule by majority community Democracy remains a democracy as long as every
citizen has a choice of living in majority, at same point of time.
54- What is democracy? What are its various characteristics?
 Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and the
Representatives of the people, elected by the voters on the basis of universal adult franchise It promotes
equality among citizens.
 It looks after the interest of the people It allows rooms to correct mistakes. accommodation of social
diversity.
55- Explain the expected outcome from democracy?
 Economic equality: It is expected from the democracy that economic inequality should be removed from
our country
 Decentralization of power: Power should be decentralized and divided from higher level to lower levels
Accommodation of social diversity.
 Principles of equality -: All citizens of India should be given social justice, there should be no
 discrimination with any one of them basis of caste, colour, creed, religion etc.
56- Democracy is better than any other form of government” Give arguments in favour of these
Statement?
 Democracy is considered to be the best form of government and most of the countries in the world have
adopted it.
 Democracy is that system of rule which is based on public opinion and the rule is being run
according to the wish of the people It is based on principles of equality: All humans in democracy
are considered as equal. No one gets special privileges
 Responsible government: Government in monarchy and dictatorship are not responsive to anyone. But
government in democracy is responsible to the people and parliament
 Strong and efficient government: Administration is being run by the representatives of the people
who have the support of public. Rulers are controlled by public opinion and they are responsive to
the people for their decisions.

DEVELOPMENT(ECONOMICS)

57- Mention any four characteristics of development?

 Different people have different development goals.
 What may be development for one may not be development for the other.
 It may be even destructive for other.
 Income is the most important component of development, but along with income, people also seek equal
treatment, good health, peace, literacy, etc. For development, people look at mix goals.
58- What contributes to the human development?
 There are many economic as well as non-economic factors which contribute to the human development.
Living a long and healthy life.
 To have education, information and knowledge.
 Enjoying a decent standard of living.
 Enjoying basic fundamental rights like freedom, security, education etc.
 To have equality and enjoyment of human rights.
59- "Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well." Explain.
 Money or higher per capita income cannot buy a pollution free environment or good health.
 Money cannot buy peace and democracy Per capital income of Maharashtra is higher than Kerala but still
in lacks behind in education and health facilities.
 In Kerala, out of 1000 children born alive,12 die before completing one year of age but in Maharashtra
the proportion of children dying is 25.
 60- What is national development? What are the aspects covered under the national development?
 National development refers to the ability of a nation to improve the lives of its citizen.
 under national development, the government decides what would be a fair and just for all.
 under national development, only those programmes and policies are implemented which would benefit a
large number of people.
 under national development, it is very important to decide about the conflicts and their solutions.
 under national development, we have to think whether there is a better way of doing things.
61- Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
o The issue of sustainability is important for development because development must be in tandem with the
future.
o If natural resources are not sustained, then development will stagnate after a point of time.
o Exploiting resources unethically will ultimately undo the development that a country may have achieved.
o This is because in the future, those resources will not be available for further progress.

SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY

62- Distinguish between Public sector and private sector Public Sector
i) It is controlled and managed by the government.
ii) The main aim of the sector is public welfare.
iii) The sector provides basic facilities like education, health, food and security to the people.
iv) For ex, the Indian Railways, Post Office and the BSNL.
Private Sector
i) It is controlled and managed by an individual or a group
ii) ii) The main aim of the sector is to earn maximum profits.
iii) The sector provides consumer goods to the people. For ex, Reliance, TISCO, etc 2
63- What are the objectives of NREGA 2005? Or Why do you think NREGA, 2005 is referred to as
"Right to Work"?
NREGA, 2005 is a law which is implemented by government of Indian in 200 districts of India.
It is referred to as 'Right to Work ‘because it guarantees 100days of employment in a year by the
government to all those who are able to work. iii)
Under this scheme, the gram panchayat after proper verification will register
households, and issue job cards. iv). And in case of failure unemployment allowance
will be given to them. 3.
64- What are the advantages of working in an organized sector?
Workers in the organized sector enjoy security of employment. ii) They work only a fixed number of
hours. If they work more, they have to be paid overtime by the employer. They also get several other
benefits from the employers like paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity, etc. iv)
They also get medical benefits and, under the laws, the factory manager has to ensure facilities like
drinking water and a safe working environment.
65- What are the disadvantages of working in an organized sector? Or Why is it necessary to give
protection and support to the unorganized sector workers? Explain.
 The unorganized sector is characterized by small and scattered units which are largely outside the control
of the government.
 Workers working in an unorganized sector get fewer wages.
 There is no provision of overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness, etc.
 Employment is subject to high degree of insecurity.
66- What are the measures to reduce unemployment?
 Rural works programme: This program aims at construction of civil works of permanent nature in rural
areas.
 Integrated Dry land agricultural development: Under This scheme, permanent works like soil
conservation, development of land water harvesting are undertaken.
 National Rural Employment Program: This program aims at creating community assets for
strengthening rural infrastructure – drinking water wells, community irrigation wells, village tanks,
 rural roads and schools.
 Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Program: It aims at generating gainful employment, creating
productive assets in rural areas and improving the overall quality of rural life.

MONEY AND CREDIT

67- Self Help Groups support has brought about a revolutionary change in the rural sector. Which
values according to you is it able to support.
 Women empowerment
 Team work
 Self sufficiency
 Eradication of poverty
68- What is collateral?
 Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns (such as land, building, vehicles, livestock, deposits with
banks) and uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid.
 If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to sell the asset or the collateral to obtain the
payment.
 Property such as land, livestock etc are some of the common examples of collateral used for borrowing.
69- What are the functions of money?
 Money has solved the problem of barter system.
 Acts as medium of exchange
 Serves as a store of value.
 Serves as a measure of value
70- “Most of the poor households are still dependent on informal sources of credit‟. Explain.
 Banks are not present everywhere in rural India, where as the informal sources are easily available in all
the villages.
 Getting a loan from the bank is much more difficult than taking a loan from the informal resources
because bank loans require proper documents and collateral.
 Most of the poor people don‘t possess anything to offer as collateral.
Money lenders provide loan to the poor people without any collateral.
 The formal sources provide loan only for productive purposes, whereas the informal sources provide
credit for productive and non- productive purposes.
 The method of business of the formal source is very complex, whereas the informal resources have a very
simple way of business.

GLOBLISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY

71- How do MNCs interlink production across countries?

 MNC ‘s set up their production units in those areas which are quite close to the markets.
 It sets up production jointly with some of the local companies of the selected countries Sometimes large
MNCs place orders for production with small producers and provide them money for additional
investments.
 Sometimes MNCs buy local companies and then expand their production Provide latest technology for
better and speedy production.
72- What are the factors that have enabled globalisation?
 Rapid improvement in technology
 Development in information and communication technology.
 Liberalization of foreign investment policies of the governments.
 Pressure from international organizations such as WTO.
73- Explain any five positive impacts of globalization.
 Globalisation and greater competition among producers have been of advantage to consumers, in terms of
wider choice, improved quality and lower prices.
 Enormous increase in foreign investment through MNCs.
 Several of the top Indian companies have been able to benefit from globalization as they got newer
technology and collaboration with foreign companies.
 Some large companies emerged as MNCs Ex. Tata Motors, Infosys.
 New opportunities are created for companies providing services especially those involving IT.
 It has enabled the third world countries to get better technology at a cheaper rate.
74- Explain any five negative impacts of globalisation.
 Globalisation has led to widening of income inequalities among various countries. N
 It has widened the gap between the rich and the poor within the countries.
 It has worsened the working condition of the labourers, especially in the unorganized Sectors.
 The benefits of globalization were not equally distributed among the people, and generally the upper
class, in terms of income and education, only got benefited.
 Agricultural sector has been hard hit by the policies of globalization.
75- What measures can be taken by the government to make globalization fair?
 The policies of the government must focus on protecting the interests of all sections of the people.
 Government should ensure that lab our laws are properly implemented and workers get their rights.
 Government should support small industries to face competitions.
 In certain situations, trade and investment barriers should be imposed.
 The government should negotiate at the WTO for fairer rules

Thank You
Vijay Prakash Tiwari
TGT SST
PM SHRI KV CRPF AVADI CH-55