SOLUTIONS OF ALGEBRAIC AND TRANSCEDENTAL EQUATIONS
USING NUMERICAL METHODS
Algebraic and Transcendental Equation:
An equation of the form
f(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + ..+ a2x2 + a2x2 + a1 x+ a0 =0
is called an Algebraic equation.
Any non Algebraic equation is called Transcendental equation.
For e.g. x cosx 1 = 0. x ex =1.
Theorem:
If for f(x)=0 , we can find two values a and b of x such that f(a) and f(b) have
opposite signs then f(x) =0 has atleast one real root between a and b.
Numerical Methods to solve Algebraic and Transcendental Equation :
Bisection method:
Let f(x)=0 be a given equation to be solved using bisection method.
Find two values a and b of x such that f(a) < 0and f(b) > 0
Hence, f(x) =0 has atleast one real root between a and b.
a b
Let its first approximation be: x1 .
2
Find f(x1)
If f(x1) < 0 If f(x1) > 0
Hence f(x1) < 0 and f(b) > 0 Hence f(x1) > 0 and f(a) < 0
Hence, f(x) =0 has atleast one real root Hence, f(x) =0 has atleast one real root
between x1 and b. between a and x1.
x1 b a x1
Second approximation is: x 2 . Second approximation is: x 2 .
2 2
Find f(x2) Find f(x2)
Repeat above procedure to get best approximations of roots.
Secant Method :
Let f(x)=0 be a given equation to be solved using method of Secant Method with
initial approximations say x1 and x2 .
f ( x i )( x i x i 1 )
To get approximations Use xi 1 x i , i = 0, 1, 2,
f ( xi ) f ( xi 1 )
Repeat above procedure to get best approximations of roots.
Lecture notes by Mr. Zalak Patel Page: - 1 -
Newton-Raphson method :
Let f(x)=0 be a given equation to be solved using Newton-Raphson method.
Find initial approximation of f(x) = 0 say x0 be initial approximation
f ( xi )
To get approximations Use xi 1 x i , i = 0, 1, 2,
f ( xi )
Repeat above procedure to get best approximations of roots.
q th root of positive number N by Newton-Raphson method :
1
Let x N q
or x q N 0
1 N
To get approximations Use xi 1 (q 1) x i q 1
, i = 0, 1, 2
q xi
For q =2 (i.e. to get square root of N)
1 N
Approximations are xi 1 xi , i = 0, 1, 2
2 xi
For q = -1 (i.e. to get Reciprocal of N)
Approximations are xi 1 x i 2 Nx i , i = 0, 1, 2
Lecture notes by Mr. Zalak Patel Page: - 2 -
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