Mechanical

Properties of
Fluids
Grade XI ppt3 2024-25
Hydrodynamics
We have studied the fluids at rest or hydrostatics.
Now, we will learn the branch of Physics which
deals with the study of fluids in motion called
fluid dynamics or hydrodynamics.
 Streamline
Laminar and
Turbulent flow
Streamline Flow
Properties of Streamline
Equation of Continuity
It states that, during the streamline flow of the
non-viscous and incompressible fluid through a
pipe of varying cross-section, the product of area
of cross-section and the normal fluid velocity (av)
remains constant throughout the flow.
Consider a non-viscous and incompressible liquid
flowing through a tube AB of varying
cross-section. Let a1 be the area of cross-section,
v1 at section A and the values of corresponding
quantities section B be a2 and at respectively. The
density of flowing fluid is ρ.
Laminar Flow
Turbulent Flow
In rivers and canals, where speed of water is quite
high or the boundary surfaces cause abrupt
changes in velocity of the flow, then the flow
becomes irregular.

Such flow of liquid is known as turbulent flow.

Bernoulli 's Theorem
Limitations of Bernoulli ‘s
Theorem
Let's Solve
1. Water flowing through two pipes
Applications of
Bernoulli's Theorem
1. Speed of Efflux (Torricelli's Law)

According to Torricelli's, velocity of efflux i.e. the

velocity with which the liquid flows out of an
orifice (i.e. a narrow hole) is equal to that which a
freely falling body would acquire in falling
through a vertical distance equal to the depth of
orifice below the free surface of liquid.
Speed of efflux The word efflux means the
outflow of a fluid as shown in figure. Consider a
tank containing a liquid of density p with a small
hole on its side at height y1 from the bottom and
y2 be the height of the liquid surface from the
bottom and p be the air pressure above the liquid
surface.
Let's Solve
1. Water is emerging out from a orifice
2. Venturineter
Let's Solve
1. Blood Velocity
The flow of blood in a large artery of an
anesthetised dog is diverted through a
venturimeter. The wider part of the meter has a
cross-sectional area equal to that of the artery, a1
= 8 mm2 . The narrower part has an area a2 =
4mm2 . The pressure drop in the artery is 24 Pa.
What is the speed of the blood in the artery?
3. Atomizer or Sprayer
It is based on the Bernoulli's principle. The essential parts of an
atomizer are shown in figure. The forward stroke of the piston
produces a stream of air past the end of the tube. The air flowing
past the open end of the tube reduces the pressure on the liquid.
So, the atmospheric pressure acting on the surface of liquid
forces, the liquid into the tube D. As a result the liquid rises up in
the vertical tube A. When it collides with the high speed air in
tube B, it breaks up into fine spray.
 4. Blood Flow and Heart Attack
Consider a case, where a person suffering from heart attack problem, whose
artery gets constricted due accumulation of plaque on its inner walls. to the

According to Bernoulli's principle, the pressure inside artery becomes low and
the artery may collapse due to external pressure. The activity of heart is further
increased in order to force the blood through that artery. As the blood rushes
through that artery, the internal pressure once again drops due to same reason.
This will be leading to a repeat collapse. This phenomenon is called vascular
flutter which can be heard on a stethoscope. This may result in a heart attack.
5. Dynamic Lift

Dynamic lift is the force that acts on a body by

virtue of its motion through a fluid. It is
responsible for the curved path of a spinning ball
and the lift of an aircraft wing.
 5(a) Ball Moving without Spin
When the velocity of the air above the
ball is same as below the ball at the
corresponding points resulting in zero
pressure difference.

The air therefore, exerts no upward or

downward force on the ball as shown in
Fig.
 5(b) Ball Moving with Spin

As the ball moves to the right, air rushes to the left with respect
to the ball. Since the ball is spinning, it drags some air with it
because of the roughness of its surface. The speed of air above
the ball with respect to it is greater than below the ball. Hence,
the pressure below the ball is greater than that above the ball.
The force acts on the ball which makes it follow a curved path, as
shown in Fig.
The difference in lateral
pressure, which causes a
spinning ball to take a curved
path which is curved towards
the greater pressure side, is
called magnus effect.
5(c) Aerofoil, Lift of an Aircraft Wing
Aerofoil is a solid object shaped to provide an upward
dynamic lift as it moves horizontally through air. This
upward force makes aeroplane fly. The cross-section of the
wing of an aeroplane looks like an aerofoil.

When the aeroplane moves through air, the air in the

region above the wing moves faster than the air below as
seen from the streamlines above the wing.
The difference in speed in
the two regions makes
the pressure in the region
above lower than the
pressure below the wing
producing thereby a
dynamic lift.
Let's Solve
1. A Boeing Aircraft
A fully loaded Boeing aircraft has a mass of 3.3 ×105
kg. Its total wing area is 500m2 It is in level flight with
a speed of 960 km/h. (i) Estimate the pressure
difference between the lower and upper surfaces of
the wings (ii) Estimate the fractional increase in the
speed of the air on the upper surface of the wing
relative to the lower surface. [The density of air is ρ =
1.2kgm-3 ]
Roof can Blown off Without Damaging the
House

During wind storm, the roofs of some huts are

blown off without damaging the other parts of
the house. The high wind blowing over the roof
creates a low pressure p₂ in accordance with
Bernoulli's principle.
The pressure p1 below the roof is equal to the
atmospheric pressure which is larger than p2. This
difference of pressure provides a vertical lift to the
roof of hut. When lift is sufficient to overcome the
gravity pull on the roof, the roof of the hut is
blown off without causing any damage to the
walls of hut.
VISCOSITY
When a solid body slides over another solid body, the
force of friction opposes the relative motion of the
solid bodies. In the same way, when a layer of fluid
slides over another layer of the same fluid, a force of
friction comes into play which is called viscous force.
This force opposes the relative motion of the different
layers of a fluid.
So, the tendency of fluids to oppose the relative
motion of its layers is called viscosity of fluid. The
backward dragging force called viscous drag or
viscous force.
Cause of Viscosity
The velocities of the layers of the liquid increases
uniformly from bottom to the top layer. For any
layer of liquid, its lower layer pulls it backward
while its upper layer pulls it forward direction.
This type of flow is known as laminar flow.
Similar cases arise when the liquid, flowing in a
pipe or a tube, then the velocity of the liquid is
maximum along the axis of the tube and
decreases gradually, as it moves towards the
walls where it becomes zero.
Coefficient of Viscosity
Consider the flow of liquid as shown in figure. A
portion of liquid which at some instant having the
shape MNOP after the short interval of time (say ∆t )
the fluid is deformed and take the shape as MQRP
since, the fluid has undergone the shear strain, stress
in the solid is the force per unit area but in case of
fluid, it depends on the rate of change of strain or
strain rate.
Relative Viscosity
Fluid friction force or
force of viscosity
Let's Solve
1. Shearing Stress at a River Bed

Near the surface of the river, the velocity of water

is 160km h-1 Find the shearing stress between
horizontal layers of water, if the river is 6 m deep
and the coefficient of viscosity of water is 10-2
poise.
 2. Effect of Viscous Force

A metal block of area 0.1m2 is connected to a 0.01 kg mass

via a string that passes over an ideal pulley (considered
massless and frictionless), as in figure. A liquid with a film
thickness of 0.30 mm is placed between the block and the
table. When released the block moves to the right with a
constant speed of 0.085m s-1 Find the coefficient of viscosity
of the liquid.
Difference between
Viscous Force and Solid
Friction
Effect of Temperature on
the Viscosity
CRITICAL VELOCITY
The critical velocity of a liquid is that limiting value of its
velocity of flow upto which the flow is streamlined and
above which the flow becomes turbulent. The critical
velocity vc of a liquid flowing through a tube depends
on

(i) coefficient of viscosity of the liquid (η)

(ii) density of the liquid (ρ)

(iii) radius of the tube (r)

For the flow to the streamline, value of should be as large as possible. For
this, η should be large, ρ and should be small. So, we conclude that

(i) The flow of liquids of higher viscosity and lower density through narrow
pipes tends to be

streamlined.

(ii) The flow of liquids of lower viscosity and higher density through broad
pipes tends to become turbulent because in that case the critical velocity
will be very small.
STOKE'S LAW
When a small spherical body falls through a viscous fluid at rest, the
layers of fluid in contact with the body are dragged alongwith it. But the
layers of the fluid away from the body are at rest. This produces a relative
motion between different layers of the fluid.

As a result, a backward dragging force (i.e. viscous force) comes into play,
which opposes the motion of the body. This backward dragging force
increases with the increase in velocity of the moving body. Falling of a
raindrop, swinging of a pendulum bob are the examples of such type of
motion
the backward dragging force F acting on a small
spherical body of radius r, moving through a fluid
of coefficient of viscosity n, with velocity v is given
by Dragging force,

F = 6πηrv
This is called Stoke's law of viscosity.

He observed that viscous drag (F) depends upon

(i) coefficient of viscosity (η) of the fluid.

(ii) velocity (v) of the body.

(iii) radius (r) of the spherical body

Note:

This law is used in the determination of electronic

charge with the help of Millikan's experiment. This law
accounts the formation of clouds.

This law accounts, why the speed of rain drops is less

than that of a body falling freely with a constant velocity
from the height of clouds. This law helps a man coming
down with the help of a parachute
Let's Solve
1. Dragging Force on Rain Droplets
Consider a drop of rain having radius 0.4 mm and
terminal velocity 2 m/s. Find the viscous force on
the rain drops, if viscosity of air is 18 × 10- 5 cm-2s
The Stoke's law is an interesting example of
retarding force which is proportional to velocity.
Sol. Given, radius, r = 0.4mm = 0.4×10-3 m
● TERMINAL VELOCITY
The maximum constant velocity acquired by a body
while falling through a viscous fluid is called its
terminal velocity. Consider an example of raindrop in
air. It accelerates initially due to gravity. The force of
viscosity increases as the velocity of the body
increases. A stage is reached, when the true weight of
the body becomes just equal to the sum of the
upthrust and the viscous force. Then, the body begins
to fall with a constant velocity called terminal velocity
Let's Solve
1. Velocity of a Spherical Droplet

If 27 drops of rain were to be combine to form one

new large spherical drop, then what should be
the velocity of this large spherical drop? Consider
the terminal I velocity of 27 drops of equal size
falling through the air is 0.2ms-1
REYNOLD'S NUMBER
Let's Solve
Finding the Nature of the Flow
Poiseuille's Formula
Thank You