Example

l Using the Newton-Raphson PF,

find the power flow solution Slack Bus
1 V1 = 1.05∠0°

0.01 + j0.03 0.02 + j0.04

0.0125 + j0.025
y12 = 10 − j 20 pu 2
3
y13 = 10 − j 30 pu
|V3| = 1.04
y23 = 16 − j 32 pu 200 MW 400 MW
400 + j 250 250 MVAR
S =−
sch
2 = − 4.0 − j 2.5 pu
100
200
P3sch = = 2.0 pu
100
Power Systems I
Example
 20 − j 50 − 10 + j 20 − 10 + j 30
Ybus = − 10 + j 20 26 − j52 − 16 + j 32
 

− 10 + j 30 − 16 + j 32 26 − j 62 

53.9∠ − 1.90 22.4∠ 2.03 31.6∠1.89 
=  22.4∠ 2.03 58.1∠ − 1.11 35.8∠ 2.03  angles are in radians
 

 31.6∠1.89 35.8∠ 2.03 67.2∠ − 1.17

P2 = V2 V1 Y21 cos(θ21 − δ2 + δ1 )+ V2 Y22 cos(θ22 )+ V2 V3 Y23 cos(θ23 − δ2 + δ3 )

2

P3 = V3 V1 Y31 cos(θ31 − δ3 + δ1 )+ V3 V2 Y32 cos(θ32 − δ3 + δ2 )+ V3 Y33 cos(θ33 )

2

Q2 = − V2 V1 Y21 sin (θ21 − δ2 + δ1 )− V2 Y22 sin (θ22 )− V2 V3 Y23 sin (θ23 − δ2 + δ3 )

2

Power Systems I
 Example
δ2  P2 (δ2 , δ3 ,V2 ) 
   
x = δ3  f (x )= P3 (δ2 , δ3 ,V2 ) 
V2 
  Q2 (δ2 , δ3 ,V2 )
 
 V 1.05 22.3 cos(2.03 − δ )+ V 2 58.1 cos(− 1.11)+ V 1.04 35.8 cos(2.03 − δ + δ) 
 2 21 2 2 2 3

= V3 1.05 31.6 cos(1.89 − δ3 )+ 1.04 V2 35.8 cos(2.03 − δ3 + δ2 )+ 1.04 67.2 cos(− 1.17 )
2

 


− V2 1.05 22 .3 sin (2. 03 − δ 2 )− V 2
2
58 .1 sin (− 1. 11)− V 2 1.04 35 .8 sin (2.03 − δ2 + δ )
3 

∆P2  P2sch  P2 (δ2 , δ3 ,V2 )  − 4.0 P2 (δ2 , δ3 ,V2 ) 
      
∆c = ∆P3  = c − f (x )= P3sch − P (δ , δ , V ) =
  2.0 − P (δ , δ
 3 2 3 2  , V )
  3 2 3 2 
Q2sch  
∆Q2 
    Q2 (δ2 , δ3 ,V2 )  − 2.5
 
Q2 (δ2 , δ3 ,V2 )

Power Systems I
Example
∂P2
V j Y2 j sin (θ2 j − δ2 + δj )
3

∂δ2
= ∑V
j =1, j ≠ 2
2

= V2 V1 Y21 sin(θ21 − δ2 )+ V2 V3 Y23 sin (θ23 − δ2 + δ3 )

= V2 1.05 22.4 sin(2.03 − δ2 )+ V2 1.04 35.8 sin (2.03 − δ2 + δ3 )
∂P2
= − V2 V3 Y23 sin(θ23 − δ2 + δ3 )= − V2 1.04 35.8 sin(2.03 − δ2 + δ3 )
∂δ3
∂P2
Y2 j cos(θ2 j − δ2 + δj )
3
= 2 V2 Y22 cos(θ22 )+ ∑V
∂V2
j
j =1, j ≠ 2

= 2 V2 Y22 cos(θ22 )+ V2 Y21 cos(θ21 − δ2 + δ1 )+ V2 Y23 cos(θ23 − δ2 + δ3 )

= 2 V2 58.1 cos(2.03)+ 1.05 22.4 cos(2.03 − δ2 )
+ 1.04 35.8 cos(2.03 − δ2 + δ3 )
Power Systems I
Example

∂P3
= − V3 V2 Y32 sin (θ32 − δ3 + δ2 )= − 1.04 V2 35.8 sin (2.03 − δ2 + δ3 )
∂δ2
∂P3
V j Y3 j sin (θ3 j − δ3 + δj )
3

∂δ3
= ∑V
j =1, j ≠ 3
3

= V3 V1 Y31 sin (θ31 − δ3 + δ1 )+ V3 V2 Y32 sin (θ32 − δ3 + δ2 )

= 1.04 1.05 31.6 sin (1.89 − δ3 )+ 1.04 V2 35.8 sin (2.03 − δ3 + δ2 )
∂P3
= V3 Y32 cos(θ32 − δ3 + δ2 )= 1.04 35.8 cos(2.03 − δ2 + δ3 )
∂V2

Power Systems I
Example
∂Q2
V j Y2 j cos(θ2 j − δ2 + δj )
3

∂δ2
= ∑V
j =1, j ≠ 2
2

= V2 V1 Y21 cos(θ21 − δ2 + δ1 )+ V2 V3 Y23 cos(θ23 − δ2 + δ3 )

= V2 1.05 22.4 cos(2.03 − δ2 )+ V2 1.04 35.8 cos(2.03 − δ2 + δ3 )
∂Q2
= − V2 V3 Y23 cos(θ23 − δ2 + δ3 )= − V2 1.04 35.8 cos(2.03 − δ2 + δ3 )
∂δ3
∂Q2
Y2 j sin (θ2 j − δ2 + δj )
3
= − 2 V2 Y22 sin (θ22 )− ∑V
∂V2
j
j =1, j ≠ 2

= − 2 V2 Y22 sin (θ22 )− V1 Y21 sin (θ21 − δ2 + δ1 )− V3 Y23 sin (θ23 − δ2 + δ3 )

= − 2 V2 58.1 sin (− 1.11)− 1.05 22.4 sin (2.03 − δ2 )
− 1.04 35.8 sin (2.03 − δ2 + δ3 )
Power Systems I
Example

x [ k + 1] = x [ k ] + J − 1 ⋅∆c[ k ]
[ k + 1] [k ] −1
δ2  δ2  ∂P2 ∂δ2 ∂P2 ∂δ3 ∂P2 ∂V2  ∆P2 
[k ]

   
= δ3  = δ3  + ∂P3 ∂δ2 ∂P3 ∂δ3 ∂P3 ∂V2  ⋅∆P3 
   
V2  V2  ∂Q2 ∂δ2 ∂Q2 ∂δ3 ∂Q2 ∂V2 
  ∆Q2 

   

Power Systems I
Newton-Raphson PF Example
0.0 P2sch  P2[ 0 ]  − 4.0 − 1.14  − 2.86
   [0]  
x [ 0 ] = 0.0 ∆c[ 0 ] = P3sch − P
3   = 2.0 − 0.562  = 1.438 
      
  Q2  
    − 2.5 − 2.28
  − 0.22
sch [0]
 
1.0 Q
 2   
∆x[ 0 ] = J − 1∆c[ 0 ]
∆δ2[ 0 ]   54.28 − 33.28 24.86 − 1 − 2.86 − 0.04526
 [ 0]  
∆x[ 0 ] = ∆δ3  = − 33.28 66.04 − 16.64 1.438  = − 0.00772
     
∆ V2  
 − 27.14 16.64 49.72 
  − 0.22 − 0.02655
 
[ 0 ]
 
δ2[1]  0.0 + (− 0.04526) − 0.04526
 
x [1] = δ3[1]  = 0.0 + (− 0.00772 ) = − 0.00772
   
 1.0 + (− 0.02655)
V2  
[1]
   0.9734 

Power Systems I
 Newton-Raphson PF Example

− 0.04526 P2sch  P2[1]  − 4.0 − 3.901 − 0.099

   [1]  
x [1] = − 0.00772 ∆c[1] = P3sch − P
3   = 2. 0 −  1.978  = 0.0217 
      

 0.9734  Q2sch  Q2  
  − 2.5 
− 2.449
  − 0.051
[1]
    
−1
 51.72 − 31.77 21.30  − 0.099 − 0.001795
∆x [1] = − 32.98 65.66 − 15.38 0.0217  = − 0.000985
     
− 28.54 17.40
 48.10 
 − 0.051
   − 0.001767

δ2[ 2 ]  − 0.04526 + ( − 0.001795) − 0.04706
 [2]  
x = δ3  = − 0.00772 + ( − 0.000985) = − 0.00870
[2]
   
V2  
  0.9734 + ( − 0.001767)  
 0.9717 
[ 2 ]
 

Power Systems I
 Newton-Raphson PF Example

− 0.04706 P2sch  P2[1]  − 4.0 − 3.999 − 0.0002

   [1]  
x [2] = − 0.00870 ∆c[ 2 ] = P3sch − P
3   = 2. 0 −  1.999  = 0.00004 
      
  Q2  
    − 2.5 − 2.499
   − 0.0001
sch [1]
 0.9717  Q
 2   
−1
 51.60 − 31.69 21.14  − 0.000216 − 0.000038
∆x [ 2 ] = − 32.93 65.60 − 15.35  0.000038  = − 0.000002
     

− 28.55 17.40 47.95 
 
− 0.000143
  − 0.000004

δ2[ 3]  − 0.04706 + ( − 0.000038)  − 0.04706 
 
x [ 3] = δ3[ 3]  = − 0.00870 + ( − 0.000002) = − 0.008705
   
V2  
  0.9717 + ( − 0.000004)     0.97168 
[ 3 ]
 

Power Systems I
 Newton-Raphson PF Example
 − 0.04706  P2sch  P2[1]  − 4.0 − 4.0 0.0000
   [1]  
x [ 3] = − 0.008705 ∆c[ 2 ] = P3sch − P
   = 2.0 −  2.0  = 0.0000
  3     
Q2sch  Q2  

 0.97168    − 2.5 − 2.5
   0.0000
[1]
    
εmax = 2.5 ×10− 4
P1 = V1 Y11 cos(θ11 )+ V1 V2 Y12 cos(θ12 − δ1 + δ2 )+ V1 V3 Y13 cos(θ13 − δ1 + δ3 )
2

Q1 = − V1 Y11 sin (θ11 )− V1 V2 Y12 sin (θ12 − δ1 + δ2 )− V1 V3 Y13 sin (θ13 − δ1 + δ3 )

2

Q3 = − V3 V1 Y31 sin (θ31 − δ3 + δ1 )− V3 V2 Y32 sin (θ32 − δ3 + δ2 )− V3 Y33 sin (θ33 )

2

P1 = 2.1842 pu
Q1 = 1.4085 pu
Q3 = 1.4617 pu
Power Systems I
Fast Decoupled Power Flow
l Transmission lines and transformers have high X/R ratios
u Real power change, ∆P
n is less sensitive to changes in the voltage magnitude, ∆|V|
n is more sensitive to changes in the phase angle, ∆δ
u Reactive power changes, ∆Q
n is less sensitive to changes in the phase angle , ∆δ
n is more sensitive to changes in the voltage magnitude, ∆|V|
u Jacobian submatrices JQd and JPV tend to be much smaller in
magnitude compared to JPd and JQV
l Jacobian submatrices JQd and JPV can be set to zero
∆ 
  = Pδ
P J 0  ∆ δ  ∆P = J P δ ⋅∆δ = ∂P
∂δ∆δ
∆
  
Q   0 J  
QV  
∆ V 
 ∆Q = J QV ⋅ ∆ V = ∂Q
∂V ∆ V

Power Systems I
Fast Decoupled Power Flow
∂Pi
l JPV elements = Vi Yij cos(θij − δi + δj )
∂V j
θij ≈90° δi ≈δj
∂Pi
≈Vi Yij cos(90°)= 0.0
∂V j
∂Qi
= − Vi V j Yij cos(θij − δi + δj )
l JQd elements
∂δj
θij ≈90° δi ≈δj
∂Qi
≈− Vi V j Yij cos(90°)= 0.0
∂δj
Power Systems I
Fast Decoupled Power Flow
l The matrix equation is separated into two decoupled
equations
u requires considerably less time to solve compared to the full
Newton-Raphson method
u JPd and JQV submatrices can be further simplified to eliminate the
need for recomputing of the submatrices during each iteration
n some terms in each element are relatively small and can be
eliminated
n the remaining equations consist of constant terms and one variable
term
n the one variable term can be moved and coupled with the change in
power variable
n the result is a Jacobian matrix with constant term elements

Power Systems I
Jacobian JPd Diagonal Terms
∂Pi
= ∑ Vi V j Yij sin (θij − δi + δj )
n

∂δi j =1
j ≠i

Yij sin (θij − δi + δj )

n
= − Vi Yii sin (θii )+ ∑VV
2
i j
j =1

∂Pi
Yij sin (θij − δi + δj )
n
= − Vi Yii sin (θii )− Qi Qi = − ∑VV
2

∂δi
i j
j =1

∂Pi
Yii sin (θii )= Bii Bii > > Qi = − Vi Bii
2

∂δi
∂Pi
Vi ≈Vi ⇒ = − Vi Bii
2

∂δi
Power Systems I
Jacobian JPd Off-diagonal Terms
∂Pi
= − Vi V j Yij sin (θij − δi + δj )
∂δj
δj − δi ≈0
∂Pi
= − Vi V j Yij sin (θij )
∂δi
Yij sin (θij )= Bij V j ≈1
∂Pi
= − Vi Bij
∂δi

Power Systems I
Jacobian JQV Diagonal Terms
∂Qi
Yij sin (θij − δi + δj )
n
= − 2 Vi Yii sin (θii )− ∑V
∂Vi
j
j =1
j ≠i

∂Qi
= − Vi Yii sin (θii )− Vi ∑ Vi V j Yij sin (θij − δi + δj )
n
−1

∂Vi j =1

∂Qi
Yij sin (θij − δi + δj )
n
= − Vi Yii sin (θii )+ Vi Qi ∑VV
−1
Qi = −
∂Vi
i j
j =1

∂Qi
Yii sin (θii )= Bii Bii > > Qi ⇒ = − Vi Bii
∂Vi

Power Systems I
Jacobian JQV Off-diagonal Terms
∂Qi
= − Vi Yij sin (θij − δi + δj )
∂V j
δj − δi ≈0
∂Qi
= − Vi Yij sin (θij )
∂V j
Yij sin (θij )= Bij
∂Qi
= − Vi Bij
∂V j

Power Systems I
Fast Decoupled Power Flow
l Individual power change equations in JPd and JQV
n
∆Pi n
∆Pi = ∑ − Vi Bij ∆δj ⇒ = ∑ − Bij ∆δj
j =1 Vi j =1
n
∆Qi n
∆Qi = ∑ − Vi Bij ∆ V j ⇒ = ∑ − Bij ∆ V j
j =1 Vi j =1

l Matrix equation for JPd and JQV

∆P ∆P
= − B′
∆δ ⇒ ∆δ= − [
B′]− 1
Vi V
∆Q ∆Q
∆V = − [ ] −1
= − B′
′
∆V ⇒ B′′
Vi V
Power Systems I
Example
l Using the fast decoupled PF,
find the power flow solution Slack Bus
1 V1 = 1.05∠0°

0.01 + j0.03 0.02 + j0.04

0.0125 + j0.025
y12 = 10 − j 20 pu 2
3
y13 = 10 − j 30 pu
|V3| = 1.04
y23 = 16 − j 32 pu 200 MW 400 MW
400 + j 250 250 MVAR
S =−
sch
2 = − 4.0 − j 2.5 pu
100
200
P3sch = = 2.0 pu
100
Power Systems I
Example

− 52 32 
B′= 
 32 − 62 
− 0.028182 − 0.014545
[B′
] =
−1

− 0.014545 − 0.023636

B′
′=[
− 52]
[B′
]− 1 = [− 0.019231]
′

Power Systems I
Example
Initial values: 1.05∠0°
V [ 0] =
1. 00∠ 0°


1.00∠ 0°
First iteration:

P2sch  − 4.0 δ2[ k ]  0.0

   x [ k ] = δ[ k ]  x [ 0 ] = 0.0
y = P3sch  = 
 2.0  3   
Q2sch   −   [k ] 

1.0 
   2 .5 V
2  

Pinj 2 (x ) Pinj i = ∑ Vi V j Yij cos(θij − δi + δj )

n

 
f (x )= Pinj 3 (x ) j =1

Qinj 2 (x ) Qinj i = − ∑ Vi V j Yij sin (θij − δi + δj )

n

  j =1
Power Systems I
 Example
V2 2 Y22 cos(θ22 )+ V2 V1 Y21 cos(θ21 − δ2 + δ1 )+ V2 V3 Y23 cos(θ23 − δ2 + δ3 )
 2 
V Y cos(θ33 )+ V3 V1 Y31 cos(θ31 − δ3 + δ1 )+ V3 V2 Y32 cos(θ32 − δ3 + δ2 )
f (x )=  3 2 33
− V Y sin (θ )− V V Y sin (θ − δ + δ)− V V Y sin (θ − δ + δ)
 2 22 22 2 1 21 21 2 1 2 3 23 23 2 3


 

 V2 2 58.1 cos(− 1.11)+ V2 1.05 22.4 cos(2.03 − δ2 )+ V2 1.04 35.8 cos(2.03 − δ2 + δ3 ) 
 
=
1.04
2
67.2 cos (− 1 .17 )+ 1.04 1.05 31 .6 cos (1.89 − δ 3 )+ 1 .04 V2 35.8 cos (2.03 − δ 3 + δ )
2 
 − V 2 58.1 sin (− 1.11)− V 1.05 22.4 sin (2.03 − δ)− V 1.04 35.8 sin (2.03 − δ + δ) 
 2 2 2 2 2 3


 


Power Systems I
Example
P2sch  P2[ 0]  − 4.0 − 1.14  − 2.86
   [ 0]   − 0.562  = 1.438 
∆y [ 0 ] = P3sch − P
3   = 2.0
    
Q2sch  Q2  
  − 2.5 
− 2.28 − 0.22
[ 0]
   

∆δ2[ 0 ]  0.028182 0.014545 − 2.86 1.0  − 0.06048

 [0]  =     = 
∆δ
 3   0.014545 0.023636 1.438 1.04   − 0.00891
[∆ V ]= [0.019231][− 0.22 1.0]= [− 0.004231]
2
[0]

δ2[1] = 0.0 + (− 0.06048)= − 0.06048

δ3[1] = 0.0 + (− 0.00891)= − 0.00891
V2[1] = 1.0 + (− 0.004231)= 0.995769
Power Systems I
Example
Remaining iterations:
Iter δ2 δ3 |V2| ∆ P2 ∆ P3 ∆ Q2
1 -0.060482 -0.008909 0.995769 -2.860000 1.438400 -0.220000
2 -0.056496 -0.007952 0.965274 0.175895 -0.070951 -1.579042
3 -0.044194 -0.008690 0.965711 0.640309 -0.457039 0.021948
4 -0.044802 -0.008986 0.972985 -0.021395 0.001195 0.365249
5 -0.047665 -0.008713 0.973116 -0.153368 0.112899 0.006657
6 -0.047614 -0.008645 0.971414 0.000520 0.002610 -0.086136
7 -0.046936 -0.008702 0.971333 0.035980 -0.026190 -0.004067
8 -0.046928 -0.008720 0.971732 0.000948 -0.001411 0.020119
9 -0.047087 -0.008707 0.971762 -0.008442 0.006133 0.001558
10 -0.047094 -0.008702 0.971669 -0.000470 0.000510 -0.004688

Power Systems I