Lesson - 13

CITIZENSHIP
Citizenship: Citizenship means full and equal membership of a political
community in which there is no discrimination.

Methods of official citizenship

1. Registration, 2. Domestication, 3. Genealogy, 4. Merging of a land

area into a territory

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Main Points :-
 Citizenship
 Complete and Equal Membership
 Migrant
 Ways of Protest
 Citizens and Nations
 Statehood Citizenship Methods
 Universal Citizenship
 Reasons of Displacement
 Meaning of Refugee
 World Citizenship
 Benefits of World Citizenship

Citizenship:-
The provisions related to citizenship are described in Part Two (Articles 5-11)
of the Indian Constitution.
Citizenship refers to complete and equal membership of a political community
in which there is no discrimination. Nation have given their members a collective
political identity as well as certain rights. That is why we call ourselves Indians,
Japanese or German.
 In most democratic countries, citizens’ right to expression is included
in the right to vote or freedom of faith, minimum wage or education.
 The rights which citizens use today, they have gained after a long
struggle. Like the French Revolution of 1789, and the long struggle to
get equal citizenship in South Africa.
 Citizenship also involves the mutual relation of citizens. It involves
certain obligations of citizens towards each other and towards society.

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  Citizens are also considered heirs and trustees of the country’s cultural
and natural resources.

Complete and Equal Membership:-

 It means that citizens get equal opportunity to live, study and work
wherever they want in the country and all the rich poor citizens have to
get some basic rights and facilities.
Migrant:- In search of work, people go from one city to another and from one
country to another country, then they are called migrants.
 Poor migrants are not welcomed in their respective areas in the same
way as skilled and wealthy migrants.
The right to protest (protest) is an aspect of freedom of expression
ensured for citizens in our constitution, provided it should not harm
the lives and property of other people or the state.

Ways of Protest:-
 Citizens are free to form groups, perform demonstrations, use the
media, appeal to political parties or judge and influence public opinion
and government policies in court.
 Equal Rights:- In the cities, more population is of the people settled
on the slum and land of illegal occupation. These people are of great
use to us. Not even one day can be spent without them.
 Government and voluntary organizations are also becoming aware of
these people. A national policy was formulated in 2004, which gave
millions of footpath shopkeepers the power to run independent
businesses.
Similarly, there is another class which cannot be ignored, that is tribal
and forest dwellers. These people depend on forest and other natural
resources for their subsistence.
 Equal rights for citizens means taking care of different needs and claims
of different people while making policies.

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Citizens and Nations: -
 A citizen can express his national identity through symbols such as a
national anthem, flag, national language or special celebrations.
Democratic countries are as inclusive as possible, allowing all citizens
to identify themselves as part of the nation. Such as France, which
includes not only people of European origin but also citizens from
other regions such as North Africa, it is called statehood citizenship.
 The conditions for allowing applicants for statehood citizenship are
different in each country, as elements such as religion and ethnic origin
in Israel or Germany are preferred.
 The Indian Constitution has attempted to accommodate many diverse
societies. It has attempted to give full and equal citizenship to individual
communities such as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, women,
some remote communities in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
 The provisions related to citizenship are described by the third section
of the Constitution and the laws passed by the Parliament.

Methods of Statehood of Citizenship:-

1. Registration
2. Deshiyakaran (Naturalisation)
3. Dynasty
4. Any land area in the territory

Universal Citizenship:-
 We assume that full membership of a country should be available to
all those who are ordinarily residents of that country, work there or
who apply for citizenship, (but the conditions for granting citizenship
all decide. Unwanted citizenship. States use power to keep out of it,
but still people have longitude on a wide scale).

Reasons of Displacement:-
 War, famine and persecution.

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Meaning of Refugee:-
 Due to the displacement, people who can neither return home nor any
country is ready to adapt them, they are called stateless or refugees.

Global Citizenship:-
 Today we live in a world that is interconnected, means of
communication, television or internet has drastically changed the way
we understand our world. To help victims of Asia’s tsunami or major
disasters. The rise in sentiment from all parts of the world indicates
the emergence of world society. This is called world citizenship. This
is also the basis of the Vishwagram system.

Benefit from Global Citizenship:-

 This will make it easier to solve the problems on both sides of the
national borders which require the joint action of the governments
and people of many countries. This can make it easier to settle the
problem of migrant or stateless people.

QUESTIONNAIRE
Objective type questions(One Marks)
1. What is equal membership of a political community called?
(a) Political membership (b) Citizenship
(c) Civil rights (d) Social membership
2. The secondary challenges of citizenship are:-
(a) poverty (b) illiteracy
(c) regionalism (d) all of the above
3. Citizenship is not an attribute of:
(a) self-restraint (b) character
(c) devotion to duty (d) separatist

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4. When was the first revolution to get equal citizenship in Europe?
(a) 1785 (b) 1789
(c) 1885 (d) 1889
5. Against whom did the people of Africa have to fight for equal citizenship
in South Africa?
(a) against the African army
(b) against the African king
(c) Against the ruling white minorities in Africa
(d) All of the above
6. From the 17th century to the middle of the century, the white people of
Europe continued to rule over the people of South Africa.
(a) 19th century (b) 20th century
(c) 21st century (d) none of the above
7. Martin Luther King Jr. is related to .................. was it from the country?
(a) Russia (b) Germany
(c) Italy (d) America
8. The 1950s witnessed the civil rights movement among the and ..............
populations ................. of the southern states of America.
(a) North ......... South (b) East ............. Western
(c) Ghori ........... Kali (d) Plains ........... Hills
9. A national policy has been prepared for the footpath shopkeepers in year
(a) 2004 (b) 2006
(c) 2001 (d) 2008
10. The English sociologist T.H. Marshall wrote the book "Citizenship and
Social Class" in the year
(a) 1960 (b) 1918
(c) 1950 (d) 1980

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11. National identity can be expressed by.............
(a) National Anthem (b) Flag
(c) National Language (d) All of the above
12. Which three types of rights are considered essential in citizenship by the
sociologist TH Marshall?
(a) Civil, economic and social rights
(b) Social, Educational and Civil Rights
(c) Civil, political and social rights
(d) Civil, political and cultural rights
13. France country is
(a) Secular (b) Inclusive
(c) Both (a) and (b) above (d) None of the above
14. In which part of the Indian Constitution the provisions related to "citizenship"
are mentioned-
(a) Part 1 (b) Part 2
(c) Part 3 (d) None of the above
15. Preference is given in the country of Israel in granting "citizenship"....
(a) Religion (b) Caste
(c) Both (a) and (b) above (d) None of the above
16. Citizenship is obtained in India
(a) by birth (b) by lineage
(c) by registration (d) all of the above
17. The conditions for granting citizenship are often written in the constitutions
of countries and in .................
(a) Laws (b) Conditions
(c) Texts (d) None of the above

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18. The citizens cf one country live in another country without obtaining
citizenship. They are called...
(a) worker (b) refugee
(c) slave (d) None of the above
19. Citizens of one country go to another country in search of work, they are
called...
(a) refugee (b) migrant
(c) citizen (d) none of the above
20. The problems of migrants and stateless people can be easily settled....
(a) by giving world citizenship
(b) by giving financial assistance
(c) by giving employment
(d) by giving social security
21. Assertion:- The precise nature of the rights conferred on the citizens may
differ from country to country.
Reason :- All the rights which the citizens exercise today have been achieved
after a long struggle.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is false but reason is correct.
(d) Assertion is true but reason is false.
22. Assertion :- French Revolution took place in Europe in 1789.
Reason: - On the lines of the French Revolution, there was a struggle for
equal citizenship in many colonies of Asia and Africa.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct
explanation of Assertion.
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 (c) Assertion is false but reason is correct.
(d) Assertion is true but reason is false.
23. Assertion:- Markets have developed for skilled and unskilled laborers in
different parts of our country.
Reason;- Skilled workers are moving towards Bangalore city in the field
of information and technology.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is false but reason is correct.
(d) Assertion is true but reason is false.
24. Assertion:-Martin Luther King Jr. was America's foremost black leader.
Reason:- Martin Luther King has argued that the practice of segregation
enhances the quality of life of the white community.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is false but reason is correct.
(d) Assertion is true but reason is false.
25. Assertion:- In every city of India, a large population is inhabited by slums
and people living on illegally occupied land.
Reason:- Majority of the population of the city looks upon the slum
dwellers as undesirable guests.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is false but reason is correct.
(d) Assertion is true but reason is false.

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One Mark Questions

26. Define citizenship.

27. “A citizen is a person who has the right to participate in the deliberations
and judgments of the law of the state”. Which scholar has this definition?

28. Which of the black population of Africa had to struggle to get equal
citizenship in South Africa?

29. Write one of the characteristics of the citizen.

30. In which ‘part’ of the Indian Constitution are the provisions related to
citizenship described?

31. Who is called a refugee?

32. What does the slogan ‘For Mumbai-Mumbaikar’ mean?

33. What do external people mean?

34. What is meant by the urban poor?

35. What is the point of attraction of the notion of ‘World-citizenship’?

36. The world’s first revolution for civil rights was -

(a) Russian Revolution
(b) French Revolution
(c) American Revolution
(d) German Revolution

37. Europeans retained their rule over the black people of South Africa -.
(a) 15th century to 18th century
(b) 16th century to 20th century
(c) 17th century to 20th century
(d) 18th century to 20th century

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38. In which decade did the civil rights movement against the inequalities
between black and white population in the United States happened?
(a) 1850s (b) 1960s
(c) 1860s (d) 1950s

39. Which of the following means of obtaining citizenship of the state?

(a) Long term housing (b) Government job
(c) Marriage (d) All of the above

40. Which of the following is means of losing citizenship?

(a) Long term accommodation (b) Long absence
(c) Marriage (d) Government job

41. Correct and rewrite the following statements.

Abraham Lincoln Jr. of America was the leading black leader in the
movement against ‘segregation laws’.

42. Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions.
Citizenship is not just a legal concept. It also has a close connection with
the broader objectives of equality and rights. The relationship has been
unanimously discussed by the British sociologist TH Marshall. Marshall
in his book “Citizenship and Social Class”. Defined citizenship as “the
prestige bestowed upon the full members of a community”. All those who
hold this reputation are equal in terms of differences in reputation, rights
and duties. The concept is of ‘equality’. Marshall believes citizenship to
include three types of rights - civil, political and social rights. Marshall
has identified social class as a “system of inequality”.

i) T. H. Marshall -
(a) Economist (b) Sociologist
(c) Politician (d) Historian

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 ii) The author of the book “Citizenship and Social Class” is -
(a) T. H. Green (b) T. H. Salve
(c) T. H. Gandhi (d) T. H. Marshall

iii) The key concept provided, by Marshall of citizenship is the basic

concept -
(a) Citizen (b) Government
(c) Equality (d) Freedom

iv) How many types of rights are included in Marshall Citizenship?

(a) Two types of rights (b) Three types of rights
(c) Four types of rights (d) Six types of rights.

Fill the blanks:-

43. Article of Indian Constitution ___________ from __________ the
provisions related to citizenship are described in.
44. In most democratic countries, citizens are given ___________ rights.
45. People go from one city to another or from one country to another country
in search of work, then they are called _____________ .
46. Conditions of allowing applicants for state citizenship in each country
____________ Occur.
47. The Indian constitution has tried to accommodate _________ society.
48. Write true or false in front of each of the following statements- (1×5)
(a) ‘Nagarik’ word is a Hindi translation of the word Citizen in English.
(b) Local people are angry with the rivalry of ‘outsiders’.
(c) The 1960s was a witness to the civil rights movement against inequities
in America.
(d) Martin Luther King Jr. was the leading white leader.
(e) The notion of world citizenship is based on ‘Vasudev-Kutumbakam’.

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Two Marks Question
1. What duty does a citizen have towards other citizens?
2. What is the policy of apartheid?
3. What does equal membership mean?
4. How can citizens defend or protest?
5. What are the rights of tribals or forest dwellers?
6. Explain the meaning of this statement ‘Sometimes religious symbols and
customs enter public life’.
7. Write two ways to get citizenship.
8. Give two reasons for losing citizenship .
9. Write two reasons why people are displaced.
10. Describe the struggle done by people displaced by development schemes
in India.

Four Marks Question

1. What is the difference between a citizen and a foreigner?
2. What qualities should a good citizen have? Give your views.
3. What is universal citizenship? Give examples of some refugees.
4. Universal citizenship has become an attraction. How?
5. Describe a generic and an environmental movement in India.
6. What problems do refugees face?
7. Describe the problerm of “outer and inner”.
8. Today the world is changing like a ‘Vishwagram’ (Global village). How?
9. What is civil and social rights?
10. What steps has the Government of India taken to protect the rights of the
urban poor?

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Five Marks Questions
1. Study the given picture / cartoon carefully and write the answers to the
following questions. (1+2+2 = 5)

i. What is a migrant? (1)

ii. What jobs do migrants do in cities? (2)
iii. How can the lives of urban people without migrants be affected?
Explain with examples. (2)

Six Marks question

1. “The rights that citizens have today are the result of their hard struggle”.
Prove.
2. “Equal membership does not mean that everyone can use it equally”.
Do you agree with this statement? Give a suitable example.

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3. “The fundamental principle of democracy is that disputes should be resolved
by treatynegotiations and discussions rather than by force”. According to
you, will this method promote world citizenship?
4. “India is a democratic and secular state”. How? Explain

ANSWER
Objective type Questions
1. (b) Citizenship
2. (d) All of the above
3. (d) Separatists
4. (b) 1789
5. (c) Against the ruling white minorities in Africa
6. (b) 20th century
7. (d) America
8. (c) Gori............. Black
9. (a) 2004
10. (c) 1950
11. (d) All of the above
12. (c) Civil, Political and Social Rights
13. (c) Both (a) and (b) above
14. (b) Part 2
15. (c) Both (a) and (b) above
16. (d) All of the above
17. (a) Laws

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18. (b) refugee
19. (a) (b) Overseas
20. (a) By giving world citizenship
21. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct
explanation of Assertion.
22. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct
explanation of Assertion.
23. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is the correct explanation
of Assertion.
24. (d) Assertion is true but reason is false.
25. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation
of Assertion.
One Mark Answers
26. Citizenship is the full and equal membership of a political community.
27. Aristotle
28. In order to get equal citizenship in South Africa, the black population of
Africa had to wage a long-struggle against the ruling white minorities.
29. A citizen gets rights from the state, which he uses for the welfare of himself
and the society.
30. The provisions related to citizenship are described in ‘Part Two’ (Article
5-11) of the Indian Constitution.
31. Displaced people due to famine, natural disasters or war are called
‘refugees’.
32. The slogan ‘For Mumbai-Mumbaikar’ means that only people from Mumbai
will live in Mumbai, not outsiders.

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33. Those who do not get the approval of society and government are called
outsiders.
34. People living on illegally occupied land or urban slums in urban areas, who
often work on low wages, are called urban poor.
35. The point of attraction of the notion of world citizenship is that it can
make it easier to confront the problems on both sides of national borders
which require the joint action of governments and people of many countries.
36. (b) French Revolution
37. (c) 17th century to 20th century
38. (d) 1950s
39. (d) All of the above
40. (b) Long absence
41. America’s “Martin Luther King Jr.” was the leading black leader in the
movement against ‘segregation laws’.
42 i) (b) Sociologist
ii) (d) T. H. Marshall
iii) (c) Equality
iv) (b) Three types of rights
43. Article 5 to 11
44. Right to expression / right to vote / right to freedom of faith / right to
education / right to get minimum wages.
45. Migrant
46. Different
47. Diversity (Society)
48. (a) True (b) True (c) False (d) False (e) True

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Two Marks Answers
1. It is the duty of the citizens to respect the rights of other citizens. It is their
responsibility to participate and contribute in everyday life.
2. South Africa example of discrimination between whites and black people.
3. Guaranteeing some basic rights by the state to all citizens, whether rich or
poor.
4. By forming groups, demonstrations, picketing, using media, appealing to
political parties or going to court to examine and influence public opinion
and government policies.
5. They have the right to live with the forest and other natural resources for
their living, the right to maintain their culture and traditions.
6. Students should answer this question at their discretion.
7. Statehood citizenship: (i) by department, (ii) by job, (iii) by application.
8. (i) by seditious activity.
(ii) by the department.
9. From problems like famine, flood, tsunami, corona epidemic.
10. Describe Sardar Sarovar Dam.

Four Marks Answers

1. Citizen - Use the political rights of the country. He has the right to vote,
contest elections, get government job.
Foreigner- Foreigner does not get all the above rights.
2. Students should answer this question at their discretion.
3. Full membership of a country should be available to all those who normally
live and work in that country and who apply for citizenship like Bangladeshi
etc.

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4. Because it is believed that this can make it easier to face the problems on
both sides of the national borders, in which .the joint action of governments
and people of many countries is necessary. Example of Vijay Mallya.
5. Generic Movement - Dalit Panthers
Environmental Movement - Chipko Movement. Save Narmada Movement.
6. (i) Any country does not accept them.
(ii) They are forced to live in camps or as illegal migrants.
(iii) They cannot educate their children.
(iv) Can not acquire property.
7. Inner :- who get acceptance from the society and get the right of citizenship
from the government.
Outsiders :- who do not get approval from society and state.
8. ‘Vishwagram’ (Global Village) - We all feel connected to each other through
new means / means of communication like television, internet etc. Today
people of all the nations of the world are developing common sense and
brotherhood.
9. Civil Rights - Rights of Faith and Freedom.
10. (i) A national policy was formulated in 2004 so that the footpath
shopkeepers do not have to face harassment from the police and city
administrators.
(ii) Article-21 of the constitution guarantees the right to live, including
the right to livelihood.

Five Marks Answers

1. (i) People move from one city to another or from one country to another
country in search of work, they are called Migrants.

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 (ii) Migrants people work in cities like domestic servants, sweepers,
newspaper distributors, selling goods on street tracks, sending goods
by hawking, selling small items of daily use in weekly markets etc.
(iii) The life of urban people without migrants can be greatly affected,
migrants have a very important place in the everyday life of urban
people. Right now in the era of coronavirus when domestic servant /
maid went on vacation and got locked down. So the life of the urban
people was inrdisrepair. Migrants have an important role in the lives
of urban people, urban people depend on migrants for small things.

Six Marks Answers

1. i. In many European countries such conflicts occurred, such as the French
Revolution of 1789.
ii. The demand for equal citizenship in Asia Africa has also been obtained
through conflict.
iii. Even in South Africa , the black population had to wage a long struggle
against the ruling white minorities.
2. In most societies organization is based on the merits and strengths of the
people. People can be different in terms of economic, social environment
and fundamental needs and facilities. If people are to be brought on equality,
then, Different needs of people should be kept in mind while determining
policies.
3. Yes, public particirpation in democracy is necessary for this citizens must
be aware. The next step may be the government's counter-affidavit, but the
condition is that the life and property of other citizens and government
should not be damaged. The process of protest may be slow, but problems
can be resolved by negotiation or by treaty.
4. The basis of the freedom movement was broad and people of different
religions, regions and cultures had to make efforts in relation to each other.

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Partition could not be stopped in India but the secular and inclusive character
in India has been upheld. It has been included in the constitution. There has
been an effort to give full and equal citizenship to scheduled castes,
scheduled tribes, women, some remote communities of Andaman and
Nicobar Islands and many other communities.

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