Noida Institute of Engineering and

Technology, Greater Noida

Data Link layer

Unit: 2

Computer Networks
(ACSE502) Purnima Pal
ECE
B Tech 5th Sem Department

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 Curriculum

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 Syllabus

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 Books

Text books:
1. Behrouz Forouzan, “Data Communication and Networking” Fourth
Edition-2006, Tata McGraw Hill
2. Andrew Tanenbaum “Computer Networks”, Fifth Edition-2011, Prentice
Hall.
3. William Stallings, “Data and Computer Communication”, Eighth
Edition-2008, Pearson.

Reference Books:
1. Kurose and Ross, “Computer Networking- A Top-Down Approach”,
Eighth Edition-2021, Pearson.
2. Peterson and Davie, “Computer Networks: A Systems Approach”, Fourth
Edition-1996, Morgan Kaufmann

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 Course Objective

The objective of this course is to understand introduction

of computer networks with suitable transmission media and
different networking devices. Network protocols which are
essential for the computer network are need to explain such
as data link layer protocols and routing protocols.
A detail explanation of IP addressing , TCP/IP protocols and
application layer protocols are covered in this course.

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 Course Outcome

At the end of the course the student should be able to:

CO1:Explain basic concepts, OSI reference model, services and role of
each
layer of OSI model and TCP/IP, networks devices and
transmission
media, Analog and digital data transmission.
CO2: Apply channel allocation, framing, error and flow control
techniques.
CO3: Describe the functions of Network Layer i.e. Logical addressing,
subnetting & Routing Mechanism.
CO4: Explain the different Transport Layer function i.e. Port
addressing,
Connection Management, Error control and Flow control
mechanism.
CO5: Explain the functions offered by session and presentation layer
13-Sep-23 and their Implementation.
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 PO’s
1.Engineering knowledge
2. Problem analysis
3. Design/development of solutions
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems
5. Modern tool usage
6. The engineer and society
7. Environment and sustainability
8. Ethics
9. Individual and team work
10. Communication
11. Project management and finance
12. Life-long learning

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 CO-PO Mapping
Computer Networks(KCS- 603) Year of Study: 2021-22

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

KCS603.1 3 2 2 2 2 2 3

KCS603.2 3 3 2 3

KCS603.3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3

KCS603.4 3 2 2 2 3

KCS603.5 3 3 2 2 3 2 3

KCS603.6 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3

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 PSO’s

On successful completion of graduation degree, The computer Science & Engineering

graduates will be able to:

PSO1: identify, analyze real world problems and design their ethical solutions using
artificial intelligence, robotics, virtual/augmented reality, data analytics, block chain
technology, and cloud computing.

PSO2: design and develop the hardware sensor devices and related interfacing software
systems for solving complex engineering problems.

PSO 3: understand inter-disciplinary computing techniques and to apply them in the

design of advanced computing.

PSO 4: conduct investigation of complex problem with the help of technical, managerial,
leadership qualities, and modern engineering tools provided by industry sponsored
laboratories.

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 PSO’s
CO PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4

KCS603.1 2 2 2 2

KCS603.2 2 2 2 2

KCS603.3 2 2 2 3

KCS603.4 2 2 2 2

KCS603.5 2 2 2 2

KCS606 2 2 2 2

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 Program Educational Objectives
PEO 1: To have an excellent scientific and engineering breadth so as to
comprehend, analyze, design and provide sustainable solutions for real-life
problems using state-of-the-art technologies.

PEO 2: To have a successful career in industries, to pursue higher studies or to

support entrepreneurial endeavors and to face the global challenges.

PEO 3:To have an effective communication skills, professional attitude, ethical

values and a desire to learn specific knowledge in emerging trends,
technologies for research, innovation and product development and
contribution to society.

PEO 4: To have life-long learning for up-skilling and re-skilling for successful
professional career as engineer, scientist, entrepreneur and bureaucrat for
betterment
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 Result Analysis

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTURE (KCS603)

Department wise Result of VI sem. 100

Subject wise result 100

Faculty wise result 100

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 End semester Question paper templates

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 Prerequisite and Recap

• Fundamental of computer
• Types of Network and OSI Model, TCP/IP Model
✔ Encoding
✔ Packet switching

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 Content
• Functions of data link layer
• Sub layers of data link layer
• Project 802
• PDU format
• MAC frame
• IEEE LAN standards
• Ethernet
• Token Ring
• FDDI
• DQDB
• Data Link Layer Protocols
• Multiple Access Protocol
• Flow control
• Error control Purnima Pal ACSE502 CN UNIT 2
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 Unit Objective

The objective of this course is to understand the duties

of data link layer, medium access protocol like ALOHA,
CSMA,TOKEN RING & FDDI. Study the flow conrol and
error control methods. Study the IEEE 802 project
about network.

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 Purnima Pal ACSE502 CN
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UNIT 2
 Data link layer Functions

Objective: Study about basic concept of Data link layer functions &
protocols.

• Node to node delivery of data

• Framing
• Flow control
• Error control
• MAC addressing

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Sanjay Nayak RCS 6012 CN
UNIT Unit Number:2
 Data Link Layer

Local Area Networks

• Project 802
• Ethernet
• Token Ring
• FDDI

Sanjay Nayak RCS 601 CN Unit

Number:2
 OSI Model and Project 802

Logical link control / Data link control (LLC /DLC):

Deals with issues common to Point to point link and broadcast
link

Media access control (MAC):

Deals
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only with issues specific
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broadcast CN
link 20
UNIT 2
 OSI Model and Project 802
Project
802

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer
PDU
Format

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer
PDU Control
Field

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer

MAC
Frame

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 Data Link Layer

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer

Ethernet
Segments

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer
10BASE5

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 Data Link Layer
Transceiv
er

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer
10BASE2

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 Data Link Layer

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer
10BASET

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer
1BASE5

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer

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UNIT 2
 Token Ring
Token
Passing

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UNIT 2
 Token Ring
Token
Passing

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CN UNIT 2
 Token Ring

Token
Passing

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CN UNIT 2
 Token Ring

Token
Passing

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UNIT 2
 Token Ring

Token Ring
Frame

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CN UNIT 2
 Token Ring
Data Frame
Fields

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UNIT 2
 Token Ring

Data Frame
Fields

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CN UNIT 2
 Token Ring
Token Ring
process

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CN UNIT 2
 Token Ring Switch

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CN UNIT 2
 Token Ring MAU

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 Token Ring: FDDI: Fiber Distributed dual
Interface

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UNIT 2
 Token Ring: Fiber Distributed dual
Interface
FDDI
Example

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UNIT 2
 Token Ring: FDDI

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 FDDI Frame format

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 Token Ring: Fiber Distributed dual
Interface

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 Token Ring: Fiber Distributed dual
Interface

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UNIT 2
 Token Ring: Fiber Distributed dual
Interface
FDDI
Nodes

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UNIT 2
 Metropolitan Area Networks : IEEE 802.6
DQDB distributed Queue dual interface

• IEEE 802.6
• DQDB (Distributed Queues, Dual Bus)
• SMDS (Switched Megabit Data Services)
 Metropolitan Area Networks : IEEE 802.6
DQDB distributed Queue dual interface
DQDB Buses and
Nodes

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UNIT 2
 Metropolitan Area Networks : IEEE 802.6
DQDB distributed Queue dual interface
DQDB Data
Transmission

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 DQDB distributed Queue dual
interface
Queu
es

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 DQDB distributed Queue dual
interface

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 DQDB distributed Queue dual interface
Reservation
Token

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 DQDB distributed Queue dual
interface

DQDB
Rings

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 DQDB distributed Queue dual interface

DQDB
Rings

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 DQDB distributed Queue dual
interface
DQDB
Layers

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer Protocols

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC
Configuration

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC
Configuration

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC
Configuration

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer Protocols

HDLC
Modes

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC Frame
Types

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC Frame
Types

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC Frame
Types

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC Flag
Field

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
Bit de-
stuffing

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 Data Link Layer Protocols

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC Address
Field

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC Control
Field

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
Poll/
Final

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC Information
Field

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer Protocols
HDLC FCS Field

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 Data Link Layer Protocols

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 Data Link Layer Protocols

Use of P/F
Field

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
Use of P/F
Field

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer Protocols
Use of P/F
Field

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
Use of P/F
Field

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer Protocols
Use of P/F
Field

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
U-Frame Control
Field

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
Polling
Example

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
Selecting
Example

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 Data Link Layer Protocols
Peer-to-Peer
Example

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UNIT 2
 Data Link Layer Protocols
Peer-to-Peer
Example

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 Multiple Access Protocols

Objective: Study about basic concept of Multiple Access Protocols

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols

RANDOM ACCESS
Protocols
In random access or contention methods, no station is
superior to another station and none is assigned the control
over another. No station permits, or does not permit, another
station to send. At each instance, a station that has data to
send uses a procedure defined by the protocol to make a
decision on whether or not to send.
• ALOHA
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance
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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols

Frames in a pure ALOHA

network

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 Multiple Access Protocols

Procedure for pure ALOHA

protocol

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 Multiple Access Protocols
Vulnerable time for pure ALOHA
protocol

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols

The throughput for pure ALOHA is

S = G × e −2G .
The maximum throughput
Smax = 0.184 when G= (1/2).

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols
Frames in a slotted ALOHA
network

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols

The throughput for slotted ALOHA is

S = G × e−G .
The maximum throughput
Smax = 0.368 when G = 1.

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols
Vulnerable time for slotted ALOHA
protocol

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols
Random access protocol: Evolution of
CSMA/CD

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols
Random access protocol:
CSMA
Behavior of CSMA three persistence
methods

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols
Random access protocol:
CSMA
Flow diagram for three persistence
methods

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols
Random access protocol: CSMA/
CD diagram for the CSMA/
Flow
CD

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols
Random access protocol: Evolution of
CSMA/CA
Timing in CSMA/
CA

In CSMA/CA, the IFS can also be used to define the priority of a station or
a frame.

In CSMA/CA, if the station finds the channel busy, it does not

restart the timer of the contention window; it stops the timer and
restarts it when the channel becomes idle.
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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols

Flow diagram for

CSMA/CA

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols

CONTROLLED ACCESS
In controlled access, the stations consult one another to find
which station has the right to send. A station cannot send
unless it has been authorized by other stations. We discuss
three popular controlled-access methods.

• Reservation
• Polling
• Token Passing

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UNIT 2
 Multiple Access Protocols: Controlled
Access

Reservation access
method

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 Multiple Access Protocols: Controlled
Access
Select and poll functions in polling access
method

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UNIT 2
 Questions

A pure ALOHA network transmits 200-bit frames on a

shared channel of 200 kbps. What is the requirement to
make this frame collision-free?
Solution
Average frame transmission time Tfr is 200 bits/200 kbps
or 1 ms. The vulnerable time is 2 × 1 ms = 2 ms. This
means no station should send later than 1 ms before this
station starts transmission and no station should start
sending during the one 1-ms period that this station is
sending.

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UNIT 2
 Questions

A pure ALOHA network transmits 200-bit frames on a shared

channel of 200 kbps. What is the throughput if the system (all
stations together) produces
a. 1000 frames per second b. 500 frames per second
c. 250 frames per second.
Solution
The frame transmission time is 200/200 kbps or 1 ms.

a. If the system creates 1000 frames per second, this is 1

frame per millisecond. The load is 1. In this case
S = G× e−2 G or S = 0.135 (13.5 percent). This means
that the throughput is 1000 × 0.135 = 135 frames. Only
135 frames out of 1000 will probably survive.

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UNIT 2
 Solution cont…
b. If the system creates 500 frames per second, this is
(1/2) frame per millisecond. The load is (1/2). In this
case S = G × e −2G or S = 0.184 (18.4 percent). This
means that the throughput is 500 × 0.184 = 92 and that
only 92 frames out of 500 will probably survive. Note
that this is the maximum throughput case,
percentagewise.

c. If the system creates 250 frames per second, this is (1/4)

frame per millisecond. The load is (1/4). In this case
S = G × e −2G or S = 0.152 (15.2 percent). This means
that the throughput is 250 × 0.152 = 38. Only 38
frames out of 250 will probably survive.

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UNIT 2
 Questions

A slotted ALOHA network transmits 200-bit frames on a shared

channel of 200 kbps. What is the throughput if the system (all
stations together) produces
a. 1000 frames per second b. 500 frames per second
c. 250 frames per second.
Solution
The frame transmission time is 200/200 kbps or 1 ms.
a. If the system creates 1000 frames per second, this is 1
frame per millisecond. The load is 1. In this case
S = G× e−G or S = 0.368 (36.8 percent). This means
that the throughput is 1000 × 0.0368 = 368 frames.
Only 386 frames out of 1000 will probably survive.

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UNIT 2
 Questions
b. If the system creates 500 frames per second, this is
(1/2) frame per millisecond. The load is (1/2). In this
case S = G × e−G or S = 0.303 (30.3 percent). This
means that the throughput is 500 × 0.0303 = 151.
Only 151 frames out of 500 will probably survive.

c. If the system creates 250 frames per second, this is (1/4)

frame per millisecond. The load is (1/4). In this case
S = G × e −G or S = 0.195 (19.5 percent). This means
that the throughput is 250 × 0.195 = 49. Only 49
frames out of 250 will probably survive.

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UNIT 2
 Questions

A network using CSMA/CD has a bandwidth of 10 Mbps. If the

maximum propagation time (including the delays in the
devices and ignoring the time needed to send a jamming
signal, as we see later) is 25.6 μs, what is the minimum size of
the frame?
Solution
The frame transmission time is Tfr = 2 × Tp = 51.2 μs. This
means, in the worst case, a station needs to transmit for a
period of 51.2 μs to detect the collision. The minimum size
of the frame is 10 Mbps × 51.2 μs = 512 bits or 64 bytes. This
is actually the minimum size of the frame for Standard
Ethernet.

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UNIT 2
 Flow Control

Objective: Study about basic concept of Flow control and its type.

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 Flow Control
Stop and
Wait

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UNIT 2
 Flow Control
Sliding
Window

Window size : n Window size – 7

Frame no. from: 0 to n Frame no. from 0 to 7

7 frames can be transmitted without getting acknowledgement

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UNIT 2
 Flow Control
Sender Sliding
Window
Window size : n Window size : 7
Frame no. from: 0 to n Frame no. from 0 to 7

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 Flow Control
Receiver Sliding
Window

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 Flow Control: Example sliding window

Sliding Window Example

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UNIT 2
 Flow Control : Example sliding window
Send
er

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UNIT 2
 Flow Control : Example sliding window
Receiv
er

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UNIT 2
 Flow Control and error control

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 Flow Control and error control:
Damaged Frame

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UNIT 2
 Flow Control and error control

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UNIT 2
 Flow Control and error control
Lost Frame

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UNIT 2
 Flow Control and error control

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UNIT 2
 Flow Control and error control

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection and Correction

Objective: Study about basic concept of Error detection and

correction methods

• Types of Errors
• Detection
• Correction
 Error Detection and Correction

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection and Correction

Single-bit
error

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 Error Detection and Correction
Multiple-bit
error

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 Error Detection and Correction
Burst
error

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 Error Detectionand
Error Detection and Correction
Correction
Redundan
cy

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UNIT 2
 Error Detectionand
Error Detection and Correction
Correction

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UNIT 2
 Error Detectionand
Error Detection and Correction
Correction
VRC

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 Error Detection and Correction
Error Detection

LRC

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 Error Detection and Correction
Error Detection
VRC and LRC

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection and Correction
Error Detection

CRC :cyclic Redundancy check

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection

Binary
Division

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection: CRC
Polynomi
al

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection: CRC

Standard
Polynomials

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection: CRC

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection:CRC
Error Detection: CRC
Checksum

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection:CRC
Error Detection: CRC
Data Unit and Checksum

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection and correction : hamming
code

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection and correction : hamming
code
Hamming Code

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 Error Detection and correction : hamming
code

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 Error Detection and correction : hamming
code
Example of Hamming Code

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 Error Detection and correction : hamming
Error Detection:
Error Detection CRC
and correction : hamming code
code
Single-bit
error

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UNIT 2
 Error Detection and correction : hamming
code

Error
Detecti
on

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UNIT 2
 Faculty Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL
Video Links and Online Courses Details
Youtube /other Video Links

• https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=JFF2vJaN0Cw&list=PLxCzCOWd7aiGFBD2-2joCp
WOLUrDLvVV_

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNedVgNyE8Q

Purnima
Sanjay Pal CN ACSE502
Nayak CN 2
KCS603 Unit Number
13-Sep-23 151
UNIT 2
 Daily Quiz

1. Let G(x) be the generator polynomial used for CRC

checking. What is the condition that should be satisfied
by G(x) to detect odd number of bits in error?
(A) G(x) contains more than two terms
(B) G(x) does not divide 1+x^k, for any k not exceeding
the frame length
(C) 1+x is a factor of G(x)
(D) G(x) has an odd number of terms.

2. Data link layer deal with data in the form of –

a. Bit b. Packet c. Frame d. Segment
3. In Bit stuffing we insert-------- after 00000.
a. 1 b. 0 c. 00 d. 11
13-Sep-23 Purnima Pal ACSE502 CN UNIT 2 152
 Daily
Weekly Quiz
Assignment

4. In Ethernet when Manchester encoding is used, the bit

rate is:
(A) Half the baud rate. (B) Twice the baud rate.
(C) Same as the baud rate. (D) None of the above
5. Which of the following is a MAC address?
(A) 192.166.200.50 (B) 00056A:01A01A5CCA7FF60
(C) 568, Airport Road (D) 01:A5:BB:A7:FF:60
6. Pure and Slotted term related to which type of protocol-
a. CSMA b. ALOHA c. Token ring d. FDDI
7. IEEE 802.5 related to protocol-
a. Internetworking b. Ethernet c. Token ring d.
Token Bus
8. IEEE 802.3 related to protocol-
a. Internetworking b. Ethernet c. Token ring d. Token
Bus
9. Which combination is correct for IPv6 and IPv4 –
a. 48 & 32 b. 32 &Purnima
13-Sep-23 48 Pal c.UNIT
128
ACSE502
2 & 48
CN
d. 128 & 32 153
 Weekly Assignment
1. Name the functions of Data link layer (CO2)
2. Name the error control methods at data link layer. (CO2)
3. Explain the need of flow control. (CO2)
4. Calculate the frame transmission time for the frame
length 30 bytes at the speed of 10Mbps. (CO2)
5. Name the IEEE standards for LAN.(CO2)
6. DQDB and FDDI standards.(CO2)
7. Explain the format of token in token ring topology. (CO2)
8. Explain the need of bit stuffing. (CO2)
9. find the checksum for the given data
1010000111001010(CO2)
20. Write the efficiency of pure aloha and slotted aloha
protocol(CO2)
11. Calculate CRC code for given data 10011000 with given
divisor x3+x2+1(CO2) Purnima Pal ACSE502
13-Sep-23 CN 154
12. Calculate hamming code for the given 7 bit data 1101101.
UNIT 2
 MCQ s
1.Sliding window ARQ generally implemented in (CO3)
a) Go-Back-N ARQ
b) Go-Reject-N ARQ
c) Selective reject ARQ
d) A &C

2. HDLC is an acronym for _______. (CO3)

a) High-duplex line communication
b) High-level data link control
c) Half-duplex digital link combination
d) Host double-level circuit

Purnima Pal ACSE502 CN

13-Sep-23 155
UNIT 2
 MCQ s
3. Which among the following represents the objectives/
requirements of Data Link Layer? (CO3)
a. Frame Synchronization
b. Error & Flow Control
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above

4. Which feature of Go-Back-N ARQ mechanism possesses an

ability to assign the sliding window in the forward direction?
(CO3)
a. Control Variables
b. Sender Sliding Window
c. Receiver Sliding Window
d. Resending of frames

Purnima Pal ACSE502 CN

13-Sep-23 156
UNIT 2
 Old Question Papers

Purnima Pal ACSE502 CN

13-Sep-23 157
UNIT 2
 OldOld
Question Papers
Question Papers

Purnima Pal ACSE502 CN

13-Sep-23 158
UNIT 2
 Expected Questions for University Exam

1. Compare CSMA, CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA (CO3)

2. Measurements of a pure aloha channel with a infinite no.

of users show that 12% of the slots are idle.
(CO3)

a) What is the offered load (G)

b) What is the throughput(S)
c) Is channel overload or under load.

Purnima Pal ACSE502 CN

13-Sep-23 Sanjay Nayak CN KCS603 Unit Number 2 159
UNIT 2
 Summary

In this unit we have discussed functions of data link

layer and how the data is represent at data link layer
using data link layer protocols.
How header is attached to the data received by
network layer and error is detected and corrected at
receiver site as well as flow control is managed so
that receiver will not be overflow by data.

Purnima Pal ACSE502 CN

13-Sep-23 160
UNIT 2
 Recap of Unit
• Functions of data link layer
• Sub layers of data link layer
• Project 802
• PDU format,MAC frame
• IEEE LAN standards
• Ethernet
• Token Ring
• FDDI
• DQDB
• Data Link Layer Protocols
• Multiple Access Protocol
• Flow control
• Error control
Purnima Pal ACSE502 CN UNIT 2
13-Sep-23 161
 References

Books:
1. Forouzen, "Data Communication and Networking",
TMH

2. A.S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, Pearson

Education

3. W. Stallings, Data and Computer Communication,

Thank
MacmillanPress

You
Purnima Pal ACSE502 CN
13-Sep-23 162
UNIT 2