2nd FILE - Physics xii
INDEX:
S. No | Description
01 Introduction
02 Objective & Apparatus Required
03 Theory
04 Circuit Diagram
05 Procedure
06 Observation & Applications
07 Result & Precautions
08 Sources of Error & Bibliography
1. Introduction
An LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is a sensor whose
resistance decreases as the intensity of light falling on it
increases. This unique property makes it valuable in circuits
that require sensitivity to changing light conditions. In this
experiment, we study how the current through an LDR circuit
changes due to variations in the power of the light source or
its distance from the LDR. This relationship is essential for
understanding light-sensitive circuits and designing
applications like brightness control systems, automatic night
lamps, and light meters.
2. Objective & Apparatus Required
Objective:
1. To analyze the effect of varying the power of an
incandescent lamp on the
current through a circuit containing an LDR.
2. To examine the effect of varying the lamp’s distance on the
current through the
LDR circuit.
Apparatus Required:
1. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
2. Incandescent lamps of different powers (e.g., 40W, 60W,
100W)
3. Variable DC power supply
4. Multimeter (to measure current and resistance)
5. Fixed resistors
6. Ruler or measuring tape
7. Connecting wires and breadboard
3. Theory
Working Principle of an LDR:
An LDR is a photoresistor whose resistance decreases as the
intensity of incident light increases. It consists of a
photosensitive material, usually cadmium sulfide (CdS), which
changes its electrical properties in response to light. When
photons strike the material, they excite electrons, reducing
resistance.
The relationship between the light intensity (𝐿) and the
resistance (𝑅) of an LDR is approximately inverse:
R∝ L/1
Effect of Lamp Power on LDR:
The power of an incandescent lamp determines the light
intensity it emits. A higher-wattage lamp emits more light
energy, which, when incident on the LDR, reduces its
resistance. As a result, the current flowing through the circuit
increases, governed by Ohm’s Law:
I = V/R total
In this experiment, multiple lamps of different powers are
used, and their effect on the circuit current is observed while
keeping the distance constant.
Effect of Distance on LDR:
The intensity of light follows the inverse square law:
L∝1/D2
Where d is the distance between the lamp and the LDR. As
the lamp moves further away, the intensity of light reaching the
LDR decreases, increasing its resistance. Consequently, the
circuit current decreases.
Mathematical Analysis:
In a circuit containing an LDR and a fixed resistor, the total
resistance (𝑅total) can be expressed as:
R total =R fixed +R LDR
The current through the circuit is given by:
I = V/Rtotal
As R ldr decreases with increasing light intensity, the total
resistance decreases, and the current increases. This behavior
is consistent for variations in both lamp power and distance.
Practical Applications of LDR:
1. Light-Sensitive Switches: Used in automatic street lighting
systems.
2. Brightness Control: Used in television sets to adjust screen
brightness according
to ambient light.
3. Safety Devices: Utilized in burglar alarms and smoke
detectors
4. Solar Energy Tracking: Helps in orienting solar panels
towards maximum
sunlight.
5. Photography Equipment: Used in light meters to measure
exposure.
Factors Affecting LDR Behavior:
1. Ambient Light Interference: External light sources can affect
the experiment.
2. Material Quality: Variations in the photosensitive material
can alter performance.
3. Temperature Dependency: The LDR’s resistance is also
temperature-dependent,
adding a layer of complexity.
Importance in Technology:
LDRs are indispensable in modern electronics due to their
simplicity, low cost, and high
sensitivity to light. They play a critical role in automation and
energy-saving
technologies, making them an essential component in the shift
towards smarter
systems.
4. Circuit Diagram
(Draw a detailed circuit diagram showing the LDR,
incandescent lamp, power source, fixed resistor, and
multimeter. Include variables such as distance and lamp
power.)
5. Procedure
1. Set up the circuit on a breadboard, connecting the LDR in
series with a fixed
resistor and power source.
2. Position the incandescent lamp at a fixed distance (e.g., 20
cm) from the LDR.
3. Measure the circuit current () for lamps of different powers
(e.g., 40W, 60W,100W).
4. Keep the lamp power constant and vary the distance (e.g.,
10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm),
recording the current for each distance.
5. Repeat each reading three times to ensure accuracy.
6. Record and tabulate the data for analysis.
6. Observation & Applications:
Observations:
(table digram)
Applications:
1. Light-controlled circuits in electronic devices.
2. Solar tracking systems for energy optimization.
3. Automatic lighting systems in homes and streets.
7. Result & Precautions:
Result:
1. Current increases with lamp power due to higher light
intensity.
2. Current decreases with increasing lamp distance, following
the inverse square
law.
Precautions:
1. Minimize external light interference during measurements.
2. Accurately measure distances and use consistent lamp
power.
3. Handle the LDR and circuit components carefully.
8. Sources of Error & Bibliography
Sources of Error:
1. Ambient light interference.
2. Voltage fluctuations affecting lamp intensity.
3. Inaccurate distance measurements.
Bibliography:
1. NCERT Physics Class XII.
2. Principles of Electronics by V.K. Mehta.
3. Online resources on LDR applications
