AT
INTEGR AION
DAT A
CLOUD
2024-2025
BY - PROMINENT ACADEMY
Question:
You are tasked with designing a system where any
update to a customer profile in the application
database should trigger updates in downstream
systems (e.g., CRM, billing system) in real time. How
would you achieve this?
Key Points to Address:
Database Change Data Capture (CDC):
Use CDC tools like Debezium, AWS DMS, or Google
Datastream to capture changes in the database.
Publish changes as events to a message broker
like Kafka, AWS SQS, or Google Pub/Sub.
Event Processing:
Use consumers or functions (e.g., AWS Lambda,
Google Cloud Functions) to process events.
Route processed events to downstream systems
using REST APIs or other connectors.
Error Handling:
Include retries, dead-letter queues, and monitoring
for failed events.
Scalability:
Ensure the architecture supports scale as the
number of updates grows.
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Question:
Design a fault-tolerant real-time pipeline where
data is ingested from multiple sources, processed,
and stored in a cloud-based NoSQL database.
Key Points to Address:
1. Ingestion:
Use message brokers (e.g., Kafka, RabbitMQ,
or Azure Event Hub) for data buffering to
handle spikes.
2. Processing:
Process data with retries using Spark
Streaming, Flink, or cloud functions.
Implement a dead-letter queue for failed
records.
3. Storage:
Store processed data in a scalable NoSQL
database like DynamoDB, Firestore, or
Cassandra.
4. Monitoring:
Use tools like Prometheus, CloudWatch, or
Datadog for pipeline health and alerting.
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Question:
Your company stores customer data across
multiple systems (e.g., CRM, support, and billing).
Design a system to provide a unified view of the
customer in real time.
Key Points to Address:
1. Data Ingestion:
Use CDC tools (e.g., Debezium, Fivetran) to
sync changes from source systems to a
central platform.
2. Integration:
Consolidate data in a real-time data lake
(e.g., Snowflake, Databricks) or an event hub
like Kafka.
3. Serving Layer:
Provide a unified API backed by a graph
database (e.g., Neo4j) or search engine (e.g.,
Elasticsearch).
4. Data Consistency:
Implement near-real-time sync mechanisms
with appropriate SLAs to minimize staleness.
5. Scalability:
Ensure scalability to handle spikes in data
updates.
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Question:
Design a system for real-time bidding in online ad
auctions, where response time is critical (< 50 ms).
Key Points to Address:
1. Event Processing:
Use Kafka or RabbitMQ for ingesting bid
requests.
Process bids using serverless compute (e.g.,
AWS Lambda) or high-performance
frameworks like Flink.
2. Database:
Employ a low-latency in-memory database
like Redis for storing advertiser budgets.
3. Response Optimization:
Use ML models for dynamic pricing and
ranking, deployed with TensorFlow Serving
or SageMaker.
4. Performance:
Minimize latency by deploying the system
closer to end users with AWS Global
Accelerator or edge servers (e.g.,
CloudFront).
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Question:
Your company uses on-premise systems but wants
to process real-time data in the cloud to leverage
its scalability and AI services. How would you
design the pipeline?
Key Points to Address:
1. Ingestion:
Use Apache NiFi or AWS Snowball Edge to
move data from on-prem to the cloud.
Stream incremental changes via Debezium
or DMS to Kafka or Kinesis in the cloud.
2. Processing:
Leverage cloud services like AWS Glue,
Dataflow, or Azure Stream Analytics for real-
time data transformation.
3. AI Integration:
Integrate cloud-based AI services for
advanced analytics (e.g., anomaly
detection).
4. Monitoring:
Use tools like Datadog, CloudWatch, or
Azure Monitor for pipeline health.
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Question:
Create a system to monitor natural disaster data
(e.g., earthquakes, floods) and coordinate relief
efforts in real time.
Key Points to Address:
1. Ingestion:
Stream data from seismic sensors, satellite
feeds, and APIs (e.g., USGS) into Kafka or
Azure Event Hub.
2. Processing:
Detect anomalies (e.g., unusual tremors)
using real-time analytics tools like Flink or
Dataflow.
3. Alert System:
Trigger alerts using SMS/email services (e.g.,
Twilio, SNS) to notify emergency teams.
4. Visualization:
Provide a GIS dashboard with layers for
affected regions, response team locations,
and resource availability.
5. Automation:
Automate resource allocation using AI-
driven optimization algorithms.
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Question:
Develop a system to analyze player behavior in
real time during online gaming sessions to optimize
matchmaking and detect cheaters.
Key Points to Address:
1. Ingestion:
Capture events (e.g., kills, movement, chats)
using WebSockets and stream them to
Kafka or Pub/Sub.
2. Processing:
Analyze events for matchmaking using Flink
or ML models.
Identify abnormal patterns (e.g., impossible
moves) for cheat detection.
3. Scaling:
Use auto-scaling groups or serverless
computing for handling peak loads.
4. Latency:
Optimize for low latency by using edge
computing (e.g., AWS Local Zones).
5. Storage:
Store long-term analytics in a data
warehouse like BigQuery.
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Question:
A global payment provider needs to reconcile
transactions across regions in real time while
managing currency conversions.
Key Points to Address:
1. Ingestion:
Stream payment events using Kafka.
2. Processing:
Reconcile debits/credits while applying
real-time currency conversion rates.
3. Database:
Use globally distributed databases like
CockroachDB or CosmosDB for consistency.
4. Alerting:
Flag mismatches or delays using cloud-
based notification services.
5. Compliance:
Ensure regional compliance with data
residency and transaction audits.
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Question:
An e-learning platform needs to adapt course
content dynamically based on student
performance in real-time.
Key Points to Address:
1. Data Ingestion:
Stream user interactions (e.g., quiz
responses, click patterns) using Kafka or
Pub/Sub.
2. Processing:
Process interaction events with Flink to
assess performance metrics.
3. AI Integration:
Use ML models to recommend next modules
or provide remediation.
4. Content Delivery:
Dynamically adjust content delivery
through APIs or serverless functions.
5. Feedback Loop:
Continuously refine recommendations
based on aggregate user behavior.
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Question:
An OTT streaming platform needs to recommend
shows/movies to users based on their watching
behavior and preferences in real time.
Key Points to Address:
1. Data Ingestion:
Capture viewing events via WebSocket
streams or Kafka.
2. Real-Time Processing:
Use Flink to aggregate user preferences and
trigger recommendations.
3. Machine Learning:
Deploy ML models using TensorFlow Serving
or SageMaker for dynamic
recommendations.
4. Personalized Delivery:
Serve recommendations via API in under 100
ms for a seamless UX.
5. Scaling:
Use autoscaling groups for peak times (e.g.,
weekends).
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Question:
A healthcare network wants a centralized system
to monitor critical patient data across multiple
hospitals.
Key Points to Address:
1. Ingestion:
Collect vitals and diagnostics data via
secure APIs or IoT Core.
2. Real-Time Analysis:
Use Flink or Spark Streaming to detect
anomalies (e.g., oxygen drops).
3. Alert System:
Automatically notify doctors/nurses for
high-risk patients.
4. Compliance:
Implement HIPAA-compliant encryption and
access controls.
5. Visualization:
Use dashboards for patient status across
hospitals.
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Question:
Monitor air quality, noise levels, and other
environmental metrics in real time across a city.
Key Points to Address:
1. Ingestion:
Collect data from IoT sensors deployed
across the city via MQTT or Azure IoT Hub.
2. Processing:
Analyze metrics like PM2.5, CO2, and noise
levels using Spark Streaming.
3. Alerts:
Trigger alerts for threshold breaches (e.g.,
poor air quality) to city officials.
4. Visualization:
Provide heatmaps on a public dashboard.
5. Action:
Enable automated responses like traffic
adjustments or public health warnings.
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Question:
How would you build a system to monitor and
respond to natural disasters in real time, such as
earthquakes or floods?
Key Points to Address:
1. Data Sources:
Collect seismic data, satellite imagery, and
weather feeds via APIs like NASA or local
sensors.
2. Processing:
Use real-time analytics frameworks (e.g.,
Spark Streaming) to detect anomalies or
threshold breaches.
3. Integration:
Incorporate GIS systems to analyze
affected regions dynamically.
4. Alerts:
Push alerts to government agencies, rescue
teams, and public apps via Twilio, SMS, or
push notifications.
5. Scaling:
Handle burst loads during disasters by using
auto-scaling on cloud platforms.
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Question:
Enable a global payment provider to reconcile
transactions in real time across different
currencies and regulations.
Key Points to Address:
1. Data Sources:
Stream transactions from payment
gateways and currency exchange
platforms.
2. Processing:
Match payments, refunds, and fees in real
time using Flink.
3. Compliance:
Enforce region-specific regulations
dynamically during reconciliation.
4. Notification:
Alert customers or internal teams for
discrepancies.
5. Scalability:
Handle high-volume days like Black Friday
with horizontal scaling.
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Question:
Design a fraud detection system that flags
potentially fraudulent transactions as they occur.
Key Points to Address:
1. Data Ingestion:
Stream transaction data, user profiles, and
IP geolocation in real time via Kafka.
2. Feature Engineering:
Apply features like transaction velocity,
location mismatch, and device
fingerprinting.
3. ML Models:
Use real-time scoring models to calculate a
fraud likelihood score.
4. Action:
Flag suspicious transactions for manual
review or block them automatically.
5. Scalability:
Support high transaction volumes during
sale events.
Take the first step toward a brighter future. Contact us today! : +91 98604 38743
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