✳ The Gold standard of GYN...

_ Laparoscopy is considered the gold standard to confirm the diagnosis of acute PID.

_ Laparoscopy is the gold standard in diagnosis and staging, also for conservative
surgical approach of endometriosis.

_ US ( TAS and TVS ) are considered the gold standard in the diagnosis of uterine
leiomyomata ( myoma , Fibroid ).

_ Pelvic US is the gold standard in diagnosis of lmperforate Hymen.

_ Pelvic US ( TAS or TVS ) are considered the gold standard in evaluation of uterine
and endometrial factors of female infertility.

_ Pelvic US ( TAS or TVS) are the gold standard in diagnosis of Follicular cysts.

_ Pelvic US ( TAS or TVS) are the gold standard in diagnosis of Corpus luteum (CL)
cysts.

_ Pelvic US ( TAS or TVS) are the gold standard in diagnosis of ovarian swellings.

_ Pelvic US ( TAS or TVS ) are the gold standard diagnostic tool that can accurately
detect pelvic masses of variable size and suggest their ovarian origin.

_ HSG is considered the gold standard in infertility evaluation.

_ Surgery is the gold standard in treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUl).

_ Burch colposuspension is considered the goldstandard procedure of ( surgery for

SUl). with success rates of 95% after 1 year, and nearly 75 % after 15 years follow up.

_ Surgical anatomical repair is the gold standard in management of Vesico-vaginal

fistulas (VVF).

_ D&C biopsy: is the gold standard in diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia (EH) in

cases with DUB.

_ Cold knife conization: is the gold standard of HSILs (High qrade squamous intro-
epithelial lesions) Excision management.

_ Fractional Curettage (FC) & Endometrial Biopsy are the gold standard methods for
diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma (EC).

_ The gold standard treatment of endometrial carcinoma (EC) is surgery via TAH-BSO (
total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy)
_ High B-hCG levels after evacuation of a molar pregnancy, in absence of a new
pregnancy, is the gold standard in diagnosis of gestational choriocarcinoma.

_ Histopathologic examination of cervical tissue biopsies containing the abnormal

epithelium is the gold standard for diagnosis of cervical cancer.... = { Biopsy from a
suspicious cervical lesion (ulcer, or a friable mass) is the gold stondard for diagnosis
of Cervical cancer.}

_ Hysteroscopy is considered the gold standard in diagnosis of small endometrial

polyps, SMF polyps, and SMM.

_ Hysteroscopic guided polypectomy is the gold standard treatment of Placental

Polyp.

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✳The Commonest & Most common;

_ Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the most common and most curable gynaecologic
malignancy.

_ Adenocorcinomom is the commonest pathologic type of EC, and carries best

prognosis.

_ Post-menopausal bleeding, is the commonest presenting symptom in cases with EC.

_ Prolonged exposure to unopposed oestrogen is the most common risk foctor of EC.

_ Postmenopousol bleeding is the most common presenting symptom of the EC,

which may be associated with offensive vaginaI discharge, and

_ Premenopousal metrorrhagia is the second most common presentation.

_ Carcinoma of the cervix is the second most common cancer of the female genital
tract (after endometrial carcinoma), and is also the most preventable one.

_ Spread the invasive cervical cancer to the parametrium may lead to ureteric
obstruction with subsequent develpoment of renal failure (most common cause of
death).

_ Contact bleeding is the commonest presentation (postcoital bleeding or bleeding on

touch) of the Invasive cervical cancer, and

Metrorrhogia, or postmenopausal bleeding, is the second most common presentation.

_ Squamous cell corcinomos is the commonest type representing almost 92% of the
Invasive cancer of the vulva.

_ The fallopian tube is the most common and most important organ affected with PlD.

_ Neisseria gonorrhea is the most common cause for acute salpingitis.

_ Acute lower abdominal pain is the most common symptom of acute PID.

_ Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are among the most common encountered
infectious diseases.

_ Chlamydia trachomatis is the second most commonly reported STD in many

countries.

_ lntra Cytoplasmic Sperm lnjection (lCSl) is the most commonly applied technique of
Assisted reproductive techniques (ART).

_ Hormone contraception methods are among the most commonly used methods for
contraception used around the world.

_ Monophasic pills are commonest form of COCs with greatest popularity.

_ The IUCD is the most commonly contraception used method in national family
planning programs, in developing countries. Which Copper medicated IUD (Cu T 380)
is the most commonly used type.

_ Surgical via ligation of the vas deferens is the most commonly practiced method of
the male sterilzation.

_ Laparoscopy is the commonest method used for tubal occlusion.

_ Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans are the commonest vaginal

infestations associated with pruritus, they account for at least 80 per cent of all cases.

_ Pruritus vulvae, pain, discharge, and swelling are common manifestations of vulvar
diseases.

_ Vulval itching is the most common vulval complaint. lt is most commonly secondory
to vulvo-vaginal Candidiasis, Trichomonal infections, or lichen sclerosus et
atrophicus.

_ Lichen Scterosus Et Atrophicus is the commonest condition found in the elderly

women complaining of vulval itching but may also be seen in children and younger
women.
_ Bartholin cyst is the commonest vulvar swelling

_ Congenital cuase is the most common type of the Retroversion flexion of the uterus
( RVF )

_ Stress urinary incontinence (SUl) is the most common cause of female urethral
incontinence, and accounts for 60% of cases.

_ Urge incontinence is the second most common cause of female urethral

incontinence, and accounts for 30-40% of cases.

_ Vesico-vaginal fistulas (VVF) and Uretro-vaginal fistula (UVF) are the most common
types of Genitourinary fistula (GUF), encountered in gynaecologic practice.

_ Vesico-vaginal fistulas (VVF) have long been considered as the commonest type of
GUF encountered in gynaecologic practice.

_ Non hormonal lUD is one of the commonest causes of Metrorrhagia in childbearing

period .

_ AUB is the commonest couse of genital tract bleeding in the females.

_ Anovulotory DUB (dysfunctional uterine bleeding) is the most common cause of the
Perimenopausal bleeding.

_ DUB occurs most commonly in association with chronic anovulatory disturbances

causing endometrial hyperplasia (EH) in response to continuous oestrogen (E2) effect
on the endometrium unopposed by progesterone (PRG).

_ Benign conditions: atrophic vaginitis, atrophic endometritis, vulvar dystrophies,

endometrial and endocervical polyps are most common causes of the
Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB).

_ Benign cervical lesions: mucous polyps and cervical erosion are the most common
cuases of Contact bleeding (CB).

_ Follicular cysts are the commonest non neoplastic cysts of the ovary.

_ Epithelial ovarian cancers are the commonest malignant neoplasms arising from the
ovary and constitute almost 60-70 % of all ovarian cancers.

_ Benign epithelial ovarian tumours (serous, mucinous, and papitlary cysts) are the
commonest tumours encountered, regardless women's age.

▪Serous cystadenoma is the commonest type of benign epithelial ovorian neoplosm.

(which the Simple serous cysts are the commonest type of serous cysts.)
▪Mucinous cystadenomas are the second most common type of benign epithelial
ovarian neoplasms.

_ Corpus luteum (CL) cysts are the second most common non neoplastic cysts of the
ovary.

_ Benign Cystic Teratoma (BCT) also called (Dermoid cysts) is the only germ cell
tumour which is common. they represent almost 50 % of ovarian neoplasms occurring
in young females below 20 years of age, and it is also the commonest ovarian
neoplasm encountered during the childbearing period and especially during
pregnoncy.

_ BCT is the commonest tumour to undergo Torsion due to its long pedicle and fat
content.

_ Difierentiation into Embryonic tissue is the most common germ cell tumour of
ovarian tumour.

_ Torsion is the commonest complication of the benign ovarian tumours.

_ Endometral Sinus Tumour "EST" or yolk sac tumour is the second most common
malignant germ cell tumour of the ovary,

_ Ovarian cancer is the third most common malignancy of female genital organs, after
cancer of endometrium and cervix, but is the most lethal of them all.

_ Germ cell tumours are the commonest tumours occurring in patients with abnormal
gonads and in sex chromatin negative females.

_ Dysgerminoma is the commonest malignant germ cell tumour although it represents

only 13% of all ovarian cancers. lt occurs predominantly in young females aged 10-30
years.

_ Normal pregnancy is the commonest cause in the reproductive period of pelvi-

abdominal swelling.

_ Abdominal myomectomy is (the commonest approach) and is the operation of

choice f or multiple and lorge leiomyomas.

_ lmperforate hymen is the commonest cause for cryptomenorrhoea. and the

Transverse Vaginal Septum is the 2nd most common cause for cryptomenorrhoea.

_ Turner syndrome (Gonadal Dysgenesis) is the commonest cause of 1ry

amenorrhoea.
_ PCOS is the commonest ovarian cause for 2ry amenorrhoea, chronic anovulation,
and infertility.

_ Prolactinomas are the commonest cause for hyperprolactinaemia, and the most
common pituitary cause for 2ry amenorrhoea.

_ Anovulation is the commonest cause for menstrual irregularities and secondary

amenorrhoea in women, especially at the premenopausal and child bearing periods.

_ Anovulatory disturbance is the most commonly encountered factor for female

infertility being the primary cause in almost 40% of cases.

_ Vaginitis, is one of the commonest complaints encountered in gynaecologic

practice.

▪Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the commonest bacterial vaginal infection encountered in

gynaecologic practice. It is also the commonest cause for non-irritant, malodorous
vaginal discharge.

▪Candida vaginitis CV (Candidiasis or Moniliasis) is the second most common causes

for child bearing period vaginitis

▪Trichomoniasis is the 3'd most common cause for vaginitis.

_ Vaginal discharge is the commonest symptom of the Bacterial vaginosis.

_ Gonorrheal inflammation is the commonest cause of the Bilateral Epididymeol

Obstruction.

_ Bad management of the 2nd stage of labour is the commonest causes of Perineol
locerations.

_ Obstetric trouma the commonest cause of a recto-vaginal fistula is badly healed,

complete perineal tear.

_ Uterine leiomyomas ( Fibroids) are the commonest benign tumours of the female
genitalorgans.

▪Atrophy is the commonest pathologic change in myomas occurring in the

menopause.

▪Hyaline degeneration is the commonest pathologic change in myomas in the child

beoring period.

▪Red degeneration (Necro-biosis): is the commonest pathologic change in myomas

during pregnancy.
_ Menorrhogia is the commonest presentation for myomas in almost 30% of cases.

_ The 2 major clinical presentations of endometriosis are pain and/or infertility.

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