- **Random Access Memory (RAM):** This is the computer’s short-term memory, used to store data
and instructions that are actively being processed. RAM is fast, but it is volatile, meaning that it loses its
contents when the computer is turned off.
- **Read-Only Memory (ROM):** ROM is a type of non-volatile memory used to store firmware—the
permanent instructions that allow a computer to boot up and start operating.
In addition to RAM and ROM, modern computers may also use cache memory (a small, high-speed
memory) to speed up access to frequently used data.
### 2.3. Storage
Storage devices are used to store data permanently. There are two main types of storage:
- **Hard Disk Drives (HDD):** These are traditional mechanical drives that store data on spinning
magnetic disks. They are relatively inexpensive but slower compared to newer technologies.
- **Solid State Drives (SSD):** SSDs use flash memory to store data and have no moving parts. They are
faster, more durable, and use less power than HDDs, but they tend to be more expensive per gigabyte of
storage.
External storage devices like USB flash drives, optical drives (CD/DVD), and cloud storage services also
play an essential role in data storage.
### 2.4. Input and Output Devices
Input devices allow users to interact with the computer, while output devices present the results of
computations or actions. Common input devices include:
- **Keyboard:** The primary device for entering text and commands.
- **Mouse or Touchpad:** Used for pointing and selecting items on the screen.
- **Microphone, Scanner, Camera:** Devices for inputting sound, images, or video into the computer.
Output devices include:
- **Monitor:** Displays visual output from the computer.
- **Printer:** Provides a hard copy of documents.
- **Speakers:** Output audio from the computer.
