MATH1853 Tutorial 2

Solution
 Question 1

Solution： 𝑥1 = 2
𝑥2 = −1
Step 1: Build the Augmented Matrix 𝑥3 = 5
2 1 1 8
3 2 4 24
1 3 0 −1

Step 2: Solve with Gaussian Elimination 1 ⋅ 𝑥1 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥2 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥3 = 2

ቐ0 ⋅ 𝑥1 + 1 ⋅ 𝑥2 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥3 = −1
0 ⋅ 𝑥1 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥2 + 1 ⋅ 𝑥3 = 5
 Solution：

Question 2

1 ⋅ 𝑥1 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥2 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥3 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥4 = 2 𝑥1 = 2
0 ⋅ 𝑥1 + 1 ⋅ 𝑥2 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥3 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥4 = −1 𝑥2 = −1
0 ⋅ 𝑥1 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥2 + 1 ⋅ 𝑥3 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥4 = 1 𝑥3 = 1
𝑥4 = −3
0 ⋅ 𝑥1 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥2 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥3 + 1 ⋅ 𝑥4 = −3
 Question 2
linear

Solution： 3 −1 7
1 −1 0 7 3 0 −1 0
o If 𝑎 = −2: 𝑥= +𝛼 +𝛽
0 0 1 2 −2 −2 0 2
0 0 −1
o Free variables: 𝑥2 , 𝑥4
o Find the variable 𝑥3 from the equation 2 of the system
𝑥3 = −2 − 2𝑥4
o Find the variable 𝑥1 from the equation 1 of the system
𝑥1 = 3 + x2 − 7𝑥4

Answer:
𝑥1 = 3 + 1𝑥2 − 7𝑥4 3 1 −7
0 1 0
1 ⋅ 𝑥1 + −1 ⋅ 𝑥2 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥3 + 7 ⋅ 𝑥4 = −3 𝑥2 = 0 + 1𝑥2 + 0𝑥4 𝑥= +𝛼 +𝛽
ቊ −2 0 −2
0 ⋅ 𝑥1 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥2 + 1 ⋅ 𝑥3 + 2 ⋅ 𝑥4 = −2 𝑥3 = −2 + 0𝑥2 − 2𝑥4
0 0 1
𝑥4 = 0 + 0x2 + 1𝑥4
 b) Solution：

Question 3

1 ⋅ 𝑥1 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥2 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥3 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥4 + −1 ⋅ 𝑥5 = 3
൞ 0 ⋅ 𝑥1 + 1 ⋅ 𝑥2 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥3 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥4 + −2 ⋅ 𝑥5 = 0
0 ⋅ 𝑥1 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥2 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥3 + 1 ⋅ 𝑥4 + −1 ⋅ 𝑥5 = −1

o Find the variable 𝑥4 from the equation 3 of the system

𝑥4 = −1 + 𝑥5
a) Solution： o Find the variable 𝑥2 from the equation 2 of the system
𝑥2 = 2𝑥5
o Find the variable 𝑥1 from the equation 1 of the system
𝑥1 = 3 + 𝑥5
Answer:
𝑥1 = 3 + 𝑥5 3 0 1
𝑥2 = 2𝑥5 0 0 2
0≠1 𝑥3 = 𝑥3
𝑥 = 0 + 𝜆1 1 + 𝜆2 0
No solution −1 0 1
𝑥4 = −1 + 𝑥5
0 0 1
𝑥5 = 𝑥5
 Question 4

Solution：

0 ⋅ 𝑥1 + 1 ⋅ 𝑥2 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥3 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥4 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥5 + 1 ⋅ 𝑥6 = 1
ቐ 0 ⋅ 𝑥1 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥2 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥3 + 1 ⋅ 𝑥4 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥5 + 1 ⋅ 𝑥6 = −2
0 ⋅ 𝑥1 + 1 ⋅ 𝑥2 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥3 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥4 + 1 ⋅ 𝑥5 + −1 ⋅ 𝑥6 = 1

o Find the variable 𝑥5 from the equation 3 of the system Answer: General solution:
𝑥5 = 1 + 𝑥6 𝑥1 = 𝑥1 0 1 0 0
𝑥2 = 1 − 𝑥6 1 0 0 −1
o Find the variable 𝑥4 from the equation 2 of the system 𝑥3 = 𝑥3 0 0 1 0
𝑥4 = −2 − 𝑥6 𝑥4 = −2 − 𝑥6 𝑥= + 𝜆1 ⋅ + 𝜆2 ⋅ + 𝜆3 ⋅
−2 0 0 −1
𝑥5 = 1 + 𝑥6 1 0 0 1
o Find the variable 𝑥5 from the equation 1 of the system 𝑥6 = 𝑥6
𝑥2 = 1 − 𝑥6 0 0 0 1
 Question 5

Solution：
6 4 3 12 0 0 6 4 3 12 0 0 −6 4 3 o Find the variable 𝑥2 from the equation 2 of the system
Ax = 6 0 9 𝑥 = 12𝑥 = 0 12 0 𝑥 6 0 9 − 0 12 0 𝑥 = 6 −12 9 𝑥=0 3
0 8 0 0 0 12 0 8 0 0 0 12 0 8 −12 𝑥2 = ⋅ 𝑥3
2
o Find the variable 𝑥3 from the equation 3 of the system
3
𝑥1 = 𝑥3
2
Answer:
3 3
𝑥1 = ⋅ 𝑥3 2
2 𝑥=𝜆⋅ 3 (𝜆 ≠ 0) or 𝑥 = 0
3 2
𝑥2 = ⋅ 𝑥3
3 2 1
1 ⋅ 𝑥1 + 0 ⋅ 𝑥2 + − ⋅ 𝑥3 = 0 𝑥3 = 𝑥3
2
3 3 3 1 𝑇
0 ⋅ 𝑥1 + 1 ⋅ 𝑥2 + − ⋅ 𝑥3 = 0
2 Because ∑𝑥𝑖 = 1, 𝑥 = .
8 8 4
Question 6

Solution：

Only when 𝜆1 = 𝜆2 = 𝜆3 = 0 does the equation hold.

So they are linearly independent.