DAY THIRTY ONE

Dual Nature
of Matter
Learning & Revision for the Day
u Photon u Laws of Photoelectric Effect
u Particle Nature of Light u de-Broglie Waves
u Photoelectric Effect u Davisson-Germer Experiment

Photon
A particle of light called a photon has energy E that is related to the frequency f and
wavelength λ of light wave.
hc
By the Einstein equation, E = hf = …(i)
λ
where, c is the speed of light (in vacuum) and h is Planck’s constant.
h = 6.626 × 10 −34 J-s = 4136
. × 10 −15 eV-s
Since, energies are often given in electron volt (1eV = 1.6 × 10 −19 J) and wavelengths are
in Å, it is convenient to the combination hc in eV-Å. We have,
hc = 12375 eV-Å
Hence, Eq. (i), in simpler form can be written as,
12375
E ( in eV) = …(ii)
λ ( in Å)
The propagation of light is governed by its wave porperties whereas the exchange of
energy between, light with matter is governed by its particle properties. The
wave-particle duality is a general property in nature. For example, electrons (and other
so called particles) also propagate as waves and exchange energy as particles.

Particle Nature of Light

Photoelectric effect gave evidence to the strange fact that, light in interaction with
matter behaved as if it was made of quanta or packets of energy, each of energy hν.
 hν 
Einstein stated that the light quantum can also be associated with momentum   ⋅
 c 
This particle like behaviour of light was further confirmed, in 1924, by the Compton
experiment of scattering of X-rays from electrons.
Photoelectric Effect
Photoelectric current
l
Photoelectric effect is the phenomenon of emission of
electrons (known as photoelectrons) from the surface of
ν 3 > ν 2 > ν1
metals when light radiation of suitable frequency are
Saturation
incident on them. ν3 current
l
The minimum energy of incident radiation needed to eject ν2
ν1
the electrons from metal surface is known as work function
(φ0) of that surface.
– V03 – V02 – V01 0 Collector plate
l
The frequency or wavelength corresponding to the work Stopping potential potential
function is called threshold frequency or threshold I-V0, when frequency changed
wavelength. Work function is related to threshold
frequency as, A photon may collide with a material particle. The total
hc energy and the total momentum remain conserved in such a
φ 0 = hν 0 = collision. Photoelectric emission is an instantaneous
λ0
phenomenon.
where, λ 0 = threshold wavelength. V0
hc 12400
l
In electron volt units, φ (eV) = =
eλ 0 λ (Å)
l
For photoemission to take place energy of incident light (E ) O
ν
ν0
is related as, E ≥ p0
l
According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation,
– φ0
hν = φ0 + K max
Cut-off voltage versus frequency of incident light
1
where, K max = mv2max = maximum kinetic energy of
2 Variation of stopping potential V0 with frequency ν of
ejected photoelectron. incident radiation is as shown in above figure.
h φ
As, eV0 = h(ν − ν 0) = hν − φ0 ⇒ V0 = ν − 0
Effect of Intensity on e e
Photoelectric Emission h
Thus, V0- ν graph is a straight line whose slope is and
e
For a light of given frequency ν > ν 0 (or given wavelength intercept is − φ0 eV. The graph meets the ν-axis at ν 0.
λ < λ 0), if the intensity of light incident on photosensitive metal
1
surface is increased, the number of photoelectrons and Photocurrent ∝ ∝ λ
consequently the photoelectric current I increases. However, the ν
stopping potential V0 remain constant.
Energy and Momentum of Photon
Photoelectric

l
From Einstein’s mass-energy relation E = hν = mc2
current

I 1 > I2 > I3
hν
I1 Kinetic mass of photon is m =
I2 c2
I3 c
But ν = , where λ is wavelength of the photon.
Stopping Saturation λ
potential current h c h
∴Kinetic mass of photon, m = 2   =
c  λ  cλ
–V0 O Collector plate
potential hν h
Stopping potential Kinetic mass of photon, m = 2 =
Photoelectric current versus stopping potential curve c cλ
l
Momentum of photon,
Effect of Frequency on p = kinetic mass of photon × velocity of photon
hν hν
Photoelectric Emission = 2 ×c =
c c
c
If keeping the intensity of incident light constant, the Also, ν =
λ
frequency of incident light is increased, then the stopping
hc h
potential V0 (and hence, K max ) increases, but the photoelectric ∴Momentum of photon, p =   =
current I remains unchanged. c  λ λ
 Ratio of wavelength of photon and electron The
Laws of Photoelectric Effect l

wavelength of photon of energy E is given by

Lenard and Millikan gave the following laws on the basis of hc
experiments on photoelectric effect. λp = while the wavelength of an electron of kinetic
E
l
The rate of emission of photoelectrons from the surface of a h
energy K is given by λ c = ⋅ Therefore for same
metal varies directly as the intensity of the incident light 2 mK
falling on the surface. energy, the ratio
l
The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons λp c 2 mc2 K
is independent of the intensity of the incident light. = 2 mK =
λe E E2
l
The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons
increases linearly with increase in the frequency of the
incident light. Davisson-Germer Experiment
l
As soon as, the light is incident on the surface of the metal, l
The de-Broglie hypothesis was confirmed by
the photoelectrons are emitted instantly, i.e. there is no Davisson-Germer experiment. It is used to study the
time lag between incidence of light and emission of scattering of electron from a solid or to verify the wave
electrons (≈ 10 −9 s). nature of electron.
l
A beam of electrons emitted by electron gun is made to fall
de-Broglie Waves on nickel crystal cut along cubical axis at a particular
Light is said to have dual character, i.e. it behaves like matter angle. Ni crystal behaves like a three dimensional
(particle) and wave both. Some properties like interference, diffraction grating and it diffracts the electron beam
diffraction can be explained on the basis of wave nature of obtained from electron gun.
light, while the phenomena like photoelectric effect, black l
The diffracted beam of electrons is received by the detector
body radiation, etc. can be explained on the basis of particle which can be positioned at any angle by rotating it about
nature of light. the point of incidence.
In 1942, Louis de-Broglie explained that like light, matter also l
The energy of the incident beam of electrons can also be
show dual behaviour, there is a wave associated with moving
varied by changing the applied voltage to the electron gun.
particle, known as matter waves or de-Broglie waves.
l
According to classical physics, the intensity of scattered
beam of electrons at all scattering angle will be same but
de-Broglie Relation Davisson and Germer found that the intensity of scattered
According to quantum theory, energy of photon beam of electrons was not same but different at different
E = hν …(i) angles of scattering.
If mass of the photon is taken as m, then as per Einstein’s l
It is maximum for diffracting angle 50°
equation E = mc2 …(ii) at 54 V potential difference. Incident beam 54 V
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, hν = mc 2 l
If the de-Broglie waves exist for
c electrons, then these should be
h = mc2 , diffracted as X-rays.
λ 50°
where, λ = wavelength of photon Using the Bragg’s formula 2d sin θ = nλ ,
h we can determine the wavelength of
λ= these waves, Diffraction angle
mc
where d = distance between versus intensity
de-Broglie asserted that the above equation is completely a curve
general function and applies to photon as well as all other diffracting planes,
moving particles. 180 − φ
θ=
h h 2
So, λ= = = glancing angle for incident beam = Bragg’s angle.
mv 2 mE
where, m is mass of particle and v is its velocity. Clearly from figure, we have θ + φ + θ = 180 °
l
de-Broglie wavelength associated with charged particle
h h h
λ= = = θ φ
p 2 mE 2 mqV D
θ d
l
de-Broglie wavelength of a gas molecule
h
λ=
3 mkT
where, T = absolute temperature Reflection of electron (beam) by atoms
and k = Boltzmann’s constant = 1.38 × 10 −23 J / K
DAY THIRTY ONE DUAL NATURE OF MATTER 343

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 1

FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 If a source of power 4kW produces1020photons/second, Codes
the radiation belong to a part of the spectrum called A B C A B C
(a) X-rays (b) ultraviolet rays (a) 1 2 3 (b) 3 2 1
(c) microwaves (d) γ-rays
(c) 2 1 3 (d) 2 3 1
2 What will be the number of photons emitted per second 8 When a point source of monochromatic light is at a
by a 10 W sodium vapour lamp assuming that 90% of the distance of 0.2 m form a photoelectric cell the cut-off
consumed energy is converted into light? (Wavelength of
voltage and saturation current are 0.6 V and 18 mA
sodium light is 590 nm and h = 6.63 × 10−34 J - s )
respectively. If the same source is placed 0.6 m away
(a) 0. 267 × 1018 (b) 0. 267 × 1019
from the photoelectric cell, then
(c) 0. 267 × 10 20 (d) 0. 267 × 1017
(a) the stopping potential will be 0.2 V
3 Two monochromatic beams A and B of equal intensity I, (b) the stopping potential will be 0.6 V
hit a screen. The number of photons hitting the screen by (c) the saturation current will be 6 mA
beam A is twice that by beam B. Then, what inference (d) the saturation current will be 18 mA
can you make about their frequencies? 9 The figure shows the variation of photocurrent (I) with
(a) νB = 2 νA (b) νB = νA anode potential (Va) of a photosensitive surface for three
(c) νA = 2 νB (d) νB > νA
different radiations. Let la,lb and lc be the intensities and fa,
4 The eye can detect 5 × 104 photons m −2s −1 of light of fb and fc the frequencies for the waves a,b and c
wavelength 500 nm. The ear can hear intensity upto respectively
10−13 Wm −2. As a power detector, which is more
sensitive?
I
(a) Sensitivity of eye is one-fifth of the ear
c
(b) Sensitivity of eye is five times that of the ear a
(c) Both are equally sensitive b
(d) Eye cannot be used as a power detector
5 The threshold wavelength for photoelectric emission from
° Va
a material is 5200A. Photoelectrons will be emitted when O
this material is illuminated with monochromatic radiation (a) fa = fb and Ia ≠ Ib (b) fa = fc and Ia = Ic
from a (c) fa = fb and Ia = Ic (d) fb = fc and Ib = Ic
(a) 50 W infrared lamp (b) 1 W infrared lamp 10 In a photoelectric effect measurement, the stopping
(c) 50 W ultraviolet lamp (d) 1 W ultraviolet lamp potential for a given metal is found to be V0 volt when
6 The wavelength of the photoelectric threshold for silver is radiation of wavelength λ 0 is used. If radiation of
λ 0. The energy of the electron ejected from the surface of wavelength 2λ 0 is used with the same metal, then the
silver by an incident light of wavelength λ ( λ < λ 0 ) will be stopping potential (in volt) will be
hc V0
(a) hc (λ 0 − λ) (b) (a) (b) 2V0
λ0 − λ 2
hc hc
h 1 1   λ − λ (c) V0 + (d) V0 −
(c) + −  (d) hc  0  2 eλ 0 2 eλ 0
c  λ λ0   λ0 λ 
11 In an experiment on photoelectric effect, a student plots
7 In photoelectric effect match the following column I with stopping potential V0 against reciprocal of the wavelength
column II. λ of the incident light for two different metals A and B.
Column I Column II These are as shown in the figure.
A. If frequency of incident 1. Stopping potential may Metal A
light is increased increase Metal B
B. If intensity of incident light 2. Stopping potential must Vo
is increased increase
C. If work function of metal is 3. Photo effect may stop
1/λ
increased
 Looking at the graphs, you can most appropriately say 17 The voltage applied to an electron microscope to
that produce electrons of wavelength 0.50 Å is
(a) Work function of metal B is greater than that of metal A (a) 602 V (b) 50 V (c) 138 V (d) 812 V
(b) Work function of metal A is greater than that of metal B
(c) Students data is not correct
18 The energy of photon is equal to the kinetic energy of a
(d) None of the above [Link] energy of photon is E. Let λ 1 be the
de-Broglie wavelength, of the proton and λ 2 be the
12 A copper ball of radius 1cm and work function 4.47 eV is
wavelength of photon. The ratio λ 1 / λ 2 is proportional to
irradiated with ultraviolet radiation of wavelength 2500 Å. 1
The effect of irradiation results in the emission of (a) E 0 (b) E 2
electrons from the ball. Further the ball will acquire (c) E −1 (d) E −2
charge and due to this there will be a finite value of the 19 An electron is moving with an initial velocity v = v 0i and is
potential on the ball. The charge acquired by the ball is in a magnetic field B = B0j . Then its de-Broglie
(a) 5.5 × 10−13 C (b) 7.5 × 10−13 C wavelength
(c) 4.5 × 10−12 C (d) 2.5 × 10−11 C
(a) remains constant
13 Match List I (fundamental experiment) with List II (its (b) increase with time
conclusion) and select the correct option from the (c) decrease with time
choices given below the list. (d) increases and decreases periodically
20 Orbits of a particle moving in a circle are such that the
List I List II
perimeter of the orbit equals an integer number of
A. Franck-Hertz experiment 1. Particle nature of light de-Broglie wavelengths of the particle. For a charged
B. Photo-electric experiment 2. Discrete energy levels of atom particle moving in a plane perpendicular to a magnetic
C. Davisson-Germer experiment 3. Wave nature of electron field, the radius of the nth orbital will therefore be
4. Structure of atom proportional to
(a) n 2 (b) n
A B C A B C (c) n1/ 2 (d) n1/ 4
(a) 1 4 3 (b) 2 4 3
(c) 2 1 3 (d) 4 3 2 Direction (Q. Nos. 21-27) Each of these questions
14 The anode voltage of a photocells kept fixed. The contains two statements : Statement I and Statement II.
wavelength λ of the light falling on the cathode is Each of these questions also has four alternative choices,
gradually changed. The plate current I of photocell varies only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select
as follows one of the codes (a), (b), (c), (d) given below.
I I (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
the correct explanation for Statement I
(a) (b) (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
not the correct explanation for Statement I
λ λ (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
I I (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
21 Statement I As intensity of incident light (in photoelectric
(c) (d) effect) increases, the number of photoelectrons emitted
per unit time increases.
λ λ Statement II More intensity of light means more energy
15 de-Broglie wavelength of an electron accelerated by a per unit area per unit time.
voltage of 50V is close to (e = 1.6 × 10−19 C, 22 Statement I The relative velocity of two photons travelling
. × 10−31kg, h = 6.6 × 10−34 J-s).
me = 91 in opposite directions is the velocity of light.
° °
(a) 0.5 A (b) 1.7A Statement II The rest mass of photon is zero.
° °
(c) 2.4 A (d) 1.2 A 23 Statement I Work function of copper is greater than the
16 Photons of an electromagnetic radiation has an energy work function of sodium but both have same value of
11keV each. To which region of electromagnetic threshold frequency and threshold wavelength.
spectrum does it belong? Statement II The frequency is inversely proportional to
(a) X-ray region (b) Ultraviolet region wavelength.
(c) Infrared region (d) Visible region
24 Statement I The de-Broglie wavelength of a molecules frequency incident on the surface is doubled, both the
varies inversely as the square root of temperature. Kmax and V0 are also doubled.
Statement II The root mean square velocity of molecule Statement II The maximum kinetic energy and the
depends on the temperature. stopping potential of photoelectrons emitted from a surface
are linearly dependent on the frequency of incident light.
25 Statement I Davisson-Germer experiment established
the wave nature of electrons. 27 Statement I When ultraviolet light is incident on a
Statement II If electrons have wave nature, they can photocell, its stopping potential isV0 and the maximum
interfere and show diffraction. kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is Kmax . When the
ultraviolet light is replaced by X-rays, bothV0 and Kmax
26 Statement I A metallic surface is irradiated by a
increase.
monochromatic light of frequency ν > ν 0 (the threshold
frequency). The maximum kinetic energy and the Statement II Photoelectrons are emitted with speeds
ranging from zero to a maximum value because of the
stopping potential are Kmax and V0, respectively. If the
range of frequencies present in the incident light.

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 2

PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 An electron of mass m and charge e are initially at rest. It 6 The graph between 1 / λ and stopping potential (V) of
gets accelerated by a constant electric field E. The rate three metals having work functions φ1 , φ 2 and φ 3 in an
of change of de-Broglie wavelength of this electron at experiment of photoelectric effect is plotted as shown in
time t is the figure. Which of the following statement (s) is/are
−h −nh −h −eht correct? (Here, λ is the wavelength of the incident ray)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
eE t 2 eE t 2 eE E
V
2 When a surface 1cm thick is illuminated with light of
Metal 1 Metal 2 Metal 3
wavelength λ, the stopping potential is V0, but when the
same surface is illuminated by light of wavelength 3λ,
the stopping potential is V0 / 6, the threshold wavelength
for metallic surface is θ nm–1
0.001 0.002 0.004 1/λ
(a) 4λ (b) 5λ (c) 3λ (d) 2λ
3 A photocell with a constant potential difference of V volt (a) Ratio of work function φ1: φ2 : φ3 = 1: 2 : 4
across it is illuminated by a point source from a distance (b) Ratio of work function φ1: φ2 : φ3 = 4 : 2 :1
of 25 cm. When the source is moved to a distance of 1m, (c) tan θ is directly proportional to hc / e where, h is Planck’s
constant and c is speed of light
the electrons emitted by the photocell
(d) The violet colour light can eject photoelectrons from
(a) carry 1/4th their previous energy
metal 2 and 3
(b) are 1/16th as numerous as before
(c) are 1/4th as numerous as before 7 Electrons are accelerated through a potential difference
(d) carry 1/4th their previous momentum V0 and protons are accelerated through a potential
4 Consider a metal exposed to light of wavelength 600 nm. difference 4V. The de-Broglie wavelength are λ e and λ p
The maximum energy of the electron doubles when light for electrons and protons respectively.
of wavelength 400 nm is used. Find the work function in eV. λe
The ratio of is given by (Given, me is mass of
(a) 2.83 eV (b) 2 eV (c) 1.02 eV (d) 3.42 eV λp
5 A metallic surface is illuminated with monochromatic light electrons and mp is mass of proton).
of wavelength λ, the stopping potential for photoelectric
λe mp λe me
current is 3V0 and when the same surface is illuminated (a) = (b) =
λp me λp mp
with light of wavelength 2λ, the stopping potential is V0.
The threshold wavelength of this surface for photoelectric λe 1 me λe mp
(c) = (d) =2
effect is λ p 2 mp λp me
(a) 4λ /3 (b) 6λ (c) 8λ (d) 4λ
 8 An electron from various excited states of hydrogen atom 10 A particle A of mass m and initial velocity v collides with a
emit radiation to come to the ground state. Let λ n , λ g be particle B of mass
m
which is at rest. The collision is
the de-Broglie wavelength of the electron in the nth state 2
and the ground state, respectively. Let Λn be the head on, and elastic. The ratio of the de-Broglie
wavelength of the emitted photon in the transition from wavelengths λ A to λ B after the collision is
the nth state to the ground state. For large n, (A, B are λA λA 2 λA 1 λA 1
(a) =2 (b) = (c) = (d) =
constants) λB λB 3 λB 2 λB 3
B
(a) Λn ≈ A + (b) Λn ≈ A + Bλ2n 11 Radiation of wavelength λ is incident on a photocell. The
λ2n fastest emitted electron has speed v. If the wavelength is
(c) Λ2n ≈ A + Bλ2n (d) Λ2n ≈ λ changed to 3λ / 4, the speed of the fastest emitted
9 An electron beam is accelerated by a potential difference electron will be
1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
(a) > v   (b) < v   (c) = v   (d) = v  
V to hit a metallic target to produce X-rays. It produces 4 4 4 3
continuous as well as characteristic X-rays. If λ min is the  3  3  3  4
smallest possible wavelength of X-rays in the spectrum, 12 The radiation corresponding to 3 → 2 transition of
the variation of log λ min with logV is correctly represented hydrogen atom falls on a metal surface to produce
in photoelectrons. These electrons are made to enter a
magnetic field of 3 × 10−4 T. If the radius of the largest
circular path followed by these electrons is 10.0 mm, the
logλmin

logλmin

(a) (b)
work function of the metal is close to
(a) 1.8 eV (b) 1.1 eV (c) 0.8 eV (d) 1.6 eV
log V log V
13 The surface of a metal is illuminated with the light of
400 nm. The kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectrons
logλmin

logλmin

(c) (d) was found to be 1.68 eV. The work function of the metal
is (hc = 1240 eV-nm)
log V log V
(a) 3.09 eV (b) 1.42 eV (c) 151 eV (d) 1.68 eV

ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (a) 2 (c) 3 (a) 4 (b) 5 (c,d) 6 (d) 7 (c) 8 (b) 9 (a) 10 (d)
11 (c) 12 (a) 13 (c) 14 (d) 15 (b) 16 (b) 17 (a) 18 (b) 19 (a) 20 (c)
21 (a) 22 (b) 23 (d) 24 (b) 25 (a) 26 (d) 27 (d)

SESSION 2 1 (a) 2 (b) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (a,c) 7 (d) 8 (a) 9 (d) 10 (a)
11 (a) 12 (b) 13 (b)

Hints and Explanations

SESSION 1 6. 63 × 3 3 Intensity A = Intensity B
= × 10−18
59
1 4 × 10 = 10 × hf
3 20
The number of photons of beam A = n A
Light energy produced per second
4 × 103 90 The number of photons of beam B = n B
f = E = × 10
1020 × 6.023 × 10−34 100 According to question, n A = 2n B
f = 6.64 × 1016 Hz =9W Let ν A be the frequency of beam A and
E ν B be the frequency of beam B.
The obtained frequency lies in the band Number of photons emitted per sec =
E1 ∴ Intensity ∝ Energy of photons
of X-rays. I ∝ (hν) × Number of photons
9 × 59
= I A n Aν A
2 Energy of photon, 6. 63 × 3 × 10−18 ∴ =
hc 6. 63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108 IB nBνB
E1 = = = 2.67 × 1019 = 0.267 × 10 20
λ 590 × 10−9
 According to question, I A = I B 14 As λ is increased, there will be a value 21 From quantum theory of light, as
ν n 1 of λ above which photoelectron will be intensity of light increases means
∴ n Aν A = n B ν B ⇒ A = B =
νB nA 2 cease to come out, so photocurrent will number of photons/area/time increases
So, νB = 2 ν A becomes zero. and hence more photons take part in
ejecting the photoelectron, thus
4 Sensitivity of eye = energy detected per 15 de-Broglie wavelength is, increasing the number of
square meter h h photoelectrons.
λ= = = 1 .7 Å
5 × 104 × 6.6 × 10−34 × 3 × 108 mv 2mqV
= 22 Velocity of first photon = u = c
500 × 10−9 hc
16 As, E = Velocity of second photon = v = − c
= 0.2 × 10−13 Wm −2 λ Now relative velocity of first photon
The sensitivity of ear = 1 × 10−13 Wm −2 hc 6.6 × 10−34 × 3 × 108 with respect to second photon
and λ = = u−v c − (− c )
Thus, the sensitivity of eye is five times E 11 × 1 . 6 × 10−19 = =
uv c × (− c )
more than that of the ear. = 1.125 × 10−7 m 1− 2 1−
c c2
5 For photo emission to take place, Hence, UV region.
=
2c
wavelength of incident light should be c2
less than the threshold wavelength of
17 de-Broglie wavelength is 1+ 2
h h c
ultraviolet light < 5200 Å while that of λ= =
mv 2mE 2c 2c
infrared radiations > 5200Å. = = =c
But E = eV 1+ 1 2
 
6 E k = hc − hc = hc  λ 0 − λ  λ=
h
⇒V =
h2 Also, the rest of mass of photon is zero.
λ λ0 λ
 0  λ 2 meV 2meλ2
23 When work function of copper is greater
7 As we know, (6.62 × 10−34 )2 than the work function of sodium,then
V =
eV 0 = h (ν − ν 0 ) and hν = KE + W 0 (0.5 × 10−10 )2 × 2 × 91
. φCu > φ Na
So, A → 2, B → 1,C → 3 × 10−31 × 1.6 × 10−19 (hνo )Cu > ( hνo ) Na …(i)
⇒ V = 601.98 V ≈ 602 V c
8 By changing distance the intensity But we know that, νo =
changes but frequency remains same, so 18 As, λ1 = h
, λ2 =
hc λc
stopping potential remains same. 2m pE E
Hence, Eq. (i), becomes
9 Threshold voltage for a and b is same λ1 h / 2m pE E  hc   hc 
∴ = =   >  (λo ) Na > ( λo )Cu
and it depends on frequency. So, f a = fb . λ2 hc / E 2m pe 2  λo  Cu  λo  Na
Photo current of a and b are unequal λ1 λ
and photo current depends on intensity. ⇒ ∝ E ⇒ 1 ∝ E 1 /2 24 de-Broglie wavelength associated with
λ2 λ2 gas molecules varies
So, I a ≠ Ib
1
19 Here, v = v o i B = Bo j λ∝
10 eV 0 = hc − W 0 and eV ′ = hc − W 0 T
λ0 2λ 0 Force on moving electron due to
magnetic field is Also, root mean square velocity of gas
Subtracting them, we have
hc  1 hc F = − e (v × B) = − e [v o i × Bo j] molecules is v rms =
3RT
.
e (V 0 − V ′ ) = 1−  = = − e v o Bo k
λ 0  2  2λ 0 M
hc As this force is perpendicular to v and
or V ′ = V0 − 25 Davisson and Germer experimentally
2 eλ 0 B, so the magnitude of v will not change
established wave nature of electron by
i.e. momentum (mv) will remain
observing diffraction pattern while
11 We have, eV 0 = hc − φ ⇒ V 0 = hc − φ constant is magnitude. Hence,
bombarding electrons on Ni crystal.
λ eλ e de-Broglie wavelength λ = h / mv
V 0 = mx + c remains constant. 26 Maximum kinetic energy (KE) max is
20 As, 2 πr = nλ ⇒ r = nλ given by (KE) max = hν − hν 0.
Q Data is not sufficient.
hc 2π
−φ When frequency is increased (KE) max
1 Q λ h
12 As, = Now, de-Broglie equation λ = will increase stopping potential is that
4 πε0 1 × 10−2 Q p negative voltage given to the anode at
h h nh which photocurrent stops, hence
⇒ Q = 5.5 × 10−13 C ⇒ mvn = = =
λ 2 πr n 2 πr n doubling frequency will not effect it, also
13 (A) Franck-Hertz experiments is n If ν′ = 2 ν
associated with discrete energy levels of Also, for charged particle moving in a ∴ K ′ max = eν′ 0 = h (2ν1 − ν 0 )
atom. magnetic field K ′ max = 2K max + hν 0
mv n nh ∴ K ′ max > 2 K max ⇒ ν′ 0 > 2 ν 0
(B) Photo-electric experiment is rn = =
associated with particle nature of light. qB (2πr n ) q B Hence, (KE) max and stopping potential
nh are linearly dependent on the frequency
(C) Davisson-Germer experiment is ⇒ r n2 =
associated with wave nature of electron. 2π q B of incident light.
∴ r n ∝ n1 /2
27 Since, the frequency of ultraviolet light 4 Given, wavelength 1 1 1
: : = 1 :2 : 4
is less than the frequency of X-rays, the λ1 = 600 nm = 600 × 10−9 m λ 01 λ 02 λ 03
energy of each incident photon will be Energy correspond to λ1 = E1 1
more for X-rays = 0.001 nm −1
Again, wavelength λ0
KE photoelectron = hν − φ λ2 = 400 nm = 400 × 10−9 m
°
Stopping potential is to stop the fastest Energy correspond to λ2 = E2 λ 0 = 10,000 A
photoelectron Let the work function of metal is φ. 1
hν φ = 0.002 nm −1
V0 = − According to question 2E1 = E2 λ 02
e e
 hc  hc
So, KE max and V 0 both increases. i.e. 2 − φ0  = − φ0 or λ 02 = 5000 A
°
λ
 1  λ2
But KE ranges from zero to KE max 1
because of loss of energy due to or
2 hc
−
hc
= 2φ 0 − φ 0 = 0.004 nm −1
λ1 λ2 λ 03
subsequent collisions before getting
ejected and not due to range of 2 1  °
− λ 03 = 2500 A
frequencies in the incident light. or hc   = φ0
 λ1 λ2 
°
φ 0 = 6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108 Violet colour has wavelength 4000A.
SESSION 2
  So, violet colour can eject
1 Here, the initial velocity is u = 0 2 1
 −9
− −9 
photoelectrons from metal 1 and
eE  600 × 10 400 × 10  metal 2.
Since, a = , v = ? at t = t
m 6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108  1 1 
eE or = 3 − 4 
7 We have, E = qV , we know that
So we get, using v = u + at = 0 + t 10−7  
1 2E
m
−19  4 − 3 
E = mv 2 ⇒ v =
h h h or = 6.63 × 3 × 10  12  J 2 m
This gives λ = = =  
mv m(eEt /m ) eEt h h
as, λ= =
6.63 × 3 × 10−19 mv 2E
The rate of change of de-Broglie = = 1.02 eV m
wavelength is 1.6 × 10−19 × 12 m
dλ h  −1  −h ⇒ λ=
h
= ×  = 5 According to the Einstein’s photoelectric …(i)
dt eE  t 2  eEt 2 effect 2mqV
h
2 From Einstein’s photoelectric equation, hν − hν 0 =
1
mv 2 = eV For electron, λe = …(ii)
we have 2 2me qV

1 1   hc hc  For protron λ p =
h
eV 0 = hc  − …(i) ⇒  −  = eV
  λ λ0  2mp qV
 λ λ0 
1 where, λ 0 = threshold wavelength. h
eV 0 1  ∴ λp =
= hc  −  …(ii)
Now for the first case, 2mp q ⋅ 4V
6  3λ λ 0 
hc hc (Q V = 4 V) …(iii)
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get − = e (3V 0 ) …(i)
λ λ0 On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (iii), we get
1 1 
 − 
 λ λ0  For the second case, λe mp
6= hc hc =2
 1 1  − = e (V 0 ) …(ii) λp me
 −  2λ λ0
 3λ λ 0  8 If wavelength of n
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq.(ii), we get
6 6 1 1 1 5 emitted photon in
− = − ⇒ = 1 1 
<

n
3λ λ 0 λ λ 0 λ λ0 hc  −  de-excitation is
 λ λ0  3eV 0 1
λ0 = Λn;
⇒ = 5 ⇒ λ 0 = 5λ  1 1  eV 0
λ hc  −  hc
Then, = En − Eg
 2λ λ 0  Λn
3 Photoelectric current I is directly λ0 − λ
proportional to intensity of light and hc p2 p2g  p2 
λλ 0 3eV 0 = n − Q E = 
intensity ∝
1 ⇒ = Λ n 2m 2m  2m 
λ 0 − 2λ eV 0
(distance)2
2λ ⋅ λ 0 As energies are negative, we get
1
I ∝ 2
p2g  p  
2
λ 0 = 4λ p2g p2
1−  n 
r hc
= − n =
1 Λ n 2m 2m 2m   p  
 g 
I25 ∝ …(i) 6 From the relation, 
(25)2 hc  hc  1 φ h2  λg 
2
1 eV = − φ or V =   − = 1 − 2  [Q p ∝ λ−1 , p = ]
h
I100 ∝ [1 m = 100 cm]…(ii) λ  e λ e
(100)2 2mλ2g  λ n  λ
This is the equation of straight line −1
I25 (100)2 I 2mλ2g c  λ2 
∴ = = 16 ⇒ I100 = 25 slope is tan θ = hc / e 1 − g 
I100 (25)2 16 ⇒ Λn =
hc hc hc h  λ2n 
φ1 : φ2 : φ3 = : :
λ 01 λ 02 λ 03
 2mλ2g c  λ2  vB − v A 12 When an electron moves in a circular
⇒ Λn = 1 + g  ∴1= ⇒ v = vB − v A K (ii)
h  λ2n 
v path, then
From Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), mv r 2e 2 B 2 m2 v 2
[Q (1 − x )− n = 1 + nx] v 4v Radius, r = ⇒ =
vA = and v B = eB 2 2
B 3 3 (mv )2 r 2e 2 B 2
⇒ Λn ~
− A+ KE max = ⇒ = (KE )max
λ2n  h 
  2m 2m
 2mcλ2g  λ  mV A 
Hence, A = Work function of the metal (W),
where, A =   and B λB  h 
 h    i.e. W = hν − KE max
 m 
 . V  r 2e 2 B 2 1
 2mcλ4g  
 2
B
 1.89 − φ = eV

=  are constants. 2m 2
 h  VB 4/3 r 2eB 2
= = =2 = eV
hc 2V A 2 / 3 2m
9 λ min = [hν → 1.89 eV, for the transition on
eV
11 According to Einstein’s photoelectric from third to second orbit of H-atom]
 hc  emission of light, E = (KE) max + φ
log (λ min ) = log   − log V 100 × 10−6 × 1.6 × 10−19 × 9 × 10−8
 e  hc =
As, = (KE ) max + φ 2 × 91 . × 10−31
y = c − mx λ 1.6 × 9
So, the required graph is given in If the wavelength of radiation is changed φ = 1.89 −
option (d). 3λ 2 × 91.
to , then = 1.89 − 0.79 = 1.1 eV
10 For elastic collision, 4
4 hc  4 φ 13 Q KE max = eV 0
p before collision = pafter collision . ⇒ =  (KE ) max +  + φ
3 λ 3 3 1
mv = mv A +
m
vB ⇒ mv 2 = eV 0 = 1.68 eV
2 For fastest emitted electron, 2
1 hc 1240 eV -nm
2v = 2v A + v B K (i) (KE ) max. = mv ′ 2 + φ ⇒ hν = = = 3.1 eV
Now, coefficient of restitution, 2 λ 400 nm
v − vA 1 41  φ ⇒ 3.1 eV = W 0 + 1.68 eV
e = B ⇒ mv ′2 =  mv 2  +
uA − vB 2 3 2  3 [From Einstein equation, E = W 0 + K max ]
 4
1 /2 W 0 = 1.42 eV
Here, u B = 0 (Particle at rest) and for i.e. v′ > v 
elastic collision e = 1  3