Department of Municipal Affairs and Transport

PO Box 20
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

© Copyright 2016, by the Department of Municipal Affairs and Transport. All Rights Reserved.
This document, or parts there of, may not be reproduced in any form without written permission of
the publisher.
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
PART-2: GROUND INVESTIGATION AND GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. iv
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ iv
Glossary ....................................................................................................................................... vi
Abbreviations and Acronyms ..................................................................................................... ix
Nomenclature and Symbols ........................................................................................................ xi
1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Overview........................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Purpose and scope ........................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Application of this manual ................................................................................................. 1
1.4 Content and format ........................................................................................................... 2
2 ABU DHABI GEOLOGY AND GEOTECHNICAL HAZARDS .................................................. 3
2.1 Overview........................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Geology of the Region ...................................................................................................... 3
2.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3
2.2.2 Solid geology ............................................................................................................. 3
2.2.3 Superficial geology .................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Characteristics of Abu Dhabi strata ................................................................................... 7
2.3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 7
2.3.2 Aeolian sands ............................................................................................................ 7
2.3.3 Sabkha ...................................................................................................................... 8
2.3.4 Lagoonal muds .......................................................................................................... 9
2.3.5 Fluvial sands/gravels ................................................................................................. 9
2.3.6 Bedrocks.................................................................................................................... 9
3 PRELIMINARY SOURCES STUDY ....................................................................................... 13
3.1 Overview......................................................................................................................... 13
3.2 Scope of preliminary sources study ................................................................................ 13
4 GROUND INVESTIGATION PLANNING ............................................................................... 14
4.1 Overview......................................................................................................................... 14
4.2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 14
4.3 Ground investigations proposals ..................................................................................... 16
4.3.1 Phasing of ground investigation ............................................................................... 16
4.3.2 Guidelines for overall coverage of exploratory holes spacings and depths............... 17
4.4 Soils and rocks sampling and testing to obtain engineering parameters for use in
geotechnical design ................................................................................................................... 27

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4.4.1 General.................................................................................................................... 27
4.4.2 Difficulties in parameter determination ..................................................................... 31
4.5 Guidelines for engineering parameters typically required ................................................ 36
4.6 Laboratory tests for determining soils, groundwater and rock properties and engineering
parameters ................................................................................................................................ 41
4.6.1 Soils and groundwater ............................................................................................. 41
4.6.2 Rock ........................................................................................................................ 48
5 GROUND INVESTIGATION PROCUREMENT ...................................................................... 51
5.1 Overview......................................................................................................................... 51
5.2 Procurement of a ground investigation company ............................................................ 51
5.2.1 Quality of ground investigation personnel ................................................................ 52
5.2.2 Laboratory quality .................................................................................................... 53
5.3 Specification and bill of quantities ................................................................................... 54
5.4 Specification of ground investigation of contaminated land ............................................. 54
5.5 Ground investigation company performance ................................................................... 57
6 IN SITU TESTING AND ITS INTERPRETATION................................................................... 58
6.1 Overview......................................................................................................................... 58
6.2 Standard penetration testing ........................................................................................... 58
6.2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 58
6.2.2 Influence of different practices and equipment on SPT results ................................. 58
6.2.3 Corrections applied to SPT results ........................................................................... 60
6.2.4 Engineering parameters and direct design methods ................................................ 62
6.3 Cone penetration testing ................................................................................................. 64
6.3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 64
6.3.2 Test methods ........................................................................................................... 65
6.3.3 Factors that can affect CPT results .......................................................................... 65
6.3.4 Presentation of results ............................................................................................. 66
6.3.5 Soils characteristics, engineering parameters, direct design methods and other
applications ............................................................................................................................ 68
6.4 In situ density tests ......................................................................................................... 71
6.5 Geophysical surveys ....................................................................................................... 71
6.5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 71
6.5.2 Planning .................................................................................................................. 72
6.5.3 Procurement of geophysical survey work ................................................................. 78
7 GROUND INVESTIGATION REPORTING ............................................................................ 81
7.1 Description of soils and rocks, borehole and trial pit records ........................................... 81

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7.2 Laboratory test reporting ................................................................................................. 81

7.3 Electronic transfer of geotechnical data .......................................................................... 81
8 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN.................................................................................................... 82
8.1 Seismic loading............................................................................................................... 82
8.2 Interpretative ground model ............................................................................................ 86
8.3 Selection of geotechnical design parameters .................................................................. 86
8.4 Geotechnical design ....................................................................................................... 88
9 GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS OF ROAD PAVEMENTS ........................................................ 93
9.1 Overview......................................................................................................................... 93
9.2 Pavement investigation and assessment ........................................................................ 93
9.2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 93
9.2.2 Visual condition survey ............................................................................................ 93
9.2.3 Trial pits through the pavement layer ....................................................................... 94
9.2.4 Asphalt cores ........................................................................................................... 94
9.2.5 Dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) ......................................................................... 95
9.2.6 Ground penetrating radar (GPR) .............................................................................. 96
9.2.7 Laboratory testing .................................................................................................... 97
9.2.8 Testing pavement “strength” .................................................................................... 97
9.3 Subgrade investigation and assessment ......................................................................... 97
Cited References......................................................................................................................... 99
Other References ...................................................................................................................... 109
Appendix A: Geological map, litho-stratigraphical section and tectonic setting maps ....... 111
Appendix B: Abu Dhabi soils and rock strata typical geotechnical hazards and risks ....... 117
Appendix C: Preliminary sources study.................................................................................. 121
Appendix D: Example template evaluation sheets for ground investigation companies .... 128
Appendix E: Template bill of quantities for ground investigation ......................................... 138
Appendix F: SPT corrections spreadsheet template .............................................................. 169
Appendix G: Cone penetration testing .................................................................................... 171
Appendix H: Borehole geophysical techniques ..................................................................... 174
Appendix I: Example exploratory hole record ........................................................................ 178
Appendix J: Example reporting forms for soils and rock laboratory tests ........................... 181
Appendix K: Example geological profiles ............................................................................... 305
Appendix L: International Standards - Limit state geotechnical design ............................... 307

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Cone penetrometer components ............................................................................... 65
Figure 2: Refraction methodology (from Wightman et al (2003)(116)) .................................... 75
Figure 3: Example of moderately conservative and worst credible values and parameters . 88
Figure 4: Example dynamic cone penetration test ................................................................... 96

Figure A1: Geological Map of the United Arab Emirates (Huntington Geology & Geophysics
Ltd, 1979(1))............................................................................................................................... 112
Figure A2: Abu Dhabi litho-stratigraphy (Alsharhan (2008)(2)) ............................................. 113
Figure A3: Tectonic setting of the Arabian plate (Aldama et al (138)) ................................... 114
Figure A4: Maximum considered earthquake ground motion for the United Arab Emirates of
0.2s (Ss) spectral response acceleration (5% of critical damping), Site class B (Abu Dhabi
Guide to the Use of International Building Codes, (149)) ....................................................... 115
Figure A5: Maximum considered earthquake ground motion for the United Arab Emirates of
1.0s (S1) spectral response acceleration (5% of critical damping), Site class B (Abu Dhabi
Guide to the Use of International Building Codes (149)) ........................................................ 116

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Abu Dhabi main soils and bedrock strata units ........................................................... 7
Table 2: Guidelines for overall exploratory holes spacings for detailed design .................... 19
Table 3: Guidelines for exploratory holes depths .................................................................... 23
Table 4: Soils properties/engineering parameters, symbols and units................................... 28
Table 5: Rock properties/engineering parameters, symbols and units .................................. 30
Table 6: Quality classification for soil samples ........................................................................ 32
Table 7: Sampling techniques for Abu Dhabi soils .................................................................. 32
Table 8: Guidelines on the minimum number of samples to be tested for particular soils
laboratory tests ........................................................................................................................... 34
Table 9: Guidelines on the minimum number of samples to be tested for particular rock
laboratory tests ........................................................................................................................... 35
Table 10: Engineering parameters commonly required for design and to be considered in
planning a ground investigation ................................................................................................ 37
Table 11: Soil properties and engineering parameters commonly determined from
laboratory tests for Abu Dhabi road projects ........................................................................... 42
Table 12: Soil properties and engineering parameters occasionally determined from
laboratory tests for Abu Dhabi road projects ........................................................................... 44
Table 13: Groundwater properties commonly determined from laboratory tests for Abu
Dhabi road projects .................................................................................................................... 47
Table 14: Rock properties and engineering parameters commonly determined from
laboratory tests for Abu Dhabi road projects ........................................................................... 49
Table 15: Rock properties and engineering parameters occasionally determined from
laboratory tests for Abu Dhabi road projects ........................................................................... 50
Table 16: Site categorisation in relation to the ground investigation of landfills and
contaminated land (after UK Site Investigation Steering Group (1993)(93)) ........................... 56
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Table 17: Correction factors in sands for rod length ............................................................... 61

Table 18: Correction factors CN for vertical effective stress (σv’) owing to overburden of the
soils ............................................................................................................................................. 62
Table 19: Engineering parameters commonly derived from SPT results ............................... 63
Table 20: Soil characteristics and engineering parameters commonly derived from CPT
results .......................................................................................................................................... 69
Table 21: Tests commonly undertaken for Abu Dhabi road projects for determining the in
situ density of soils .................................................................................................................... 71
Table 22: Summary of geophysical survey techniques and their application ........................ 73
Table 23: Summary of uses and limitations of frequently used seismic methods ................. 76
Table 24: Summary of seismic hazard studies results for Abu Dhabi at various return
periods......................................................................................................................................... 83
Table 25: Seismic design parameters for Site Class B for use in seismic design according to
IBC (Abu Dhabi Guide to the Use of International Building Codes (149)) ............................... 84
Table 26: International Standards and references commonly used for geotechnical design 90
Table 27: Abu Dhabi design guidelines for use in geotechnical design in Abu Dhabi road
projects ........................................................................................................................................ 92

Table B1: Abu Dhabi typical geotechnical hazards and risks ............................................... 118

Table C1: General information required for a preliminary sources study ............................ 122
Table C2: Sources of information for a preliminary sources study ...................................... 124
Table C3: Notes on site reconnaissance ................................................................................. 126

Table D1: Example template technical evaluation sheet for Ground Investigation Companies
................................................................................................................................................... 129
Table D2: Example template health and safety questionnaire ............................................... 136

Table F1: SPT corrections spreadsheet template ................................................................... 170

Table G1: Summary of typical checks and recalibrations to be made for CPT .................... 172
Table G2: Check list for information required for CPT to check data quality ....................... 173

Table H1: Tools and methods for subsurface investigations ................................................ 175
Table H2: Geophysical methods and techniques for logging boreholes .............................. 176
Table H3: Borehole logs and their applications and limitations ............................................ 177

Table L1: International Standards – Limit state geotechnical design ................................... 308

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GLOSSARY
Borehole: A general term for a small diameter hole sunk in the ground, usually vertically but
occasionally may be horizontal or inclined, to recover samples of soil and rock strata and
groundwater and to carry out tests to establish the properties of the strata.

Characteristic value parameters: Soil parameters which are defined as being a cautious
estimate of the value affecting the occurrence of the limit. This is analogous to moderately
conservative parameters.

Cone penetration test: The cone penetration test, often referred to as CPT, is an in situ test to
determine the geotechnical engineering properties of soils and to delineate soil stratigraphy. The
test method consists of pushing an instrumented cone, with the tip facing down, into the ground at
a controlled rate.

Earthwork: Work of excavating or raising of ground.

Exploratory holes: A general term for boreholes, sunk by various means including cable
percussion and rotary coring and rotary open holing, trial pits and trial trenches.

Geophysical Survey Company: A specialist contractor who carry out geophysical survey work.

Geotechnical design: The use of scientific principles, technical information and thought in the
definition of the ground engineering aspects a structure, earthwork or system to perform pre-
specified functions with the maximum economy and efficiency.

Geotechnical engineering: The application of sciences of soils and rock mechanics and
engineering geology in building, civil engineering construction and the protection of the
environment.

Geotechnical hazard: Unfavourable ground and or groundwater conditions that may pose a risk to
construction or of adverse performance of completed works.

Geotechnical practitioner: A person specialising in geotechnical engineering or engineering

geology.

Geotechnical risk: The risk posed to construction or to appropriate function of completed works
by the ground or groundwater conditions at a site.

Geotechnical risk register: A live and continuously updated table or spreadsheet that provides an
up to date register of the project geotechnical risks. The register usually contains a description of
the risk, an assessment of its likelihood and consequences, proposed mitigation measures and
owners.

Ground investigation: The process by which geological, geotechnical and other relevant
information is obtained for a project.

Ground Investigation Company: A company that specialises in the likes of borehole drilling, soils
and rock in situ and laboratory testing.

Ground Investigation Factual Report: The report that presents the results of a ground
investigation. The report will normally include the records of borehole and trial pits, soils and rock
in situ and laboratory testing.
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Ground model: A conceptual model based on the geology and morphology of the site, and used
to speculate on likely ground and groundwater conditions and their variability.

Groundwater: Water that is present under the earth’s surface. Groundwater that is situated below
the surface of the land, irrespective of its source and transient status. Saturated soils having high
groundwater elevations within the foundations and landscaped areas of road pavements require
special under drain removal systems.

Likelihood: The probability of a risk occurring.

Liquefaction: The process by which typically saturated unconsolidated sediments are transformed
into a substance that acts like a liquid.

Moderately conservative parameters: Engineering parameters which are the geotechnical

practitioner’s conservative best estimate.

Overseeing Organisation: The governmental or other body with overall responsibility for the
project.

Piezocone test: A cone penetration test where pore pressure measurement is also made.

Pile load capacity: The load that a pile can carry without failing, usually defined in terms of
ultimate capacity and capacity such that restricts movement within serviceability limits.

Porewater pressure: The pressure of groundwater held within a soil or rock, in gaps between the
particles (pores).

Preliminary sources study: An examination of all existing information concerning a site, such as
geological maps, previous borehole records, historic maps, aerial photograph, satellite imagery, to
assess ground conditions and previous land use.

Risk: The chance of something happening that will have an impact upon project objectives. Risk
components are the probability or likelihood of failing to achieve a particular outcome, and the
consequences and impacts of failing to achieve that outcome.

Road earthworks: A general term for any embankment, cutting that may be encountered in the
transportation system.

Road structures: A general term for any bridge, culvert, catch basin, drop inlet, retaining wall,
cribbing, manhole, endwall, building, sewer, service pipe, underdrain, foundation drain and similar
features, that may be encountered in the transportation system.

Seismic hazard: Unfavourable condition resulting from earthquake activity that may pose a risk to
construction or have an adverse affect on the performance of completed works.

Seismic loading: The application of an earthquake-generated load to a structure.

Standard penetration test: The standard penetration test, often referred to as SPT, is an in situ
dynamic penetration test designed to provide information on the geotechnical engineering
properties of a soil. Procedures for the test are described in British Standard BS EN ISO 22476-3:
2005 and ASTM D1586-08a.

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Trial pit: A general term for an excavation usually by machine, occasionally by small tools and
hand-dig to inspect and record the soil and rock strata conditions, any groundwater entry and to
recover strata samples.

Trial trench pit: A general term for an elongated excavation usually by machine to inspect and
record the soil and rock strata conditions, any groundwater entry and to recover strata samples.

Worst credible parameters: Engineering parameters which are the worst that the geotechnical
practitioner realistically believes might occur.

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
A2LA American Association for Laboratory Accreditation
AGS Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists
AS Aeolian sand
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BDA British Drilling Association
BP Before present
BRE Building Research Establishment
BS British Standard
CAD Computer aided drafting
CD Consolidated drained (triaxial test)
CIRIA Construction Industry Research and Information Association
CNIA Critical National Infrastructure Authority
CPT Cone penetration test
CPTU Cone penetration test with porewater pressure measurement
CU+PWP Consolidated undrained with porewater pressure measurement (triaxial test)
CV Curriculum vitae
DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (UK)
DPC Dynamic cone penetrometer
EHS Environment, health and safety
FGS Fluvial sand/gravel
GPR Ground penetrating Radar
H Horizontal
H&S Health and safety
IBC International Building Codes
ISSMFE International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering
ISRM International Society for Rock Mechanics
L Lagoonal mud
LRDF Load and resistance design factor
MASW Multichannel analysis of surface waves (related to geophysical survey)
NDT Non-destructive testing
OO Overseeing Organisation
PGA Peak ground acceleration
PPE Personal protection equipment
R Rock
S Sabkha
SASW Spectral analysis of surface waves (related to geophysical survey)

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SPT Standard penetration test

TRL Transport Research Laboratory
UAE United Arab Emirates
UBC Uniform Building Code
UK United Kingdom
UKAS United Kingdom Accreditation Service
US United States of America
UU Unconsolidated undrained (triaxial test)
V Vertical

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NOMENCLATURE AND SYMBOLS

Symbol Units Property/engineering parameters
2
c’ kPa (kN/m )* Drained cohesion intercept
2
cr kPa (kN/m )* Remoulded shear strength
2
c r’ kPa (kN/m )* Drained residual cohesion intercept
2
c’crit kPa (kN/m )* Critical state cohesion intercept (usually zero)

CN - Correction factor related to SPT rod length

2
cu kPa (kN/m )* Undrained shear strength
2
cv m /yr Coefficient of consolidation (one dimensional)

CaCO3 % Carbonate content (total)

CBR % California Bearing Ratio

Cl %, mg/l Chloride (total, water soluble)

Dr - Relative density

Ip % Plasticity index (PI)

E MPa Young’s modulus of elasticity

2
E’ MPa (MN/m )* Young’s modulus of elasticity (drained)

Eh mV Redox potential
2
E’0.01 & MPa (MN/m )* Young’s modulus of elasticity (small strain)
Es
2
Eu MPa (MN/m )* Young’s modulus of elasticity (undrained)

Er - Energy ratio of SPT hammer

fs MPa Sleeve friction- cone penetration test

2
G MPa (MN/m )* Shear modulus
2
Gmax MPa (MN/m )* Very low strain shear modulus

Gs MPa Shear modulus (small strain/initial modulus)

3
γ Mg/m Bulk density/Mass density

I - Point load index, axial (Ia), diametral (ld), lump (Il)

ID - Density index

j - Mass factor j

k m/s Coefficient of permeability, horizontal (kh), vertical (kv) as appropriate

Ko - Coefficient of earth pressure at rest

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Symbol Units Property/engineering parameters

3
ks kN/m Modulus of subgrade reaction

LL % Liquid limit (wI)

m - Rock material constant

2
mv m /MN Coefficient of volume compressibility (one dimensional)

n % Porosity

N - Standard Penetration Test (SPT) blow count (uncorrected)

N60 - SPT blow count corrected to a standard energy ratio of 60% of the
theoretical free-fall hammer energy (and rod length where
appropriate)

(N1)60 - SPT blow count corrected to a standard energy ratio of 60% of the
theoretical free-fall hammer energy (and rod length where
appropriate) and the effective overburden pressure

OCR - Overconsolidation ratio

PI % Plasticity index

PL % Plastic limit (wp)

PSD - Particle size distribution

qc MPa Cone resistance - cone penetration test

RMR - Rock mass rating

rs Ohms.m Apparent resistivity

s - Rock material constant

SO4 %, mg/l Sulphate (total, water soluble)

2
u kN/m Porewater pressure

UCS MPa Uniaxial compressive strength

ν - Poisson’s ratio

ν’ - Drained Poisson’s ratio

νu - Undrained Poisson’s ratio

w % Moisture content

wI % Liquid limit (LL)

wp % Plastic limit (PL)

3
γd Mg/m Dry density
3
γdmax Mg/m Maximum dry density
3
γdmin Mg/m Minimum dry density

λ - Correction factor related to SPT rod length

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Symbol Units Property/engineering parameters

3
ρs Mg/m Particle density
2
σh kPa (kN/m )* In situ horizontal stress
2
σv kPa (kN/m )* In situ vertical stress

’ degrees Peak drained (effective stress) angle of shear resistance

’crit degrees Critical state drained (effective stress) angle of shear resistance

r’ degrees Residual drained (effective stress) angle of shear resistance

Notes:
* Units in brackets also commonly used.

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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
In 2010, the Abu Dhabi Department of Transport commenced with the “Unifying and Standardizing
of Road Engineering Practices” Project. The objective of the project was to enhance the
management, planning, design, construction, maintenance and operation of all roads and related
infrastructures in the Emirate and ensure a safe and uniform operational and structural capacity
throughout the road network.

To achieve this objective a set of standards, specifications, guidelines and manuals were
developed in consultation with all relevant authorities in the Abu Dhabi Emirate including the
Department of Municipal Affairs (DMA) and Urban Planning Council (UPC). In future, all authorities
or agencies involved in roads and road infrastructures in the Emirate shall exercise their functions
and responsibilities in accordance with these documents. The purpose, scope and applicability of
each document are clearly indicated in each document.

It is recognized that there are already published documents with similar objectives and contents
prepared by other authorities. Such related publications are mentioned in each new document and
are being superseded by the publication of the new document, except in cases where previously
published documents are recognized and referenced in the new document.

1.2 Purpose and scope

The Manual for Geotechnical Investigation and Geotechnical Design comprises two parts as
follows:

Part 1: Management of Geotechnical Risk. Part 1 of the Manual sets out the role of geotechnical
practitioners in managing the quality of geotechnical investigations, ground interpretation and also
in geotechnical design and geotechnical construction. Part 1 of the Manual also sets out the
procedure of Geotechnical Certification, which provides a clear and consistent framework for the
management of the geotechnical risk in a project throughout its lifetime. The format of the reports
and documents to be prepared and submitted to the Overseeing Organisation (OO) under
Geotechnical Certification as a project progresses is presented. The documents to be submitted
may include reports covering preliminary sources study, the planning of ground investigation
works, the interpretation of geotechnical investigations, geotechnical design and geotechnical
construction.

Part 2: Ground Investigation and Geotechnical Design. Part 2 of the Manual provides guidance on
Abu Dhabi soils and bedrock strata and the geotechnical hazards that they can present. It also
provides guidance on undertaking preliminary sources studies, the planning and procurement of
ground investigations and on in situ and laboratory testing and geotechnical design.

1.3 Application of this manual

The Geotechnical Certification procedure set out in the Part 1 of the Manual: Managing
Geotechnical Risk is mandatory for all Abu Dhabi Department of Transport – Main Roads Projects.
Other authorities may adopt the procedure as they require.

Where a third party development is proposed immediately adjacent to, under or over a road for
which Abu Dhabi Department of Transport is responsible then Abu Dhabi Department of Transport

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acceptance of the scheme aspects impacting on the road will be required. In such cases the third
party developer shall follow the Geotechnical Certification procedure to ensure that there is
appropriate quality management of the geotechnical risks that could impact on the road.

Part 2 of the Manual: Ground Investigation and Geotechnical Design provides guidance for the
geotechnical practitioner engaged on Abu Dhabi road projects.

1.4 Content and format

The general content and layout of the Manual for Geotechnical Investigation and Geotechnical
Design is as follows:

Manual Part 1: Managing Geotechnical Risk

Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the Manual for Geotechnical Investigation and

Geotechnical Design. Chapter 2 describes the need for geotechnical practitioners in projects
and their general role. Chapter 2 also presents a categorisation of geotechnical practitioners
relative to their education, professional qualifications and industry experience to provide for the
appointment of appropriate staff to project roles and thereby promote quality of geotechnical
work. Chapters 3 to Chapter 7 inclusive set out the four Key Stages of the geotechnical
certification process to be followed to manage geotechnical risk on projects. The documents
required to be prepared and submitted under each Key Stage are described. Chapter 8
describes the preparation of a geotechnical risk register and the undertaking of geotechnical
risk analysis.

Manual Part 2: Ground Investigation and Geotechnical Design

Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the Manual for Geotechnical Investigation and

Geotechnical Design, which is common with Part 1 Chapter 1. Chapter 2 provides a description
of the geology of the Region, the characteristics of Abu Dhabi strata and the geotechnical
hazards and risks that are typical of Abu Dhabi Emirate. Chapter 3 describes the general scope
of the preliminary sources study that should be undertaken in the early stages of a project.
Chapter 4 provides guidance on the planning of ground investigation and Chapter 5 presents
advice on the procurement of a Ground Investigation Company. Chapter 6 describes in situ
testing best practice for standard penetration testing (SPT), cone penetration testing (CPT),
density and geophysical surveys, which are commonly undertaken in Abu Dhabi. Chapter 7
covers laboratory testing reporting and electronic transfer of geotechnical data. Chapter 8
provides guidance on standards to be used in geotechnical design and Chapter 9 presents
guidance on the geotechnical aspects of road pavements.

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2 ABU DHABI GEOLOGY AND GEOTECHNICAL

HAZARDS
2.1 Overview
This chapter provides a description of the geology of the Region, the characteristics of Abu Dhabi
strata and the typical geotechnical hazards that may be encountered in Abu Dhabi Emirate.

2.2 Geology of the Region

2.2.1 Introduction
The geology of Abu Dhabi is characterised by a classic carbonate-evaporite complex influenced by
the deposition of marine sediments associated with numerous sea level changes. Abu Dhabi is
relatively low lying with the exception of the mountainous area adjacent to Al Ain which marks the
boundary of the emirate with neighbouring Oman. The surface geology is dominated by aeolian
sand dunes reaching heights of 150m inland in the region of Liwa and with coastal areas
dominated by sabkha/evaporite deposits which extend more than 80km southwards into desert
areas. A copy of the Geological Map of the United Arab Emirates (Huntington Geology &
Geophysics Ltd (1979) (1)) is included as Figure A1 in Appendix A and the litho-stratigraphy of Abu
Dhabi (Alsharhan (2008) (2)) is included as Figure A2 in Appendix A. It is to be noted an updated
geological map of UAE is currently in preparation with the British Geological Survey.

2.2.2 Solid geology

Few rocks older than about 100 million years (Ma) crop out within the territory of Abu Dhabi. For
completeness, however, all the major solid geology formations from Cambrian to Recent are
described, as these may be encountered in some deeper investigations.

2.2.2.1 Palaeozoic (540 Ma to 250 Ma)

Throughout the Palaeozoic, Arabia was located south of the equator forming part of the mega-
continent Gondwana. The oldest rocks in Abu Dhabi that can be seen at the surface occur around
the various salt diapirs such as Jebel Dhanna in the west of the emirate and the offshore diapiric
islands (which includes Zirku island, Sir Bani Yas and Das Island). These older rocks, comprising
shales, dolomites, siltstones and volcanics (Alsharhan (2008) (2)) have been brought to the
surface as a by-product of the process of diapirism. Diapirism describes the effect of buoyant salt
deposits (in this case, salts of the Hormuz Formation) rising through the overlying rocks and
bringing fragments of buried rock upwards to the surface. The salt of the Hormuz Formation was
deposited some 540 Ma during the Cambrian-Precambrian period , by evaporation from a shallow
sea. As sediments were laid down over the Hormuz Salt, the salt, which is less dense than the
overlying rocks, and is incompressible, has risen to the surface, flowing through fractures and
faults in the rock.

Following the Hercynian Orogeny in the early Carboniferous, fine to medium grained cross bedded
quartzose sandstones of the Uanayzah Formation (previously termed the Pre Khuff Formation)
overlain by siltstone, mudstone and minor claystones were laid down under fluvial conditions. As
the climate warmed, a carbonate-evaporite environment developed and in the Mid-Late Permian
the Khuff Formation was laid down in a shallow marine environment. These deposits comprise a
complex sequence of bioclastic dolomite, limestone and anhydrite.
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2.2.2.2 Mesozoic (250 Ma to 65 Ma)

During the Upper Permian-Late Triassic the Arabian Shield was uplifted to the west and conditions
became more arid (Alsharhan (2008) (2)). During the Lower Triassic a near shore shallow marine
environment dominated, leading to the deposition of the Sudair Formation. The Sudair Formation
comprises an interbedded sequence of terrigeneous mudstones and dolomites. By the Mid-Triassic
the Jilh (Gulailah) Formation was deposited under sabkha conditions comprising anhydrite,
dolomite and mudstone with minor wackestone, packstone and grainstone. By the Late Triassic the
Minjur Formation was deposited in a fluvio-deltaic environment comprising quartz sandstone,
mudstones and thin coal seams progressing upwards into shale, sandstone and dolomitic
limestone.

Marine conditions continued throughout the Lower to Upper Jurassic, depositing the Marrat
Formation and Hamlah Formation, a sequence of wackestone, lime mudstone (limestone with less
than 10% grains in a mud-supported sediment) and quartzose sandstone; and the Izhara and Araej
Formations, an interbedded sequence of argillaceous mudstones, packstones and grainstones.
The formations of the Sila Group of the upper Jurassic are typically found in onshore areas of Abu
Dhabi, identified during drilling of wells. The formations of the Sila Group comprise: Tuwaiq
Mountain Formation, Dukhan Formation, Diyab Formation, Arab Formation, Qatar Formation, Hith
Formation and Asab Formation. The sedimentary rocks were deposited in a changing, gradually
shallowing marine environment, depositing mudstones, packstone, grainstone and calcareous
shales.

A rapid sea level rise in the area occurred during the Lower Cretaceous with the deposition of the
Habshan, Lekhwar, Kharaib and Shuaiba Formations; a sequence of lime mudstone, wackestone,
dolomite and dolomitic limestone. The Wasia Group of the Mid-Cretaceous is bounded above and
below by unconformities, comprising shale, mudstone, packstone, wackestone, grainstone and
limestone. The formations of the Wasia Group comprise: Nahr Umr Formation, Mauddud
Formation, Shilaif Formation and Mishrif Formation. The shales and marls of the Laffan Formation
(Upper Cretaceous) rest unconformably on the underlying Wasia Group. The overlying Halul
Formation and Fiqa Formation comprise interbedded calcareous shale, mudstone and limestone.
The Simsima Formation deposited over most of Abu Dhabi consists of packstone, wackestone and
dolomitic limestone with corals.

2.2.2.3 Palaeogene – Neogene (65 Ma to 2 Ma)

The Palaeogene rocks across Abu Dhabi comprise: the Umm Er Radhuma Formation, the Rus
Formation and the Dammam Formation consisting of shales, packstone, wackestone and
limestone.

Uplift and erosion occurred during the late Eocene-early Oligocene followed by marine
transgression leading to the deposition of the Oligocene Asmari Formation comprising dolomitic
limestone with thin interbeds of marls and calcareous mudstone (Alsharhan (2008) (2)). The
Oligocene Asmari Formation is overlain by the Gachsaran (Lower Fars) Formation comprising
anhydrite, dolomite and limestone and interbedded anhydrite, shales, marls and limestones

The sedimentary rocks of the Miocene were deposited during a period coinciding with a major fall
in sea level. The majority of the Miocene deposits are combined into a single geological Group, the
Fars Group, and this has been divided into Lower Fars, sometimes termed the Gacharan
Formation (about 20 Ma to 18 Ma, and the overlying Upper Fars. These units comprise a sequence
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of marls and mudstones, sandstone (calcarenite), limestone and evaporates (typically gypsum and
anhydrite) dipping gently to the south. A particular unit of the Upper Fars is the Barzaman unit that
contains a sequence of conglomerate deposits. The underlying Shuwaihat Formation (part of the
Upper Fars) crops out in western Abu Dhabi comprising evaporite deposits replaced upwards by
dune sand which are exposed on Shuwaihat Island and Jebel Dhanna and south of Sila (Glennie,
2007). The Baynunah Formation unconformably overlies the Shuwaihat Formation comprising
fluvial sands and gravels with abundant fossils including crocodiles, hippopotamus and turtles. The
Baynunah Formation forms small mesas found in the western region of Abu Dhabi.

2.2.3 Superficial geology

The Quaternary Period was marked by cycles of cooling and warming associated with ice ages
and inter-glacial periods in northern and southern climes and causing rises and falls in global sea
levels, influencing the climate and leading to the deposition of the superficial deposits seen across
Abu Dhabi. With the exception of small exposures of the underlying bedrock, Abu Dhabi is covered
by superficial deposits laid down during the Quaternary period. The Quaternary deposits
predominantly comprise:

 aeolian sands deposited during periods of lower sea levels, most notably during the last ice
age (20,000 years BP (before present)) when sea levels dropped 120m to 130m below
present levels;
 sabkha and fluvial deposits laid down during periods of marine transgression.

2.2.3.1 Aeolian sand

The surface of the interior of Abu Dhabi is dominated by aeolian dune sands occasionally
interrupted by interdune areas occupied by sabkha and gravel plains. The aeolian sands exhibit
several morphologies stretching from the coast, south to the Rub-al-Khali with the border of Saudi
Arabia and Oman. Mega dunes dominate the area around Liwa reaching up to 150m above
interdune sabkha areas. Smaller dunes occur in the south overlying alluvial fans that flank the
Oman mountains (Glennie (2007) (3)).

The aeolian sands vary in composition. Inland the sands consist predominately of siliclastic grains
(quartz, feldspar and lithic grains). Near the coast the sands consist mostly of calcium carbonate
derived from fragments of calcareous shells and corals. Carbonate dunes are known locally as
‘miliolite’ and can be seen along the Abu Dhabi – Al Ain Road and the Hameem Road. Miliolite are
often white in colour due to the carbonate content, further inland the dunes change from white to
red due to the a decrease in carbonate content and increase in quantities of iron oxide.

2.2.3.2 Sabkha
Sabkha are extensive salt flats underlain by sand, silt and clay that are often encrusted with salt
(halite). Sabkhas occur along the coast (coastal sabkha) and inland (inland sabkha) across the
surface of Abu Dhabi. The two main factors which control the formation of the sabkha are the
depth to water table and the effects of wind deflation.

Coastal sabkha

Coastal sabkha dominates the coastline from Abu Dhabi Island westwards to the Qatar Peninsula,
covering much of the islands south west and northeast of Abu Dhabi Island and extending up to
15km inland (Glennie (2001)(4))
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Coastal sabkha are extremely flat and are formed when the water table, which is saline, due to the
proximity of the sea, occurs at shallow depths within the capillary zone. The saline water
evaporates from the surface which then becomes saturated with halite to form a crust. Beneath the
crust calcium sulphate (CaSO4) becomes concentrated forming a mush of gypsum crystals. As
ground temperatures rise, water of crystallisation is driven from the gypsum crystals to form
anhydrite. Active coastal sabkhas also feature a mat of thin black algae. Most of the time the
surface is dry and cracked however, during spring tides and during storm events sea water
inundates the mats causing the algae to regenerate into a slimy, rubbery surface. With time the
mat once again becomes dry and a halite crust forms. Algae mats are seen extensively along the
coastline of Abu Dhabi south of Musaffah.

Inland sabkha

Inland sabkha have no direct hydrological connection with the sea and derive moisture from rare
rainfall and a shallow water table within the capillary zone. Inland sabkhas tend to occur in areas
dominated by sand dunes; the best examples of inland sabkha are found in the interdunal areas
between the large sand dunes of Liwa in the west of the emirate and are often found on the
landward margins of the coastal sabkha. As with coastal sabkha, inland sabkha develop halite
crusts concentrated by evaporation of groundwater, which contains dissolved salts from the
surrounding rocks and soils. Algae mats are not well developed on inland sabkha but are present
in rare locations.

The Sabkha Matti is the most famous inland sabkha occupying the western extremities of Abu
Dhabi. The Sabkha Matti is recorded to extend up to 150km inland from the coast and is up to
60km wide (Glennie (2007)(3)).

2.2.3.3 Lagoonal Muds

Recent processes along the coast have resulted in the deposition some deposits (typically
carbonate muds) nearshore, and in some cases these have been buried by recent reclamation.
These deposits – sometimes referred to as lagoonal muds - are thought to have been deposited in
shallow lagoons (Butler (1970) (5)) and in the region of Yas Island are typically up to 3m in
thickness. Due to limited availability of investigation data along the coastline, their lateral and
vertical extent elsewhere is undefined.

2.2.3.4 Duricrusts
Duricrusts are typically formed from cementation of sediments by precipitation of iron oxides or
other minerals contained in percolating groundwater. Precipitation of these minerals is often
initiated by the evaporation of the percolating fluids under the intense desert heat. They occur as a
hardened surface layer that can range from a few centimetres to several metres thick, sometimes
with a leached, cavernous, porous or friable zone underneath (Fookes (1978)(6)).

2.2.3.5 Fluvial Sediments

Fluvial sediments are rarely found at the surface in Abu Dhabi as they are often covered by aeolian
sands. Fluvial sediments are most commonly found flanking the foothills of the Hajar Mountains in
the eastern part of the Emirate and can be found further west in the Al Ain region near Jebel
Hafeet. Fluvial gravels have also been exposed on the western side of the Sabkha Matti,
comprising pebbles of limestone and volcanics (Glennie (2007) (3)).

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The fluvial sands and gravels are formed from outwash fans at the base of the eastern Hajar
mountains and may extend outwards from the base of the mountains for distances of up to 70 km.

The source rocks of these deposits tend to be the Asmari, Dammam and Rus formation limestones
and marls that are present on the eastern flanks of the Hajar range combined with gabbros and
other igneous rocks that form the central parts of the mountains.

Away from the mountain areas, flat, wide or ribbon-like areas of dry dusty silt are often present at
the ground surface. These represent the silty deposits of flood lagoons that periodically form in the
low lying desert and coastal areas.

2.3 Characteristics of Abu Dhabi strata

2.3.1 Introduction
This Section provides a description of the engineering characteristics and the typical uses and
issues relating to the main soils and bedrock strata units encountered in Abu Dhabi Emirate, as
listed in Table 1 below. Guidance of the typical geotechnical hazards and risks in Abu Dhabi
Emirate associated with these main strata units are summarised in Table B1 in Appendix B. The
geotechnical practitioner will need to identify all project specific geotechnical hazards for a scheme
and prepare a geotechnical risk register in order to provide for active management of the
geotechnical risks during the lifetime of a project.

Table 1: Abu Dhabi main soils and bedrock strata units

Abu Dhabi main strata units

Soils - aeolian sands

- sabkha
- fluvial deposits (sands/gravels)

Bedrock strata - recent evaporates

- conglomerate
- sandstone and siltstone
- mudstone and gypsum
- calcarenites
- limestone

2.3.2 Aeolian sands

The aeolian sands vary in composition between siliclastic deposits inland and calcium carbonate
deposits derived from fragments of shells near the coast. The aeolian sands are fine to medium
grained and contain sub-rounded to well rounded particles of quartz, carbonate and evaporite
minerals. The deposits are generally clay and silt free and have moderate to good permeability.
The consistency of the materials varies from loose to very dense. Many of the larger sand dunes
comprise an upper layer of loose, mobile, single sized sand grains overlying a core of denser
single sized sand that has been cemented by pressure solution and re-cementation of the
carbonate and evaporite particles.

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In the region aeolian sands are typically used as general earthworks and structural backfill.
Depending on source area and history after deposition, the sands can have a high salt content
(sodium chloride) and this should be checked before using the materials close to concrete
foundations or as fine aggregate in concrete mixes.

Owing to the uniform grading of the deposits, there have been issues related to poor compaction of
aeolian sands where standard compaction procedures have been used to place the material in
engineering works. It is often necessary to flood the deposits with water and use a heavy vibratory
roller in order to achieve the required compaction. Sometimes, however, the moisture content
versus maximum dry density curve for these deposits is very flat, allowing them to be compacted in
a completely dry state (known as dry compaction) to achieve reasonable levels of compaction.

2.3.3 Sabkha
Sabkha comprises fine, poor to well graded sands or silts that have been inundated by hypersaline
groundwater.

The coastal sabkhas are highly variable materials both horizontally and vertically. Much of the
horizontal variation can be considered to be related to the position of the material relative to the
shoreline. In the vertical dimension, the coastal sabkha comprises a series of layers having a
range of textures and varying degrees of cementation depending on the quantities and state of the
calcium carbonates and calcium sulphates present.

Inland sabkhas are typically variable in the horizontal direction only, owing to the relatively constant
level of groundwater table beneath the existing surface.

Owing to their mode of deposition sabkha typically contains high concentrations of chloride and
sulphates giving rise to aggressive environments for buried concrete and steel. This together with
their fine grading usually makes them unsuitable as structural fill.

Extensive sabkha deposits are found across the emirate of Abu Dhabi and due to the variability the
deposits they are typically either excavated and replaced or left in place and treated. Ground
improvement methods typically used on sabkha deposits include pre-loading and surcharging,
dynamic compaction and stone columns, the method employed being dependant upon the type
and thickness of sabkha present.

Historically in the region, existing unpaved tracks followed sabkha flats as they provided a hard
surface to travel along in comparison with the surrounding soft desert sand. During periods of
heavy rain, however, the roads often became impassable, as the surface crust of the sabkha would
lose its strength when saturated, causing vehicles to sink into the underlying crystal mush.

Gypsum and anhydrite, which are typically abundant in sabkha deposits, can undergo alternate
hydration and dehydration under hot and humid conditions. If placed beneath a foundation or road
pavement, swelling or shrinkage can occur as a result of the volume changes associated with the
hydration or dehydration processes.

Significant variability in the compressibility (ranging from high to low compressibility) characteristics
of sabkha sediments can be expected, that can result in large differential settlements.

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2.3.4 Lagoonal muds

The lagoonal muds, such as are encountered near Yas Island, are typically silty carbonate sands
and sandy silts. They are commonly very soft with very high moisture contents and commence at
near zero datum and are up to approximately 3m in thickness. Due to their low strength they can
cause bearing capacity and trafficability problems for construction traffic and make a poor
foundation for roads and other civil engineering structures.

2.3.5 Fluvial sands/gravels

The fluvial sediments typically comprise dense to very dense silty gravel of limestone, gabbro
and/or igneous or volcanic rocks. The deposits are typically poorly graded and sub-rounded to
rounded and can range from cobble/coarse gravel size down to sand and silt size. Particle size is
typically related to the spatial location within an alluvial fan deposit. Deposits further from the
mountain source areas tend to be finer grained.

Over time, many layers of different sized gravels may be deposited in the same area and become
mixed with wind blown sands, silts and salts, so that different elevations can contain different sized
deposits. When excavated, these materials (locally termed Gatch) characteristically comprise
clayey, silty and gravelly sands or sandy gravels. The fines (clay and silt size particles) are typically
of the order of 20% to 30% and of low to medium plasticity.

Gatch materials are easily excavated and have been used extensively for desert road construction
in the region, as the cementing properties of the salts gives good resistance to wind erosion. When
compacted to a dense state, Gatch can remain stable for many years. If inundated with fresh water
chemical changes can, however, occur resulting in softening and swelling, erosion and/or
dissolution. Gatch materials with a high fines and soluble salt content can make them unsuitable
for use as structural fill. The more uniform deposits of fluvial sand and gravel can, however, make
good aggregate for concrete, provided they are clear of contamination by salts or sulphates.

2.3.6 Bedrocks
The rock strata encountered in shallow ground investigations across most of the Abu Dhabi region
are typically of the Miocene Upper Fars (including Baynounah, Shuweihat and Barzaman) and
Lower Fars (sometimes called the Gachsaran) Formations and mainly comprise calcarenite,
mudstone and gypsum with deposits of conglomerate in the Barzamam Formation. In the east of
the Emirate, older deposits of the Asmari, Dammam and Simsima Formations consisting of
mudstones, lime-mudstones and limestones are present. The Muthaymima Formation, situated
between the Simsima and Dammam Formations contains a sequence of conglomerates. The
typical characteristics of the most commonly encountered rocks are summarised below.

2.3.6.1 Recent evaporites

Recent evaporites such as halite, anhydrite and gypsum are common near the surface in many
parts of Abu Dhabi, particularly along the coast and in the inland sabkha regions. The deposits
tend to be chemically unstable, subject to volume change and dissolution, and contain very high
sulphates and chlorides that make them unsuitable for use as construction fills.

2.3.6.2 Conglomerate
Conglomerates encountered in the Abu Dhabi region typically belong to the Barzaman Unit of the
Upper Fars Formation and comprise fluvial sediments representing cemented outwash fans

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containing sub-rounded gravels and cobbles of gabbroic rocks. Given their origin, the coarser
conglomerates are typically encountered within 30 km or so of the base of the Hajar Mountains and
as they progress westwards become intercalated with layers of dolomite marls, claystones and
siltstones. The conglomerates generally comprise larger clasts of fine to medium sub-rounded to
rounded gravels within a matrix of fine silt sized materials. The matrix varies in colour from
brownish to reddish. The matrix materials are often washed out when coring and standard
penetration tests (SPTs) show refusal with little or no penetration.

In the eastern part of the Abu Dhabi Emirate, a thick sequence of conglomerates from the upper
part of the Muthaymimah Formation may be encountered. These comprise cemented sub-rounded
to rounded limestone of pebble to boulder size.

Conglomerates can be useful sources of structural fill for earthworks and depending on grain size
and degree of cementation may also be suitable as aggregate for concrete if suitably processed.

2.3.6.3 Sandstone and siltstone

In the western part of Abu Dhabi, sandstones and siltstones of the Gachsaran and Baynounah
Formations may be encountered. These are typically weakly cemented and often referred to as the
Miocene Clastics.

The sandstones are generally fine to medium grained and are often interbeddded with siltstones
and intercalations of marly mudstones. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values for
these strata typically range between 2.5MPa and 10MPa.

The materials can usually be excavated easily by mechanical excavators and when excavated can
make for good general fill materials for use in embankments or building platforms. They can,
however, contain high concentrations of sulphates and chlorides that create an aggressive
chemical environment for concrete. In extreme cases high gypsum contents can make the strata
susceptible to collapse due to dissolution of the gypsum particles.

Excavated rock slopes tend to be prone to failure and deterioration unless properly designed and
protected. Rock slope stability is governed by the spacing, orientation and condition of the
discontinuities within the rock mass and excavations in these materials must be designed
accordingly, based on geological mapping and rock mass characterisation.

In temporary cuts, these deposits can often stand near vertical in the short term, but may suffer
brittle collapse if cut too steep or left unsupported for long periods.

2.3.6.4 Mudstone and gypsum

Mudstones intercalated with gypsum (evaporites) are seen generally in all parts of the Emirate. In
the eastern part of the Emirate, they occur in the Asmari and Lower Fars Formations and are
sometimes interbedded with friable marls. Towards the western region, marly dolomites and
anhydrites dominate.

Structurally these deposits are horizontally bedded and show gentle and simple folding. The UCS
values of gypsum are typically in the range of 10MPa to 15MPa and that of mudstone are typically
in the range of 2MPa to 3MPa.

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Where the mudstone and gypsum deposits are interlayered, particularly in the Upper Fars units,
cavities are known to occur as a result of dissolution of the gypsum where groundwater flow tends
to concentrate at the mudstone/gypsum interface.

Gypsum is a sulphate based evaporite that is susceptible to dissolution and is generally not
recommended for use in earthworks unless it is permanently saturated in saline water or can be
protected from contact with fresh water. Excavation of thick gypsum deposits, due to the strength
and massive nature of the deposits, typically requires heavy ripping or cutting machinery.

The mudstones are generally easily excavated by mechanical means but have a tendency to
disintegrate. The high fines content can make them difficult to compact in earthworks and they can
contain high sulphates as a result of thin intercalations of gypsum.

If exposed in excavations, permanent cut slopes in gypsum and mudstone will suffer from surface
erosion and may require application of a surface protection such as shotcrete. Excavations can
also suffer from shallow landslides over time as a result of stress release leading to increases in
moisture content in the mudstone and consequent loss of strength.

2.3.6.5 Calcarenite
Calcarenites are weakly cemented calcareous sandstones typically occurring within the Upper Fars
Formation. They are usually creamy in colour and have a high concentration of carbonate
minerals. The strata may also be classified as Calcisiltite (silt sized) and Calcilutite (clay sized)
rocks, based on grain size. The deposits are generally very weak to weak with UCS values of
between 1MPa and 1.5MPa. Calcernites can typically be excavated easily by mechanical
excavators and when excavated makes for good general fill for use in embankments or building
platforms. They can, however, contain high concentrations of sulphates and chlorides that create
an aggressive chemical environment for concrete.

Rock slopes in the coarser grained deposits tend to be reasonably resistant to erosion. The finer
grained deposits, however, can suffer from erosion and may need surface protection for permanent
cuttings. Rock slope stability is governed by the weak strength of the rock material and also by the
spacing, orientation and condition of the discontinuities within the rock mass. Excavations in these
materials must be designed accordingly, based on geological mapping and rock mass
characterisation.

In temporary cuts, these deposits can often stand near vertical in the short term, but may suffer
brittle collapse if cut too steep or left unsupported for long periods.

2.3.6.6 Limestone
Many limestone units are present in the region but are only exposed at ground surface in the
eastern parts of the Abu Dhabi emirate, near Al Ain and the Hajar mountains. Limestones
predominate in the Asmari, Dammam and Simsima Formations. The limestones vary in
composition from weak marly limestones to strong reef limestones. UCS values for the limestones
show a wide range from 5MPa to 100MPa.

Excavatability depends on the material strength and spacing of bedding and joint planes. Stronger,
massive units may require blasting but the weaker more fractured rock masses can be excavated
by heavy to moderate ripping machines.

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Rock slope stability is governed by the spacing, orientation and condition of the discontinuities
within the rock mass and excavations in these materials must be designed accordingly based on
geological mapping and rock mass characterisation.

Stronger limestone units from the Dammam and Simsima Units can make good road or concrete
aggregate. Other deposits can make for good general fill but may require crushing to obtain
suitable particle sizes. The deposits are typically not prone to high sulphates or chlorides.

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3 PRELIMINARY SOURCES STUDY

3.1 Overview
The preliminary sources study is an important part of the geotechnical studies for any Abu Dhabi
roads project. This chapter provides guidance for carrying out a preliminary sources study and
associated site reconnaissance. It also provides details on the sorts of information that are typically
available and should be considered for review.

3.2 Scope of preliminary sources study

It is essential to carry out a preliminary sources study at an early stage in any geotechnical
investigation. The primary objectives of the preliminary sources study are to evaluate the ground
and groundwater conditions based on existing information and to assess the scope of any further
investigations that are required. This should cover both engineering and environmental
assessment aspects of a scheme. A list of the sorts of information that may be routinely required
for a preliminary sources study is given in Table C1 in Appendix C. The precise information to be
gathered should, however, be project specific with the scope of the preliminary sources study
being determined by the project geotechnical practitioner.

A significant amount of information about a site may already be available in existing records. A list
of the most important sources of information is given in Table C2 in Appendix C.

As part of the preliminary sources study a reconnaissance of the site and where possible also the
area immediately surrounding it, should be made. Table C3 in Appendix C provides a summary of
the procedure for site reconnaissance and the main points to be routinely considered. The precise
extent of the reconnaissance required at any site should, however, be established by the
geotechnical practitioner taking account of the particular circumstances of the site and scheme.
The geotechnical practitioner should extend or modify the standard procedure to reflect the site
and scheme needs.

Road and railway cuttings and the likes of quarries in the locality of a site can provide useful
information on soil and rock types and their stability characteristics. Similarly the likes of
embankments, buildings or other structures with a history of settlement can provide useful
evidence of unstable or compressible soils. Surface (geomorphological) features on a site can also
provide evidence of the ground conditions that exist, for example ground collapse depressions
might be indicative of underground cavities.

Further information on carrying out preliminary sources studies can be found in

BS5930:1999+A2:2010 (7), AASHTO Manual on Subsurface Investigations (1988) (8) and in
Section 1 of ICE (1998) -The Value of Geotechnics in Construction (9).

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4 GROUND INVESTIGATION PLANNING

4.1 Overview
This chapter provides guidance on the phasing of ground investigations, and guidelines for
exploratory holes spacings and depths. It also provides advice on soils and rock sampling,
guidance on engineering parameters typically required for geotechnical design and on soils and
rock laboratory testing to obtain those engineering parameters.

4.2 Introduction
The composition and the extent of the geotechnical investigations for a scheme should reflect the
anticipated type and design of the proposed construction. Consequently the geotechnical
practitioner should seek all pertinent information for a scheme from the designer at the early stages
of geotechnical investigation planning and design. For guidance, the sorts of details that should be
obtained are given below:

 Road earthworks: locations, layout, dimensions, geometry and elevations of the sections at
grade, in cutting and on embankment.
 Road structures: locations of bridges and their approaches, tunnels and their approaches,
retaining walls, gantry signage and buildings (for example toll booths, low rise office
buildings or maintenance depots). Information on the structures layout, type of construction
anticipated together with design load and performance criteria.
 Borrow pit requirements and re-use of earthworks materials.

The precise details to be obtained will be project specific and must be established by the
geotechnical practitioner.

With such information the geotechnical practitioner can optimise the design of the geotechnical
investigations and thereby provide overall value for money.

The geotechnical investigations should provide sufficient data on the ground and groundwater
conditions to facilitate a full description of the essential ground properties and a reliable
assessment of the soil and rock parameters to be used in design calculations.

The typical aspects to be considered by the geotechnical practitioner when scoping a ground
investigation are as follows:

The ground

i) the suitability of the site with respect to the proposed construction and the level of
acceptable risks;

ii) the deformation of the ground caused by the structure or earthworks or resulting from
construction works and its behaviour over time;

iii) the safety with respect to limit states, for example settlement, subsidence, ground
heave, uplift, slippage of soil and rock masses;

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iv) the loads transmitted to the structure from the ground, for example lateral pressures on
piles, and the extent to which they depend on its design and construction;

v) the foundation methods, for example ground improvement, whether it is possible to

excavate, drivability of piles, drainage;

vi) the sequence of foundation works;

vii) the effects of the structure;

viii) any additional structural measures required, for example support of excavations,
anchorage, sleeving of bored piles, removal of obstructions;

ix) the effects of construction on the surroundings;

x) the type and extent of contamination on, and in the vicinity of the site including the
effectiveness of any existing measures installed to contain or remediate contamination.

Use of excavated materials for construction

i) suitability of the intended use;

ii) the extent of the deposits;

iii) whether it is possible to extract and process the materials, and whether and how
suitable material can be separated and disposed of;

iv) the prospective methods to improve soil and rock;

v) the workability of the soil and rock during construction and possible changes in their
properties during excavation, transport, placement and further treatment.

Groundwater

i) the depth, thickness, extent and permeability of water bearing strata in the ground and
joint systems in rock;

ii) the elevation of the groundwater surface or piezometric surface of aquifers and their
variation over time and actual groundwater levels including possible extreme levels and
their periods of recurrence;

iii) the porewater pressure distribution;

iv) the chemical composition and temperature of groundwater;

v) the scope and nature of groundwater lowering work;

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vi) the harmful effects of the groundwater on excavations or on slopes, for example the
risk of hydraulic failure, excessive seepage pressure or erosion;

vii) necessary measures to protect the structure, for example waterproofing, drainage and
measures to protect against aggressive water;

viii) the effects of groundwater lowering, desiccation, impounding on the surroundings;

ix) the capacity of the ground to absorb water injected during construction;

x) whether it is possible to use local groundwater, given its chemical constitution, for
construction purposes;

xi) is there any existing groundwater control in the vicinity of the site, which will need to be
considered;

xii) near tidal waters, groundwater monitoring over a tidal cycle.

Constructability

i) the effects of construction traffic and heavy loads on the ground;

ii) the prospective methods of dewatering and/or excavation, effects of precipitation,

resistance to weathering, and susceptibility to shrinkage, swelling and disintegration.

Further information on the planning of ground investigations can be found in UK Site Investigation
Steering Group (1993). (10)

4.3 Ground investigations proposals

4.3.1 Phasing of ground investigation
Ground investigation for road projects is typically undertaken in a three phased approach as
follows:

 Phase 1: Often referred to as the Preliminary Ground Investigation. Undertaken in the early
stages of a project for route selection and concept design and/or for scheme preliminary
design for construction tendering purposes.
 Phase 2: Often referred to as the Detailed Ground Investigation. Usually undertaken at the
beginning of a scheme construction contract to provide additional earthwork and structure
specific information for verification of the preliminary design and or update of the design to
be taken to construction.
In some circumstances there could be other phases of ground investigation prior to scheme
construction.
 Phase 3: Often referred to as the Construction Ground Investigation. Usually undertaken
during scheme construction for controlling and monitoring purposes. For example to
investigate particular ground conditions and verify the extent of construction works such as

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the treatment of solution cavities or for the installation of piezometers to monitor

groundwater levels associated with dewatering of a deep excavation.

The composition and the extent of the ground investigations should reflect the amount and quality
of available historic exploratory hole information, the particular stage of a project and also the
ground risks as established from a Geotechnical Risk Assessment (discussed in Manual Part 1
Chapter 8) and reflected in the Geotechnical Category of the project (discussed in Manual Part 1
Section 3.3).

4.3.2 Guidelines for overall coverage of exploratory holes spacings

and depths
It is to be noted that the term exploratory holes is used here as it covers all forms of possible
investigative holes, including boreholes, trial pits and trial trenches, that the geotechnical
practitioner may wish to use in a ground investigation.

The geotechnical practitioner should plan each phase of ground investigation to supplement
information already available to ensure that an appropriate level of geotechnical information and
data are available at the particular project stage. The information obtained must be sufficient to
enable the geotechnical practitioner to assess the geotechnical risks relative to the project stage.
The ground investigation would normally be required to establish the soil, rock and groundwater
conditions, and if present the level of contamination and provide for the determination of the
properties of the soil and rock.

The type, frequency and spacing of exploratory holes required for a particular phase of
investigation will depend on the quantity and quality of information already available, the variability
of subsurface conditions, the type of earthworks and structures proposed and the Geotechnical
Category of the project. It is to be noted that, where appropriate the geotechnical practitioner
should incorporate in situ cone penetration testing (ref Section 6.3) within the overall ground
investigation design to provide overall value for money in obtaining the information required on the
ground and groundwater conditions at a site.

For the likes of route selection studies and conceptual design, overall coverage of exploratory
holes (comprising good quality available historic exploratory holes and any required Phase 1
ground investigation to supplement those data) of up to 300m spacing may be appropriate. For
simple schemes in areas of generally uniform or simple subsurface conditions it may be
appropriate to adopt a greater spacing of up to 500m. For the purpose of preparing a preliminary
design for a scheme then an overall reduced spacing of possibly some 200m may be appropriate
with at least one exploratory hole at important structures such as a bridge foundation. The overall
coverage of exploratory holes and the extent of any Phase 1 ground investigation to supplement
available historic records should, however, be limited to that necessary for making basic design
decisions.

For scheme detailed design a much denser spacing of exploratory holes (comprising good quality
available historic records, any Phase 1 ground investigation previously undertaken and any
required Phase 2 ground investigation to supplement those data) will be required. The locations of
exploratory holes and the depths of the investigations should reflect the expected ground
conditions, the dimensions of the structures and earthworks and the engineering problems.

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Guidelines on the layout of exploratory holes for detailed design of scheme structures and
earthworks are given in Table 2. Guidelines on the minimum depths requirements for the
exploratory holes below the lowest point of the structure foundation or earthwork are given in Table
3. The precise numbers of exploratory holes, their locations and depths must, however, be
determined by a suitably experienced geotechnical practitioner based on the project specific
geotechnical risk assessment.

When selecting the exploratory holes locations the following should be observed:

i) The investigation points should be arranged in such a pattern that the soils and rock
stratification can be assessed across the site.
ii) The investigation points for structures and any buildings should be placed at critical
points relative to the shape, structural behaviour and expected loading.
iii) For linear structures the exploratory holes should be arranged at adequate offsets to the
centreline depending on the overall width of the structure, such as an embankment
footprint or a cutting.
iv) For structures on or near slopes and changes in the terrain (including excavations), the
exploratory holes should be located so that the stability of the slope or cut can be
assessed. Where anchorages are installed, due consideration should be given to the
extent and likely stresses in their load transfer zone.

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Table 2: Guidelines for overall exploratory holes spacings for detailed design

Scheme element / Scheme element Exploratory hole (typically boreholes, trial pits and possibly in situ cone penetration tests where appropriate)
geotechnical hazard size/layout
Minimum requirements Additional considerations

Bridge foundations - Advice on the design of the ground investigation 1. Additional exploratory holes to be provided in areas of variable sub-
should be sought from a geotechnical practitioner surface conditions.
with knowledge and experience in bridge design
2. Additional exploratory holes to be provided for unusual foundation
and construction.
shape and loading.
For piers or abutments One exploratory hole at each foundation
less than 25m wide

For piers or abutments Two exploratory holes at each foundation

over 25m wide

Tunnel - Advice on the design of the ground investigation -

should be sought from a geotechnical practitioner
with knowledge and experience in tunnel design
and construction.

- One exploratory hole at each portal and/or launch

and reception shafts.

One exploratory hole at intermediate shafts

Exploratory holes at 25 to 50m intervals along the
tunnel alignment depending on the initial geological
assessment and/or terrain.

Retaining walls For retaining walls less One exploratory hole at each retaining wall 1. Additional exploratory holes inside and outside the wall line to define
than 25m length conditions at the toe of the wall and in the zone behind the wall to
estimate lateral loads, engulfing slope failure and anchorage
For retaining walls over Spacing between exploratory holes should be no capacities.
25m length, greater than 25m at each retaining wall.

Gantry signs - One exploratory hole at each foundation. -

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Scheme element / Scheme element Exploratory hole (typically boreholes, trial pits and possibly in situ cone penetration tests where appropriate)
geotechnical hazard size/layout
Minimum requirements Additional considerations

Cuttings For cuttings of less One exploratory hole at each cutting. 1. Additional exploratory holes perpendicular to the cutting (typically a
than 25m length minimum of 3) to be provided at critical locations and high cuts to
define the ground and groundwater conditions for stability analysis
For cuttings of greater Spacing between exploratory holes should be no design.
than 25m length greater than 100m at each cutting in simple ground 2. For existing slopes affected by landslide instability there should be at
conditions. Reduce minimum spacing required in least one exploratory hole upslope of the landslide.
more difficult ground conditions relative to complexity.

Embankments For embankments of One exploratory hole at each embankment. 1. Additional exploratory holes perpendicular to the embankment to be
less than 25m length provided at critical locations and high embankments (typically a
minimum of 3) to define the ground and groundwater conditions for
For embankments of Spacing between exploratory holes should be no settlement and stability analysis design.
greater than 25m greater than 100m at each embankment in simple
length ground conditions. Reduce minimum spacing
required in more difficult ground conditions relative to
complexity.

Carriageways - Spacing between exploratory holes along the 1. Some of the exploratory holes should be off-set from the centreline.
carriageway alignment generally should not exceed
2. The spacing and locations of the exploratory holes should be reduced
250m.
in the case of complex ground and groundwater conditions (eg
sabkha) to ensure that the vertical and horizontal boundaries of the
distinct soil and rock units within the project limits are defined. Use
may be made of boreholes sunk for other scheme elements such as
embankments, cuttings and structures.

Culverts - One exploratory hole at each major culvert 1. Additional exploratory holes should be provided for long culverts or in
areas of very variable subsurface conditions.

Non-destructive For crossings less than Two exploratory holes, one at each end of the 1. Additional exploratory holes should be provided for long crossings or
crossings 25m length crossing (close to crossing ends at the launch and in areas of very variable subsurface conditions.
reception locations/pits).

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Scheme element / Scheme element Exploratory hole (typically boreholes, trial pits and possibly in situ cone penetration tests where appropriate)
geotechnical hazard size/layout
Minimum requirements Additional considerations

Non-destructive For crossings of Two exploratory holes, one at each end of the 1. Additional exploratory holes should be provided for long crossings or
crossings (continued) greater than 25m crossing (close to the crossing ends at the launch and in areas of very variable subsurface conditions.
length reception locations/pits).
One borehole at crossing centre point.

Low rise buildings (eg - One exploratory hole at building location 1. Additional exploratory holes to be provided in areas of variable sub-
toll plaza or road surface conditions.
maintenance depot)
2. Additional exploratory holes to be provided for unusual foundation
shape and loadings.

Landslides - Advice on the design of the ground investigation -

should be sought from a geotechnical practitioner
with knowledge and experience in the
investigation and interpretation of landslides,
their management and in the design and
construction of remediation measures.

At minimum three boreholes along critical section

perpendicular through the landslide to establish
ground model including groundwater conditions for
analysis. One borehole should be upslope of the area
of instability.

Natural cavities - Advice on the design of the ground investigation -

should be sought from a geotechnical practitioner
with knowledge and experience in the
investigation and interpretation of natural
cavities, their management and in the design and
construction of remediation measures.
2
Materials borrow - One exploratory hole every 1,000m of borrow area 1. Additional exploratory holes should be provided areas of variable

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Scheme element / Scheme element Exploratory hole (typically boreholes, trial pits and possibly in situ cone penetration tests where appropriate)
geotechnical hazard size/layout
Minimum requirements Additional considerations

areas subsurface conditions.

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Table 3: Guidelines for exploratory holes depths

Scheme element / Foundation type Depth of exploratory holes below the lowest point of the structure foundation or earthwork
geotechnical hazard
Minimum depth requirements (Dmin ) Additional considerations

B = breadth (m), L = length (m), Dia = diameter (m), H = height (m)

Bridge (abutments Spread foundation For L<2B take Dmin = greater of 5m or 2B 1. Extend exploratory hole depth in unfavourable ground
and piers) conditions such as weak or compressible strata.
For L>4B take Dmin = greater of 6m or 3B
For L between 2B and 4B interpolate between the
above.

Pile foundations For single piles Dmin = 5m or 3Dia of the pile 1. Extend exploratory hole depth in unfavourable ground
whichever is the greater in competent strata (below conditions such as weak or compressible strata.
the estimated depth of the pile toe)
2. If tension piles are needed the depth of investigation should be
For pile groups Dmin must also be greater than B for as for pile foundations.
the area circumscribing the pile group area in
competent strata.

Tunnel - Advice on the design of the ground investigation -

should be sought from a geotechnical practitioner
with knowledge and experience in tunnel design
and construction.

If vertical alignment is known Dmin = 1Dia to 2Dia of

the tunnel below tunnel invert.

Retaining walls Gravity and cantilever Dmin = 5m or 2B whichever is the greater. 1. Extend exploratory hole depth in situations with sloping ground
walls (spread footing) behind retaining wall.
In the case of piled footings the same as bridge pile
foundations applies. 2. Extend exploratory hole depth to provide sufficient information
to allow comprehensive stability assessment of engulfing slope
Embedded walls Dmin = 1.5H for the wall retained height failures of the retaining wall.

3. Extend exploratory hole depth in unfavourable ground

conditions such as weak or compressible strata.

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Scheme element / Foundation type Depth of exploratory holes below the lowest point of the structure foundation or earthwork
geotechnical hazard
Minimum depth requirements (Dmin ) Additional considerations

Gantry signs Spread footings Dmin = 5m or 2B whichever is the greater. -

Pile foundations For single piles Dmin = 5m or 3Dia of the pile -

whichever is the greater in competent strata.
For pile groups Dmin must also be greater than B for
the area circumscribing the pile group area in
competent strata.

Cuttings - Dmin = 2m or 0.4H for the cutting whichever is the 1. Extend exploratory hole depth to provide sufficient information
greater, below the base of the cutting. to allow comprehensive stability assessment of cutting slope.

Embankments - Dmin = 5m or 1.2H for the embankment whichever is 1. Exploratory holes should extend to a depth where the
the greater, below embankment founding level. additional stress owing to the embankment is less than 10% of
the imposed load at its base.
2. Exploratory holes should be extended in unfavourable ground
conditions such as weak or compressible strata to competent
strata.

Carriageways (at - Dmin = 4m below the proposed formation level. 1. Exploratory holes should be extended in unfavourable ground
grade sections) conditions such as weak or compressible strata to competent
strata.

Culverts Ground bearing Dmin = 4m below the invert level or 1.5B of the trench 1. For major culverts Dmin = 5m or 3B of the trench whichever is
whichever is the greater the greater should apply.

Piled For single piles Dmin = 5m or 3Dia of the pile -

whichever is the greater in competent strata.
For pile groups Dmin must also be greater than B for
the area circumscribing the pile group area in
competent strata.

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Scheme element / Foundation type Depth of exploratory holes below the lowest point of the structure foundation or earthwork
geotechnical hazard
Minimum depth requirements (Dmin ) Additional considerations

Non-destructive - Dmin = 4m below crossing invert level or 3Dia -

crossings whichever is the greater.

Low rise buildings (eg - Dmin = 5m or 3 times width of the spread footing 1. Exploratory holes should extend to a depth where the
toll plaza or road whichever is the greater, below building founding additional stress owing to the building is less than 10% of the
maintenance depot) level. imposed load at its base.
For pile foundations criteria for bridge pile foundations 2. Exploratory holes should be extended in unfavourable ground
should be adopted. conditions such as weak or compressible strata to competent
strata.

Landslides - Advice on the design of the ground investigation 1. Geomorphological mapping and assessment of the landslide
should be sought from a geotechnical practitioner should be initially carried out and used to design the ground
with knowledge and experience in the investigation and should also be used to assist in development
investigation and interpretation of landslides, of the ground model.
their management and in the design and
construction of remediation measures.

Dmin has to prove the depth of the landslide together

with the geological sequence of soils and rocks that
make up the landslide and the affected slope.

Natural cavities - Advice on the design of the ground investigation 1. Geophysical survey mapping and assessment of the natural
should be sought from a geotechnical practitioner cavities should be initially carried out and used to design the
with knowledge and experience in the ground investigation and also be used to assist in development
investigation and interpretation of natural of the ground model.
cavities, their management and in the design and
construction of remediation measures.

Dmin has to prove the bedrock cover to potential or

known cavities to between 3 and 5 times the
anticipated cavity width.

Materials borrow - Dmin = base of the deposit or to the depth required to -

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Scheme element / Foundation type Depth of exploratory holes below the lowest point of the structure foundation or earthwork
geotechnical hazard
Minimum depth requirements (Dmin ) Additional considerations

areas provide the quantity of materials needed.

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4.4 Soils and rocks sampling and testing to obtain

engineering parameters for use in geotechnical design
4.4.1 General
The derivation of engineering parameters for soils and rocks for use in geotechnical design will
usually form an important part of a geotechnical investigation. It is essential, therefore, that in
designing a ground investigation the geotechnical practitioner duly considers the soils and rock
properties that need to be investigated and the engineering parameters that will be required for
design of both permanent earthworks and structures and any temporary measures required for
their construction, for example support to a deep excavation. He can then design within the ground
investigation a programme of in situ testing, soils and rock sampling for subsequent laboratory
testing and in special cases possibly even field trials to enable him to derive the parameters
required.

The type, quantity and sophistication of the geotechnical test data required for a project will depend
on the nature of the ground and the importance and sensitivity of the structure or earthwork. For
most projects in Abu Dhabi, in situ standard penetration testing (SPT) with bulk sampling of soils
for classification and chemical testing will form the basis of the ground investigation. In bedrock,
cores will normally be taken for laboratory determination of the rock unconfined compressive
strength. For some major structures, such as bridges, the consequences of a foundation failure or
excessive settlement are likely to be severe. In those cases more sophisticated in situ and
laboratory testing may be appropriate to provide the data required for specialist modelling of the
ground structure interaction during and post construction and possibly also during extreme events
such as an earthquake. Before embarking on a programme of expensive tests careful
consideration should be given to the aims, applicability and cost benefits of such testing.

Table 4 provides a list of the main soils properties and engineering parameters that might be
required to be determined for use in design, together with symbols and units used for those
properties in later sections of this manual.

Table 5 provides a list of the main rock properties and engineering parameters that might be
required to be determined for use in design, together with symbols and units used for those
properties in later sections of this manual.

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Table 4: Soils properties/engineering parameters, symbols and units

Symbol Units Soils property/engineering parameters

Classification properties

w % Moisture content

wI % Liquid limit (LL) Collectively referred to as Atterberg limits

wp % Plastic limit (PL)

Ip % Plasticity index (PI)

3
γ Mg/m Bulk density/Mass density
3
γd Mg/m Dry density (maximum γdmax or minimum γdmin)

- - Particle size distribution (PSD) – fine and coarse

3
ρs Mg/m Particle density

- % Organic content (O)

Compaction/compaction related and CBR properties

- - Moisture content/dry density relationship (COMP)

- % California Bearing Ratio (CBR)

Chemical properties

- - pH, sulphate and chloride, as appropriate

SO4 %, mg/l Sulphate (total, water soluble)

Cl %, mg/l Chloride (total, water soluble)

Electrochemical properties

Eh mV Redox potential

rs Ohms.m Apparent resistivity

Shear strength properties

2
cu kPa (kN/m )* Undrained shear strength
2
cr kPa (kN/m )* Remoulded shear strength
2
c’ kPa (kN/m )* Drained cohesion intercept Peak effective shear strength

’ degrees Drained angle of shear resistance

2
c r’ kPa (kN/m )* Drained residual cohesion intercept Residual effective shear
strength
r’ degrees Drained residual angle of shear
resistance
2
c’crit kPa (kN/m )* Critical state cohesion intercept Critical state effective shear
(usually zero) strength

’crit degrees Critical state angle of shear

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Symbol Units Soils property/engineering parameters

resistance

Consolidation and elastic properties

2
mv m /MN Coefficient of volume compressibility (one dimensional)
2
cv m /yr Coefficient of consolidation (one dimensional)
2
Eu MPa (MN/m )* Young’s modulus of elasticity (undrained)
2
E’ MPa (MN/m )* Young’s modulus of elasticity (drained)
2
E’0.01 MPa (MN/m )* Young’s modulus of elasticity (small strain)
2
G MPa (MN/m )* Shear modulus
2
Gmax MPa (MN/m )* Very low strain shear modulus

ν - Poisson’s ratio (νu – undrained, ν’ – drained)

Ko - Coefficient of earth pressure at rest

3
ks kN/m Modulus of subgrade reaction

Permeability

k m/s Coefficient of permeability, horizontal (kh), vertical (kv) as appropriate

Notes:
* Units in brackets also commonly used.

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Table 5: Rock properties/engineering parameters, symbols and units

Symbol Units Soils property/engineering parameters

Classification properties

w % Moisture content

n % Porosity
3
γ Mg/m Density

Chemical properties (Chem) (as appropriate)

- - pH, sulphate and chloride, as appropriate

SO4 %, mg/l Sulphate (total, water soluble)

Cl %, mg/l Chloride (total, water soluble)

CaCO3 % Carbonate content (total)

Electrochemical properties (EChem)

Eh mV Redox potential

rs Ohms.m Apparent resistivity

Strength and mass properties

I - Point load index, axial (Ia), diametral (ld), lump (Il)

UCS MPa Uniaxial compressive strength

- MPa Tensile strength

m and s - Rock material constants

RMR - Rock mass rating

j - Mass factor j

c’ MPa Discontinuity drained cohesion Discontinuity peak effective strength

intercept

’ degrees Discontinuity drained angle of shear

resistance

c r’ MPa Discontinuity drained residual Discontinuity residual effective

cohesion intercept shear strength

r’ degrees Discontinuity drained residual angle

of shear resistance

Elastic properties

E MPa Young’s modulus of elasticity

Es MPa Young’s modulus of elasticity (small strain/initial modulus)

G MPa Shear modulus

Gs MPa Shear modulus (small strain/initial modulus)

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Symbol Units Soils property/engineering parameters

ν - Poisson’s ratio

4.4.2 Difficulties in parameter determination

It is to be recognised that only a very small proportion of the ground that will be influenced by the
proposed structures and earthworks is tested in situ or sampled during a ground investigation.
Also, only a selection of the samples recovered are usually tested in the laboratory. Therefore,
testing must be carried out using reliable and repeatable techniques that will yield parameters
representative of the bulk of the soil or rock in situ.

Soil parameters can be derived from in situ testing, laboratory testing and field trials. There are,
however, several factors that will influence the measured values, many of which are inherent or
unavoidable. The geotechnical practitioner should be aware and appreciate the magnitude of these
influences on the required parameter and where necessary take these into account based on his
experience and published knowledge. The factors which affect the measured soil and rock
parameters can be categorised as follows:

i) natural variability
ii) sampling and testing procedures
iii) interpretation.

4.4.2.1 Natural variability

Lateral and vertical variability on a large scale will lead to scatter of test results. There may also be
small scale variability in the likes of sabkha and lagoonal muds that could require particular
consideration. Soils are also typically anisotropic with, particularly, their compressibility and
permeability being different in the vertical and horizontal directions. The orientation of soil testing
may, therefore, need to be considered also with respect to the proposed structures and
earthworks. With regards to soil laboratory testing for the likes of shear strength and consolidation
properties owing to the non-linear stress-strain behaviour of soils it is essential that testing is
carried out over the appropriate working stress range of the proposed construction.

Fabric features such as local cementing in sands and laminations in lagoonal clays can also have
a significant influence on measured engineering properties. It is therefore important to recognise
the presence of such fabric within the soil and be aware of the possible influence it has on the test
results.

The stress history that a soil has undergone will also affect the way it responds to an imposed load.
In some cases it may be important to understand and possibly model the stress history and to
model the stress changes that the works will cause to achieve the most accurate prediction of soil
behaviour.

4.4.2.2 Sampling and testing procedures

All in situ testing and sampling techniques cause disturbance to the soil and to a greater or lesser
extent some rocks fabric. This is a combination of physical remoulding of the soil and modification
of its state of stress from that existing in situ. BS5930:1999+A2-2210(7) provides a quality
classification for soil samples (Class 1 to Class 5) and provides guidance on the soils properties
that can be reliably determined from each class of sample, ref Table 6.

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Table 7 lists the types of samples that are generally most suitable for taking in Abu Dhabi soils and
provides guidance on the quality class of those samples, for cross reference with Table 6. Further
guidance on preferred methods for drilling in different soils types, achievable standards of sampling
and quality class of samples that might be obtained may be found in BS EN ISO 22475-
1:2006(11).

Table 6: Quality classification for soil samples

Soil sample Properties that can be reliably determined

quality class

Moisture content

Deformation and
Atterberg limits,
Strata sequence

particle density

Shear strength

consolidation
distribution,

Bulk density
Particle size

Class 5 * - - - - -
Class 4 * * - - - -

Class 3 * * * - - -

Class 2 * * * * - -

Class 1 * * * * * *

Table 7: Sampling techniques for Abu Dhabi soils

Soil type Type of drilling/ Sampling technique Quality

exploratory hole class
Aeolian sand Light cable percussion SPT sampler Class 4
boring (preferred method) Bulk sample Class 4
Rotary (usually tricone bit SPT sampler Class 4
open hole)
Trial pit Bulk sample Class 4
Fluvial sands Light cable percussion SPT sampler (in sands) Class 4
/ gravels boring (preferred method) Bulk sample Class 4
Rotary (usually tricone bit SPT sampler (in sands) Class 4
open hole)
Sabkha Light cable percussion Piston thin wall (PS-T/W) Class 1
boring (preferred method) Open-tube thin wall (OS-T/W) Class 1
Open-tube thick wall (OS-TK/W) Class 2
SPT sampler Class 4
Bulk sample Class 4

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Soil type Type of drilling/ Sampling technique Quality

exploratory hole class

Rotary (usually tricone bit Open-tube thin wall (OS-T/W) Class 1

open hole) SPT sampler Class 4
Lagoonal Light cable percussion Piston thin wall (PS-T/W) Class 1
muds boring (preferred method) Open-tube thin wall (OS-T/W) Class 1
Open-tube thick wall (OS-TK/W) Class 2
SPT sampler Class 4
Bulk sample Class 4
Rotary (usually tricone bit Open-tube thin wall (OS-T/W) Class 1
open hole) SPT sampler Class 4

For sampling of rock strata, rotary core drilling using a double tube barrel is most widely used in
Abu Dhabi and preferably should also include use of a core liner. Core sizes H (76mm diameter)
and P (92mm diameter) are most commonly used. With drilling care a high level of core recovery
can usually be achieved. Core recovery of 90% minimum in any single core run can normally be
attained, and usually core recovery of close to 100% can be obtained. It should be noted that
coring at a larger diameter will usually provide a better recovery and quality of core compared to a
smaller diameter core in the same strata. Where high pressure dilatometer testing of rock strata is
undertaken, then the ‘pockets’ for those tests is normally achieved by coring at N size (54.5mm
diameter).

To ensure that representative properties and engineering parameters are determined for soils and
rock strata which are inherently variable, a reasonable number of samples should be subjected to
laboratory testing. The precise numbers and types of tests to be undertaken must be based on a
comprehensive understanding of the scheme and the engineering parameters required for design
together with appreciation of the different deposits and variation within them encountered in the
ground investigation exploratory holes. Considerable experience is required to attain the right
balance of cost effective data.

Guidelines on the minimum number of samples to be tested for each soil stratum in a scheme
element (for example a bridge or embankment length) are given in Table 8. Guidelines on the
minimum number of samples to be tested for each rock stratum in a scheme element are given in
Table 9. Further guidance on the minimum numbers of samples to be tested may be found in BS
EN 1997-2:2007(12).

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Table 8: Guidelines on the minimum number of samples to be tested for particular soils laboratory tests

Soil property/engineering parameter Number of samples to be tested in each soil stratum per scheme section

Minimum number Additional considerations

Classification tests

Moisture content (w) 5 These classification tests should be undertaken on all samples on which shear strength and or consolidation/elastic
properties are determined. The classification test data will often prove helpful in explaining atypical strength or
Plasticity index (Ip), liquid limit (wI) and 5 consolidation/elastic properties test results that lie outside the general data set for a particular soils stratum.
plastic limit (wp)
In situ density tests may be undertaken instead of/in addition to laboratory bulk density tests.
Bulk density (mass density) (γ) 3

Particle size distribution (PSD) 5

Particle density (or specific gravity) (ρ8) 2 -

Compaction/compaction related tests & California Bearing Ratio

Dry density/moisture content relationship 3 The number of tests should be selected considering the variation of the particle size distribution and the quantity of
material to be compacted. 4.5kg rammer tests are mainly undertaken with the occasional 2.5kg rammer test.

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) 3 In situ CBR tests may be undertaken instead of/in addition to laboratory CBR tests. Resilient modulus may be
estimated from CBR and published correlations.

Chemical tests

Soil sulphate content, chloride content and 3 -

pH

Water sulphate content, chloride content, pH 3 -

Shear strength

Undrained shear strength 3 Triaxial compression method (without measurement of pore pressure)

Effective shear strength 3 Direct shear (small shear box) method, consolidated undrained triaxial with measurement of pore pressure or
consolidated drained triaxial with measurement of volume change or combination of the three methods of test. For
sands shear box tests are commonly undertaken on remoulded specimens.

Residual effective shear strength 3 Direct shear (small shear box) method or ring shear or combination of the two methods of test.

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Soil property/engineering parameter Number of samples to be tested in each soil stratum per scheme section

Minimum number Additional considerations

Consolidation and elastic properties

One dimensional consolidation 3 Oedometer cell or hydraulic cell test or combination of the two methods of test

Permeability

Coefficient of permeability (k) 3 Consideration to be given to both vertical permeability (kv) and horizontal permeability (kh)

Table 9: Guidelines on the minimum number of samples to be tested for particular rock laboratory tests
Rock property/engineering parameter Number of samples to be tested in each rock stratum per scheme section

Minimum number Additional considerations

Classification tests

Moisture content (w) 5 Moisture content and bulk density measurements are often carried out and reported as part of uniaxial
compressive strength testing.
Bulk density (mass density) (γ) 5

Strength testing

Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) 5 -

Point load testing 10 -

Chemical tests

Carbonate content 3 -

Soil sulphate content, chloride content and 3 -

pH

Water sulphate content, chloride content, pH 3 -

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4.4.2.3 Interpretation
Some of the largest errors in the derivation of engineering parameters can arise in making the
interpretative step from a series of in situ or laboratory test results to the engineering parameter to
be used in design calculations. With the natural variability in soils and rocks (Sub-section 4.4.2.1)
and the overall limited extent of in situ and soils laboratory testing there is the inevitable risk that
the likes of the soils and rocks strengths and deformation characteristics are inferior to the test
results. In case where soils laboratory testing is undertaken on remoulded test specimens where
larger particle sizes are removed then those tests will give results that are inferior to the
performance of the in situ materials. Simply taking the average of all the results is seldom
appropriate and a considerable degree of engineering judgement and well-established experience
is required to select the design parameters. The determination of engineering parameters for use
in design is discussed further in Section 8.3

4.5 Guidelines for engineering parameters typically

required
A summary of the soils properties and the engineering parameters typically required to be
assessed by the geotechnical practitioner for road schemes is given in Table 10.

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Table 10: Engineering parameters commonly required for design and to be considered in planning a ground investigation

Structure/earthwork Design issue Material Engineering Usual source of data for Occasional other testing undertaken
parameters* parameter* derivation and other engineering parameters*
normally derived
required In situ Laboratory
testing/data testing

Strata abbreviations: AS – aeolian sand, FSG – fluvial sand/gravel, S – sabkha, LM – lagoonal mud, R – rock *for parameter abbreviations refer to Table 4 &

Table 5

Structures (All) Chemical attack on Soils (All) Chemical - pH, SO4, Cl

buried concrete and properties
steel corrosion

Bridge Spread Sizing//bearing capacity Soil (AS, FSG) γ, ’, ks SPT N, CPT, - Soil & rock (All) – field pressuremeter
(including footings density tests testing.
abutments and Soil (AS, FSG) – laboratory small & large
Rock γ, UCS, ks Fracture indices, UCS (and PL)
piers), gantry shear box tests for ’.
m, s, RMR rock exposures
signs
preferably (or core Soil (S, LM) – laboratory triaxial tests for
if no exposures cu and c’+ ’.
available)

Settlement Soil (AS, FSG) E’ SPT N, CPT - Soil & rock (All) – field pressuremeter
(components, total, testing.
differential and rate) Rock E’ (& Es), Fracture indices, UCS with
Soil (AS, FSG) – field plate bearing test
RMR rock exposures strain gauges
for E’.
(or core if no
exposures Soil(S, LM) – field testing for k and
available) laboratory oedometer tests for mv and cv.

Pile Carrying capacity (axial Soil (AS, FSG) γ , ’, ks SPT N, CPT - Soil & rock (All) – field pressuremeter
foundations and lateral), downdrag/ testing.
negative skin friction Rock UCS - UCS (and PL)
Soil (AS, FSG) – laboratory small & large
shear box tests for ’.
Soil (S, LM) – laboratory oedometer tests
for mv and cv and triaxial tests for cu

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Structure/earthwork Design issue Material Engineering Usual source of data for Occasional other testing and
parameters parameter derivation engineering parameters required
normally
required In situ Laboratory
testing/data testing

Bridge Pile Settlement/ deflection Soil (AS, FSG) E’ SPT N, CPT - Soil (AS, FSG) – field plate bearing test
(including foundations of laterally loaded piles for E’
abutments and (continued) Rock E (& Es), Fracture indices UCS with
piers), gantry RMR rock exposures strain gauges
signs (core if exposures
(continued) not available)

Tunnels Loading on tunnel lining Soil (AS) γ , ’, E’, ν, SPT N, CPT - Advice on parameters for design
Ko should be sought from a geotechnical
practitioner with knowledge and
Rock γ ,UCS, E (& Fracture indices UCS with experience in tunnel design and
Es), ν, Ko, rock exposures strain gauges construction.
RMR (core if exposures
Soil & rock (All) – field pressuremeter
not available)
testing.

Soil (AS, FSG) – field plate bearing test

for E’

Soil (AS, FSG) – laboratory small & large

shear box tests for ’.

Soil (S, LM) – laboratory oedometer tests

for mv and cv and triaxial tests for cu and
c’+ ’.
Retaining walls Gravity wall Bearing capacity Soil (AS, FSG) γ, ’, ks SPT N, CPT - Soil & rock (All) – field pressuremeter
density tests testing.

Rock γ, UCS, m, Fracture indices UCS (and PL) Soil (AS, FSG) – laboratory small & large
s, RMR rock exposures shear box tests for ’ (and ’r where soils
(core if exposures

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not available) are affected by landslide.

Structure/earthwork Design issue Material Engineering Usual source of data for Occasional other testing and
parameters parameter derivation engineering parameters required
normally
required In situ Laboratory
testing/data testing

Retaining walls Gravity wall Sliding resistance Soil (AS, FSG) ’ SPT N, CPT - Soil (AS, FSG) – field plate bearing test
(continued) (continued) for E’
Rock γ, c’ + ’ - -
Soil(S, LM) – laboratory oedometer tests
Stability (engulfing Soil (AS, FSG) γ, ’ SPT N, CPT, - for mv and cv and triaxial tests for cu and
failures) density c’+ ’.

Cantilever/ Wall stability & Soil (AS, FSG) γ, ’, ks SPT N, CPT, - Rock – laboratory rock shear box for c’+
anchored engulfing stability density ’.
embedded
wall Anchorage design Soil (AS, FSG) γ, ’ SPT N, CPT, -
density

Soil cuttings Stability Soil (AS, FSG) γ, ’ SPT N, CPT, - Soil (AS, FSG) – laboratory small & large
density shear box tests for ’.
Soil (AS, FSG) – laboratory small & large
Soil (S,LM) γ, cu , c’+ ’ Triaxial tests
shear box tests for c’+’ (and c’r+’r
(UU, CU+PWP
where soils are affected by landslide).
, CD)

Rock cuttings Stability Rock γ, c’ + ’, Discontinuity UCS Rock – laboratory rock shear box for c’+
RMR’ spacing and ’.
orientation rock
exposures (core if
no exposures)

Embankments Stability Soil (AS, FSG) γ, ’ SPT N, CPT, - Soil (AS, FSG) – laboratory small & large
density shear box tests for ’.

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Soil (S, LM) γ, cu, c’ + ’ - Triaxial tests Soil (S, LM) – laboratory small shear box
(UU, CU+PWP tests for c’+’ & (c’r +’r where soils
, CD) affected by landslip).

Structure/earthwork Design issue Material Engineering Usual source of data for Occasional other testing and
parameters parameter derivation engineering parameters required
normally
In situ Laboratory
required
testing/data testing

Embankments (continued) Settlement Soil (AS, FSG) E’ SPT N, CPT - -

(components, total,
differential and rate) Soil (S, LM) mv, cv, k Permeability test Oedometer

Road pavement Strength, trafficability Soil (All) CBR CBR CBR -

and requirement for
capping layer

Excavatability Excavatability Rock UCS RMR Discontinuity - -

spacing and
orientation, rock
exposures
preferably (or core
if no exposures
available)

Structures and earthworks - Groundwater flow - kv & kh Permeability test Permeability Published correlations for permeability
general and infiltration test test based on particle size distribution data.

Notes

(1) Triaxial tests: UU – Unconsolidated undrained (quick undrained), CU+PWP –Consolidated undrained with porewater pressure measurement, CD – Consolidated drained.
(2) The geotechnical practitioner will be responsible for making a final determination of the parameters required for design.

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4.6 Laboratory tests for determining soils, groundwater

and rock properties and engineering parameters
4.6.1 Soils and groundwater
A list of the soils properties and engineering parameters commonly determined from laboratory
tests for Abu Dhabi road projects is given in Table 11. The table also provides guidance on the
standards that should be used for the particular laboratory test.

A list of the soils properties and engineering parameters occasionally determined from laboratory
tests for Abu Dhabi road projects is given in Table 12. The table also provides guidance on the
standards that should be used for the particular laboratory test.

A list of the groundwater properties that are commonly determined from laboratory tests for Abu
Dhabi road projects is given in Table 13. The table also provides guidance on the standards that
should be used for the particular laboratory test.

Further guidance on the selection of soils laboratory testing can be found in the AGS Guide: The
selection of geotechnical soil laboratory testing (1998) (13).

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Table 11: Soil properties and engineering parameters commonly determined from laboratory tests for Abu Dhabi road projects

Soil property/engineering parameter Test methods for laboratory measurement Cost/ Notes including comments on alternative indirect
complexity methods of engineering parameter assessment
BS ASTM AASHTO category(1)

Classification tests

Moisture content (w) BS1377.Part 2.Cl 3(14) D2216-10(15) - A -

Plasticity index (Ip), liquid limit (wI) and BS1377.Part 2.Cl D4318-10(16) T89-10(17) T90-00 A -
plastic limit (wp) 4,5(14) (18)

Bulk (mass) density (γ) BS1377.Part 2.Cl 7 (14) D7263-09(19) - A In situ tests are preferred in granular soils.

Dry density (γd) BS1377.Part 2.Cl 7 (14) D7263-09(19) - A -

Particle density (ρ8) BS1377.Part 2.Cl 8 (14) D854-10(20) T100-06(21) A Obtained by calculation if w and ρ are known.

Particle size distribution BS1377.Part 2.Cl 9 (14) D422-63 T88-10(23) A -

(2007)(22)

Shear strength

Effective stress strength parameters Direct shear (shear box) D3080-04(25) - B/C -
methods BS1377,Part
(Φ’ and Φcrit’) 7,Cl 4,5 (24)

Compaction/compaction related tests & California Bearing Ratio

Dry density/moisture content relationship BS1377.Part 4.Cl 3(24) D698-07 (26) T099-10 (28) A/B -
D1557-09 (27) T180-10(29)

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) BS1377.Part 4.Cl 7 (24) D1883-07 (30) - A/B Direct field measurement of CBR is preferred if the ground
conditions are suitable.

Maximum density (pmax) minimum density BS1377.Part 4.Cl 4 (24) D4253-00(2006) - A/B -
(pmax) (31)
D4254-00(2006)
(32)

Chemical tests

Sulphate content of soil BS1377.Part 3.Cl 5 (33) C1580-09e1(34) - A BS covers both acid soluble and water soluble sulphate.

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Soil property/engineering parameter Test methods for laboratory measurement Cost/ Notes including comments on alternative indirect
complexity methods of engineering parameter assessment
BS ASTM AASHTO category(1)

ASTM covers water soluble sulphate. The determination of

water soluble sulphate is most commonly made.

Chloride content of soil BS1377.Part 3.Cl 7 (33) C1524-02a(2010) T291-94(36) A ASTM test is used for testing aggregates
(35)

pH value BS1377.Part 3.Cl 9 (33) G51-95 (2005)(37) - A -

Carbonate Content BS377.Part 3.C l6 (33) D4373- - A ASTM provides result as Calcite (CaCO3) equivalent BS
02(2007)(38) results need to be corrected to be in CaCO3 equivalent.

Magnesium value in soil - C114-11b Section - B -

16 (39)
Notes:
(1) Cost/complexity category definitions:
A - Low cost routine test: Normally carried out in large numbers to classify soils and to assess consistency of soil parameters.
B - More expensive, relatively routine test: Normally carried out selectively to determine design parameters.
C - High cost complex test: Normally carried out only when absolutely necessary to establish or confirm design parameters.
(2) The geotechnical practitioner will be responsible for making a final determination of the parameters required for design.

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Table 12: Soil properties and engineering parameters occasionally determined from laboratory tests for Abu Dhabi road projects

Soil property/engineering parameter Test methods for laboratory measurement Cost/ Notes including comments on alternative indirect
complexity methods of engineering parameter assessment
BS ASTM AASHTO category(1)

Classification tests

Dispersibility tests, pinhole crumb and BS1377.Part 5.Cl 6 (40) D4647-06e1 (41) - B -
dispersion methods Pinhole method
D4221-11 (42)
Double
Hydrometer

Organic content (O) BS1377.Part 3.Cl 3 (33) D2974-07a(43) - A -

Collapse potential of soils BS1377.Part 5.Cl 4 (40) D5333-03 (44) - B ASTM working group currently looking at re-working this
standard (WK34531)

Chemical tests

Resistivity of soil (rs) BS1377.Part 3.Cl 10 G187-05 (45)using - B/C Field tests are usually preferred when practicable.
(33) two electrode soil
box method.

Redox potential of soil (Eh) BS1377.Part 3.Cl 11 - - B/C -

(33)

Shear strength

Undrained shear strength (cu or cr) Laboratory vane D4648M-10(47) - A * Often unrepresentative due to small scale and sample
method BS1377.Part lab vane. Pocket disturbance.
7.Cl 3* (46) penetrometer cu can also be assessed from classification tests such as
method in plasticity index (Ip) and published correlations.
development cu can be assessed from SPT N60 values and static cone
penetration tests in many soil types.
Triaxial compression D2850- T296-10(49) A Complementary field strength determinations from in situ
method (without 03a(2007)(48) tests are often useful.
measurement of pore
pressure) BS1377.Part
7.Cl 8,9 (46)

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Soil property/engineering parameter Test methods for laboratory measurement Cost/ Notes including comments on alternative indirect
complexity methods of engineering parameter assessment
BS ASTM AASHTO category(1)

Shear strength

Effective stress strength parameters Direct shear (shear box) D6528-07(50) - B/C Φcrit can be assessed from specific classification test
with multi-reversals Direct shear of measured in the laboratory using modified BS test
(c’, Φ’ and Φcrit’) BS1377. Part 7 Cl 4,5 cohesive soils procedures
(46)

Consolidated undrained D4767-11(52) - C

triaxial (with
measurement of pore
pressure) BS1377.Part
8,Cl 3 to 7 (51)

Consolidated drained D7181-11(53) - C

triaxial (with
measurement of volume
change) BS1377. Part
8. Cl 3,6 & 8 (51)

Residual effective stress strength Direct shear (shear box) New ASTM under - C Φr’ can be assessed based on classification tests and
parameters (Φr’) with multi-reversals development published correlations.
BS1377. Part 7.Cl 4,5, (WK3822)(54)
(46) Φr’ may be assessed from back analysis of failures.

Consolidation and elastic properties

One dimensional consolidation/swelling Oedometer cell test D2435M-11(55) T216 -07 (56) B mv can be estimated from SPT N60 values in
properties and pre-consolidation pressure methods BS1377.Part overconsolidated clays
(mv, mv(rebound),cv, cv(rebound) and pc’) 5.Cl 3 (40)
mv can be estimated from static cone penetration test cone
resistance

Swelling Test Methods D4546-08(57) - B mv can also be assessed based on historical data on the
BS1377.Part 5.Cl 4 (40) performance of structures.
cv laboratory generally significantly underestimates in situ
Hydraulic Cell methods D4186M-12 (59) - C performance. A field estimate of cv can be made taking cv =
BS1377.Part 6.Cl 3 (58) k/(γwmv) based on the oedometer mv value, γw (weight
density of water = 9.81kN/m3 )and a field permeability (k)
from the likes of a borehole or piezometer permeability test.

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Soil property/engineering parameter Test methods for laboratory measurement Cost/ Notes including comments on alternative indirect
complexity methods of engineering parameter assessment
BS ASTM AASHTO category(1)

Permeability

Coefficient of Permeability (k) Constant Head Method D2434-68 T215(61) B In situ field tests are usually preferred to laboratory tests
BS1377.Part 5.Cl 5 (40) (2006)(60)
kv and kh in layered soils can be significantly different
Falling Head Method D5084-10(63) - B requiring measurement in tests with suitable sample
(Head K H (1982)(62)) preparation, orientation and drainage.
k can be assessed from particle size distribution and
published correlations.
Notes:
(1) Cost/complexity category definitions:
A - Low cost routine test: Normally carried out in large numbers to classify soils and to assess consistency of soil parameters.
B - More expensive, relatively routine test: Normally carried out selectively to determine design parameters.
C - High cost complex test: Normally carried out only when absolutely necessary to establish or confirm design parameters.
(2) The geotechnical practitioner will be responsible for making a final determination of the parameters required for design.

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Table 13: Groundwater properties commonly determined from laboratory tests for Abu Dhabi road projects

Soil property/engineering parameter Test methods for laboratory measurement Cost/ Notes including comments on alternative indirect
complexity methods of engineering parameter assessment
BS ASTM AASHTO category(1)

Chemical tests

Sulphate content of groundwater BS1377.Part 3.Cl 5 (33) D516-11 (64) - A -

Chloride content of groundwater BS1377.Part 3.Cl 7 (33) D512-10(66) - A -

BRE Report 279
(1995)(65)

pH value BS1377.Part 3.Cl 9 (33) G51-95 (2005)(37) - A -

Notes:
(1) Cost/complexity category definitions:
A - Low cost routine test: Normally carried out in large numbers to classify soils and to assess consistency of soil parameters.
B - More expensive, relatively routine test: Normally carried out selectively to determine design parameters.
C - High cost complex test: Normally carried out only when absolutely necessary to establish or confirm design parameters.
(2) The geotechnical practitioner will be responsible for making a final determination of the parameters required for design.

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4.6.2 Rock

4.6.2.1 Laboratory testing

A list of the rock properties and engineering parameters commonly determined from laboratory
tests for Abu Dhabi road projects is given in Table 14. The table also provides guidance on the
standards that should be used for the particular laboratory test.

A list of the rock properties and engineering parameters occasionally determined from laboratory
tests for Abu Dhabi road projects is given in Table 15. The table also provides guidance on the
standards that should be used for the particular laboratory test.

4.6.2.2 Quality and properties of rock mass

In assessing the quality and properties of rocks and rock masses the geotechnical practitioner has
to make a distinction between the behaviour of rock material as measured in the laboratory on core
samples and the behaviour of the much larger rock masses in the field which include structural
discontinuities such as bedding planes, joints, shear zones and solution cavities. In assessing rock
mass behaviour consideration needs to be given to the following characteristics of the joints:

 spacing
 orientation
 aperture, persistence (continuity)
 tightness
 roughness, including the effects of previous movements on the joints
 any joint infilling.

Those characteristics can be assessed from logging on site of nearby rock exposures or by
orientation of recovered rock core. Guidance on the recording of rock exposures is given in
references, ISRM (1989) (67), TRL (2011) (68), TRL (2011) (69) and Hoek & Bray (1994) (70) and
the method to be adopted on a project will need to be determined by a suitably qualified and
experienced geotechnical practitioner.

Estimates of rock mass properties such as strength and stiffness may be obtained by using the
concept of rock mass classification. Further details can be found in Bieniawski (1976)(71),
Bieniawski (1989)(72), Barton (2002)(73) and Hoek et al (2002)(74).

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Table 14: Rock properties and engineering parameters commonly determined from laboratory tests for Abu Dhabi road projects

Rock property/engineering parameter Test methods for laboratory measurement Cost/ Notes including comments on alternative indirect
complexity methods of engineering parameter assessment
BS ASTM ISRM/Other category(1)

Classification tests

Water content (w) - D2216-10*(15) ISRM Part 2(67) A * Normally determined as part of UCS test

Density (ρ) - Part of UCS test* ISRM Part 2(67) A * Normally determined as part of UCS test

Chemical tests

Carbonate content BS1997. Part 3.Cl6(33) D4373- - - -

02(2007)(38)

Strength

Point load (I) - D5731-08(75) Broch & Franklin A Tests are typically carried out as axial point load (Ia) or
(1972)(76) diametrical point load (Id) or lump tests

Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) - D7012-10*(77) ISRM Part 2(67) A * test includes the determination of moisture content and
bulk density.

Young’s Modulus of elasticity (E) - D7012-10*(77) ISRM Part 2(67) B -

Notes:
(1) Cost/complexity category definitions:
A - Low cost routine test: Normally carried out in large numbers to classify soils and to assess consistency of soil parameters.
B - More expensive, relatively routine test: Normally carried out selectively to determine design parameters.
C - High cost complex test: Normally carried out only when absolutely necessary to establish or confirm design parameters.
(2) The geotechnical practitioner will be responsible for making a final determination of the parameters required for design.

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Table 15: Rock properties and engineering parameters occasionally determined from laboratory tests for Abu Dhabi road projects

Rock property/engineering parameter Test methods for laboratory measurement Cost/ Notes including comments on alternative indirect
complexity methods of engineering parameter assessment
BS ASTM ISRM/Other category(1)

Classification tests

Porosity - D4404-10 D4992- ISRM Part 2(67) A -

07(78)

Strength

Splitting tensile strength - D3967-08(79) ISRM Part 2(67) A -

Discontinuity peak and residual effective - - ISRM Part 2(67) B -

shear strength

Notes:
(1) Cost/complexity category definitions:
A - Low cost routine test: Normally carried out in large numbers to classify soils and to assess consistency of soil parameters.
B - More expensive, relatively routine test: Normally carried out selectively to determine design parameters.
C - High cost complex test: Normally carried out only when absolutely necessary to establish or confirm design parameters.
(2) The geotechnical practitioner will be responsible for making a final determination of the parameters required for design.

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5 GROUND INVESTIGATION PROCUREMENT

5.1 Overview
The Ground Investigation Company can have a substantial influence on the accuracy and quality
of ground investigation data, which may impact on ground interpretation, geotechnical design and
the cost of the scheme. It is important therefore that an appropriately experienced Ground
Investigation Company with qualified, trained and experienced staff and operatives is engaged to
undertake any ground investigation works. The Ground Investigation Company should also operate
under an appropriate quality assurance system. It will be usual to engage a Ground Investigation
Company through a tender process. This chapter provides guidance on tender information to be
requested from a Ground Investigation Company in order that an assessment of his technical
competency can be made as part of the tender process. The chapter also provides guidance on
industry standards for assuring the quality of ground investigation personnel and laboratory testing.
Advice on the specification of ground investigation and on the preparation of a bill of quantities for
tendering and contract purposes is also given.

5.2 Procurement of a ground investigation company

The precise procedure for the procurement of a specialist ground investigation company will
depend on the stage that a project has reached in its development and implementation. The
Overseeing Organisations procurement procedure should be followed and in the case of Abu
Dhabi Department of Transport the procedure is set out in its Procurement and Contracts Manual
(ref DOT/SS/P&C/M001)(80)). The assessment of ground investigation tenders should include both
technical and financial evaluation. The technical evaluation of a Ground Investigation Company
should cover:

 methodology and approach

 compliance with local health and safety regulations and local environmental regulations
relevant to the particular aspect of work being carried out

 quality of personnel, including competency assessment of drillers (ref Section 5.2.1)

 certification requirements

 technology requirements

 documentation of operations in similar projects

 capacity to upgrade and support

 green procurement initiatives

 the ability of the company to mobilize and begin work

 time for programme completion and programme logic

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 relevant experience in the local market and available resources (plants, office, software,
tools) in the UAE

 criteria for technical presentation and interviews, if any.

Templates for the technical and health and safety evaluation of Ground Investigation Companies
are included as Table D1 and Table D2 in Appendix D. Electronic copies of the templates may be
obtained from Abu Dhabi Department of Transport.

Adherence to quality assurance procedures is of prime importance to the success of any ground
investigation, as a guarantee that specific standards are attained. The Ground Investigation
Company should operate a quality management system, which should preferably comply and be
registered to a recognised industry standard such as BS EN ISO 9001(81). The Company should
also operate an environmental management system, which should preferably by registered to an
international standard such as BS EN ISO 14001(82) and a health and safety system, preferably
registered to an international standard such as OHSAS 18001 (83).

Further information on the quality management of ground investigation may be found in UK Site
Investigation Steering Group (1993)(10). Further information on the quality of ground investigation
personnel and certification requirements are given in the following sub-Sections.

5.2.1 Quality of ground investigation personnel

Geotechnical practitioners employed on ground investigations carried out by a Ground
Investigation Company must be appropriately qualified with appropriate expertise and experience
in geotechnics for the role they undertake. Defined requirements for geotechnical personnel
relative to technical education, professional qualifications and industry experience are given in the
Part 1 of the Manual, Section 2.3. Appropriate training and continued professional development of
such personnel is important for them to be able to successfully undertake their duties.

Drillers and crew should also be appropriately experienced and trained. Studies have shown that
the skill and care of the driller in applying appropriate techniques and procedures in sinking a
borehole can have a significant influence on in situ test results, for example SPT ref CIRIA Report
143 (1995)(84), and the quality of soils sample and rock core recovery. For quality control it is
important, therefore, that drillers undertaking a ground investigation are competent in the drilling
techniques used. That competency should be a combination of appropriate training and relevant
drilling experience. This should ensure that drillers are aware of the detrimental impact on data
quality of poor drilling that is to be avoided and of drilling best practice to be employed.

The competency of drillers should be reviewed on an annual basis, as such auditing can improve
the quality of work and safety. The audits should be carried out on site by suitably experienced and
qualified persons, observing the driller’s work practices and reviewing in detail an individual's ability
to carry out work in accordance with relevant standards and contract specific specifications. The
driller’s ability to make correct and accurate records and to make appropriate use of method
statements and risk assessments should also be assessed. An inspection of the driller’s rig and all
drilling tools should also be made to check that they are of the required standard. In the absence of
an independent UAE body that undertakes such audits, the audits might be made by appropriate
staff in a Ground Investigation Company as part of its quality control procedures. If and when an

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independent UAE body is set up, then it is expected that the Ground Investigation Company will
adopt independent accreditation and auditing of its drillers. Further information on the competency
assessment of drillers may be found at www.britishdrillingassociation.co.uk(85).

The following information should be sought from a Ground Investigation Company for review as
part of the technical evaluation of the company:

i) names of the geotechnical practitioners to be employed on the contract together with

details of their academic and professional qualifications and summary of their experience;

ii) names of the drillers (and drilling assistants) to be employed on the contract together with
evidence of them having been subject to an annual competency audit (or accreditation by
an independent audit body), and a summary of their experience;

iii) details of the company training and development policy and training programme for its
specialist staff and drilling crews.

5.2.2 Laboratory quality

It is important for all ground investigations that there is consistency and quality of laboratory
testing. This ensures accuracy of data and reduces the risk of erroneous information that could
result in interpretation that could be overly conservative thus giving rise to unnecessary higher
scheme costs or rise to a failure with associated increase in construction or maintenance costs. It
is highly desirable and encouraged by Abu Dhabi Department of Transport – Main Roads Projects
that laboratories undertaking soils and rock testing and analytical contaminant testing should be
accredited by an independent industry recognised body such that:

i) the test work is conducted using valid, recognised, technical methods suitable for the
purpose required and of established performance characteristics, with reproducible results;

ii) the work is carried out by properly qualified and trained staff;

iii) the work is carried out on correctly functioning equipment that is calibrated so as to provide
traceability to international standards of measurement;

iv) data are consistent and of known quality being subject to quality control for accuracy and
precision by techniques that are approved by independent technical assessors.

The United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS) (www.ukas.com)(86) provides accreditation of

laboratories based on international standard, ISO 17025:2005 (87) - General requirements for the
competence of testing and calibration laboratories and is recognized worldwide. The American
Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA) (www.a2la.org) (88) also provides accreditation of
laboratories.

Details of any independent accreditation held and of the company’s quality assurance procedures
for testing and results reporting should be sought from a Ground Investigation Company for review
as part of the technical evaluation the company.

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5.3 Specification and bill of quantities

Having established the scope of the ground investigation required for a scheme (Chapter 4 above)
and in order to facilitate the procurement of the ground investigation works, the geotechnical
practitioner should prepare a specification and bill of quantities. To provide for clear and concise
presentation of the requirements of the ground investigation published standards should be
adopted for the specification and bill of quantities. Use of such standards will provide for
consistency and quality of documentation and minimise the risk of the Ground Investigation
Company not understanding the requirements.

The UK Site Investigation Steering Group (1993)(89) specification and bill of quantities have
commonly been used for stand-alone ground investigation contracts in Abu Dhabi. An update of
those documents was published in 2012, ref UK Site Investigation Steering Group (2012)(90). The
published documents recognise that each and every ground investigation is unique in terms of its
aims and requirements. Consequently there is provision for the geotechnical practitioner to
complete a series of schedules that define investigation specific details including:

i) a description of the site, the anticipated ground and groundwater conditions, drawings and
documents provided;

ii) the numbers, type and location of the exploratory holes;

iii) amendments and additions to the published standard specification.

The UK Site Investigation Steering Group (2012)(90) specification and bill of quantities may be
adopted for stand-alone ground investigation works and an Excel workbook template bill of
quantities in that format is included as Appendix E. An electronic copy of the template is available
from Abu Dhabi Department of Transport.

It is to be noted that in the case of Abu Dhabi Department of Transport construction contracts,
ground investigation works to be included within such contracts will normally be specified and billed
in accordance with Abu Dhabi Department of Transport’s Standard Specification for Road Works
Manual (91) and Standard Bill of Quantities Manual (DOT/T/HW/172/2009)(92). The
comprehensive details for the specification and billing of ground investigation works provided in UK
Site Investigation Steering Group (2012)(90) may, however, provide a useful reference for the
inclusion of any additional work items required that are not covered in the Standard Specification
and Standard Bill of Quantities Manuals.

5.4 Specification of ground investigation of contaminated

land
The geotechnical practitioner may occasionally require a ground investigation to be performed at a
site or part of a site with known or potentially contaminated soils and or known or potentially
contaminated groundwater. For such investigations the objectives and anticipated hazards must to
be clearly defined by the geotechnical practitioner to allow the ground investigation company to
select the appropriate plant, equipment, drilling methods, materials and protective measures. The
geotechnical practitioner should therefore include additional clauses within the ground investigation
specification related to the investigation of contaminated ground or groundwater. There should also

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be additional bill of quantities items to reflect the additional work and measures that the ground
investigation company will have to undertake compared to those for a ground investigation in
uncontaminated conditions. UK Site Investigation Steering Group (1993)(93) Guidelines for the
safe investigation by drilling of landfills and contaminated land provides advice for the investigation
of known or potentially contaminated sites and includes example additional bill of quantities items
that could be added to the standard bill of quantities described in Sub-section 5.3 above.

UK Site Investigation Steering Group (1993) (93) guidelines use a ‘traffic light’ system to categorise
sites based on the risk to human health and controlled waters as presented in Table 16.

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Table 16: Site categorisation in relation to the ground investigation of landfills and
contaminated land (after UK Site Investigation Steering Group (1993)(93))

Site Broad description

designation

GREEN Subsoil, hardcore, bricks, stone, concrete, clay, excavated road materials, glass,
ceramics, abrasives, etc.
Wood, paper, cardboard, plastics, metals, wool, cork, ash, clinker, cement, etc
Note: there is a possibility that bonded asbestos could be contained in otherwise inert
areas.

YELLOW Waste food, vegetable matter, floor sweepings, household waste, animal carcasses,
sludge, trees, bushes, garden waste, leather, etc.
Rubber and latex, tyres, epoxy resin, electrical fittings, soaps, cosmetics, non-toxic
metal and organic compounds, tar, pitch, bitumen, solidified wastes, fuel ash, silica
dust, etc.

RED All substances that could subject persons and animals to risk of death, injury or
impairment of health
Wide range of chemicals, toxic metal and organic compounds, etc; pharmaceutical
and veterinary wastes, phenols, medical products, solvents, beryllium, micro-
organisms, asbestos, thiocyanates, clyanides, dye stuffs, etc
Hydrocarbons, peroxides, chlorates, flammable and explosive materials, materials that
are particularly corrosive or carcinogenics, etc

Notes:
It should be borne in mind that discriminate dumping may have taken place on a particular landfill or
contaminated site, and therefore the above categorisation should be treated as a guide only to
determining operational procedures.
Landfill sites licensed to accept asbestos waste or other sites where significant deposits of bound or
unbound asbestos occur justifiably have a RED designation, warranting the highest level of caution.
Many contaminated sites may, however, only have very small quantities of asbestos, often present as
asbestos cement, which (while presenting a hazard) may not warrant the highest level of protection. In
these cases it may be sufficient simply to add mains water to the borehole to prevent asbestos fibres
becoming airborne and hence available for inhalation, and to wear disposable ‘paper masks suitable
for low levels of asbestos’.
The presence of radioactive materials on a site has not been included in the above categorisation and
should be considered separately subject to relevant regulations and codes of practice.
The majority of dye stuffs are likely to be in the YELLOW category. There is, however, a variety of
base materials that have been used for the manufacturing of dyes and it is possible that some of
those, when in concentrated form, could be sufficiently toxic to require a RED designation.
In those situations where a preliminary sources study has not been carried out, or the preliminary
sources study has not revealed sufficient information, then the site should be given an automatic RED
designation.

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Other references that provide information and guidance in relation to the ground investigation of
contaminated land include:

 BS 10175:2011 Investigation of potentially contaminated sites – Code of practice(94)

 AGS Guidelines for Combined Geoenvironmental and Geotechnical Investigations
(2000)(95);
 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) document 625/12-91/002 titled “Description
and Sampling of Contaminated Soils – A Field Pocket Guide”(96);
 ASTM D5730-04 “Standard Guide for Site Characterization for environmental purposes with
emphasis on Soil, Rock, the vadose zone and groundwater”(97).

5.5 Ground investigation company performance

During a ground investigation the geotechnical practitioner should monitor the performance of the
Ground Investigation Company and provide feedback to the Overseeing Organisation that may be
helpful in respect of technical evaluation of the Company in future ground investigation tenders.
Aspects which the geotechnical practitioner should typically monitor include:

 quality of service
 timeliness of delivery
 adherence to specifications
 quality of resources deployed
 contract compliance.

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6 IN SITU TESTING AND ITS INTERPRETATION

6.1 Overview
In situ testing usually forms an important part of any ground investigation for Abu Dhabi road
projects. This chapter provides guidance on the execution, interpretation and uses of Standard
Penetration Testing, Cone Penetration Testing, in situ density determinations and geophysical
surveys.

6.2 Standard penetration testing

6.2.1 Introduction
The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is the most commonly used in situ test in Abu Dhabi and the
Arabian peninsular and is widely used around the World. The test provides an indicator of the
density and compressibility of granular soils, such as the aeolian sand deposits and fluvial
sediments of Abu Dhabi (ref Sub-section 2.2.3). It is a particularly valuable test in these types of
soils as undisturbed samples cannot be readily obtained for laboratory testing. The SPT can also
be used to assess the consistency of cohesive soils such as sabkha and lagoonal muds and also
weak rocks.

The SPT is a relatively simple test that gives a numerical parameter which can be used for:

 profiling soils and weak rock;

 soil classification;
 determination of engineering parameters for use in design based on empirical design rules,
discussed further in Sub-section 6.2.4;
 direct design; discussed further in Sub-section 6.2.4.

The International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (ISSMFE) (1988) (98)
published an International Reference Test Procedure for the SPT, that describes the principles
constituting acceptable test procedures from which the results are comparable. Only standards that
comply with the reference test procedure, such as BS EN ISO 22476-3: 2005 (99) and ASTM.
D1586-08a (100) should be used in ground investigations.

The SPT basically consists of driving a standard 50mm outside diameter thick-walled sampler into
the soil at the base of a borehole, using repeated blows of a 63.5kg hammer falling through
760mm. The SPT N value is the number of blows required to achieve a penetration of 300mm,
after an initial seating drive of 150mm.

6.2.2 Influence of different practices and equipment on SPT results

Apart from the soil conditions in which the test is made the main influences on SPT results are:

 driller competence and borehole construction

 the SPT equipment.

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6.2.2.1 Driller competence and borehole construction

Studies reported in CIRIA Report 143 (1995)(84) have shown that the quality of drilling equipment
and drilling technique can produce some of the largest differences in penetration resistance in
granular soils. The skill and care of the driller in applying appropriate techniques and procedures in
the sinking the borehole can have a significant influence on the penetration resistance of the soil.
The correct execution of the SPT itself is also of critical importance. For quality control it is
important therefore, that drillers undertaking a ground investigation are competent in the drilling
techniques and testing to be used, ref Sub-Section 5.2.1.

Best practice drilling needs to be employed to minimize the disturbance of soils to be tested by
SPT. In light cable percussion boreholes most commonly used in ground investigations these
include:

 Where drilling in the presence of a groundwater table a water balance should be

maintained within the borehole casing. This avoids a hydraulic gradient at the base of
the hole that would likely cause upward seepage and piping failure within sand and silt
deposits resulting in them becoming loose.

 SPTs should be carried out below the borehole casing and not within it.

 Standard 35mm internal diameter split spoon samplers should be used.

 In very loose aeolian sands or in very soft lagoonal clays the static weight of the rods
and hammer assembly will often be sufficient to push the test equipment some distance
into the ground below the base of the borehole. That distance should be recorded in
accordance with the test standard, otherwise the penetration resistance will be over-
estimated by an unknown quantity.

Typically in Abu Dhabi drilling is undertaken in 110mm diameter casing. Whilst drilling in larger
diameter boreholes is not common practice, the geotechnical practitioner should be aware that
drilling in boreholes of greater than 150mm diameter may give lower SPT N values than might
otherwise be the case. The geotechnical practitioner should, therefore, consider this when
interpreting test data and make corrections where necessary.

Further information on the influence of driller competence and borehole construction on SPT
results can be found in CIRIA Report 143 (1995)(84).

6.2.2.2 SPT equipment

The equipment used to carry out SPTs can have a significant influence on measured N values. In
order to minimise such influences equipment complying with recognised industry standards such
as BS EN ISO 22476-3:2005 (99) and ASTM D1586-08a (100) should only be used in ground
investigations. The energy that the SPT hammer delivers to the rods and consistency of that
energy level with each drop of the hammer are important influences on SPT results. The automatic
trip hammer provides the most consistent energy application with each hammer drop and is
therefore the preferred type of equipment to be used. The automatic trip hammer is mostly used in
Abu Dhabi. Further information on the automatic trip hammer and other types of SPT hammers
commonly used can be found in CIRIA Report 143 (1995) (84).

Energy delivered to the rods

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With regards to the level of energy application, this varies depending on the individual hammer
used. Energy losses are induced by the hammer assembly due to frictional and other effects,
which cause the hammer velocity at impact to be less than the free fall velocity. Further losses of
energy arise from the impact of the anvil depending on its mass and other characteristics.
Following studies of energy imparted by hammers, it has been established that a standard rod
energy ratio (Er) of 60% of the theoretical free-fall hammer energy is appropriate for normalising
penetration resistances from different equipment and systems. This permits like for like comparison
of results. The correction of SPT N values to a standard rod energy ratio of 60% of the theoretical
free-fall hammer energy is applied in standards such as BS EN ISO 22476-3:2005 (99) and ASTM
D6066-96(2004)(101). The adjusted N value is denoted by the symbol N60.

In sands the blow count N is inversely proportional to the energy ratio (Er) of the hammer and the
correction factor that has to be applied (see Section 6.2.3 below). In order to establish the
correction factor the Er value of the particular test hammer has to be established from calibration
testing. SPT hammers should be calibrated by an appropriate specialist company on a 6 monthly
basis and also after damage, overloading or repair, as recommended in BS EN ISO 22476-3:2005
(99). Annex B of BS EN ISO 22476-3:2005 provides a recommended method to measure the
actual energy imparted by a SPT hammer assembly to the rods. The ground investigation
company should provide a copy of the current certificate(s) of calibration for the SPT hammer(s)
used during a ground investigation and referenced to the tests undertaken as part of its factual
reporting of the ground investigation.

Energy loss owing to the length of rods

With low penetration resistance (N <50) the energy transmitted down the rods in the first
compressive pulse of force will be reduced as a result of a reflective tensile wave. Studies indicate
that this has an impact on tests in sand but not in cohesive soils. For SPT in sands if the rod length
is less than 10m then a further correction to that for the energy ratio of the hammer should be
applied as described in Section 6.2.3.

6.2.3 Corrections applied to SPT results

6.2.3.1 Energy delivered to the rods

As discussed in Section 6.2 above for design and comparison purposes SPT N values should be
adjusted to a reference energy ratio of 60% of the theoretical free-fall hammer energy. This
adjustment is made using Equation 1:

Where:
N60 = Er x N - N is the SPT blow count
- Er is the energy ratio of the SPT hammer (%)
60
- N60 is the adjusted N value

Equation 1: SPT N60: Correction of N values to reference energy ratio of 60% of the
theoretical free-fall hammer

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6.2.3.2 Energy loss owing to length of rods in sands

To correct for the energy loss associated with short rod lengths when testing sands then a further
correction (λ) to the reference energy correction given in Sub-Section 6.2.3.1 should be applied to
the SPT N results. The rod length correction factors are presented in Table 17.

Table 17: Correction factors in sands for rod length

Rod length below the Correction factor (λ)
anvil (m)
>10m 1.0
6 to 10 0.95
4 to 6 0.85
<3m 0.75

In sands, therefore, the adjustment to be made to SPT N values to obtain a value corrected to a
reference energy of 60% of the theoretical free-fall hammer is made using Equation 2.

Where:
N60 = Er x N x λ - N is the SPT blow count
60 - Er is the energy ratio of the SPT hammer (%)
- λ is the correction factor related to rod length
- N60 is the adjusted N value

Equation 2: SPT N60: Correction of N values to reference energy ratio of 60% of the
theoretical free-fall hammer including allowance for rod length energy loss

6.2.3.3 Effect of overburden pressure

For some SPT correlations it is necessary to further correct the SPT N60 values to take account of
the effect of overburden pressure. There are several published corrections that take account of the
effective overburden pressure at the SPT depth. The correction factors (CN) presented in BS EN
ISO 22476-3:2005 (99) also take account of the type of consolidation of the deposit. Suggested CN
values to be applied to take account of overburden pressure and the type of consolidation of the
deposit are given in Table 18. The adjusted N60 value is denoted by the symbol (N1)60.

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Table 18: Correction factors CN for vertical effective stress (σv’) owing to overburden of the
soils
Type of consolidation Correction factor (CN )

Normally consolidated
√ 98
σ’v

Overconsolidated 170 .
70 + σv’

σv’ is the vertical effective stress in kN/m2

In sands, therefore, the adjustment to be made to SPT N values to obtain a value corrected to a
reference energy of 60% of the theoretical free-fall hammer and to take account of effective
overburden pressure is made using Equation 3.

Where:
(N1)60 = Er x N x λ x CN - N is the SPT blow count
60 - Er is the energy ratio of the SPT hammer (%)
- λ is the correction factor related to rod length
- CN is the correction factor related to effective
overburden pressure
- (N1)60 is the adjusted N60 value.

Equation 3: SPT (N1)60: Correction of N values to reference energy ratio of 60% of the
theoretical free-fall hammer including allowance for rod length energy loss and for effective
overburden pressure

6.2.3.4 SPT corrections spreadsheet template

A template spreadsheet for the application of corrections to SPT results is presented as Table F1
in Appendix F. An electronic copy of the template may be obtained from Abu Dhabi Department of
Transport.

6.2.4 Engineering parameters and direct design methods

6.2.4.1 Engineering parameters

SPT results have been correlated to a wide range of engineering parameters used in geotechnical
design and for a wide range of soils and weak rock types. The engineering parameters that are
commonly derived from SPT results and published correlations are listed in Table 19. Details of the
various correlations and discussion on their application can be found in CIRIA Report 143
(1995)(84) and also in geotechnical engineering design text books such as Tomlinson (2001)(102).

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Table 19: Engineering parameters commonly derived from SPT results

Parameter Symbol Material type Required

Granular soils Cohesive Weak rock input
soils
aeolian sands, sabkha, carbonate
fluvial sands/ lagoonal rock
gravels muds
Relative density Dr * - - (N1)60

Effective angle of
friction
’ * - - (N1)60

Undrained shear
strength
cu - * * N60

Unconfined
compressive strength
UCS - - * N60

Undrained Young’s
modulus
Eu - * - N60

Drained (effective)
Young’s modulus
E’ * * * N60

Coefficient of volume
compressibility
mv - * - N60

Shear modulus at
very small strain
Gmax * - - (N1)60

6.2.4.2 Direct design methods

Several direct design methods have been developed for SPT. In these methods the N value
(corrected as appropriate) is the input parameter and the analysis directly gives the value to be
calculated, for example the settlement of a foundation, without any estimate of the engineering
parameters of the soil or rock. Direct design methods include:

i) estimation of settlements of shallow foundations on sands

ii) design of piles in soils and weak rocks

iii) liquefaction potential in sands

iv) estimation of sheet pile drivability in granular soils.

Details of the direct design methods and discussion on their application can be found in CIRIA
Report 143 (1995)(84) and also in geotechnical engineering design text books such as Tomlinson
(2001)(102).

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6.3 Cone penetration testing

6.3.1 Introduction
The cone penetration test (CPT) and the cone penetration test with pore pressure measurement
(CPTU) commonly referred to as the “piezocone test”, are widely undertaken in Abu Dhabi and
around the World. In addition, seismic or electrical sondes can be included in the CPT array to
provide information on sonic velocity or resistivity that can be correlated with engineering
properties such as stiffness. CPTU is the generally preferred method of test as the data obtained is
more versatile for interpretation of the ground conditions at a site. In the subsequent text CPT is
used as a generic term covering both CPT and CPTU unless stated otherwise. CPT can be very
cost-effective and can provide continuous data on the strata being tested with good repeatability of
observations.

CPT can be used for:

 profiling soils stratigraphy and identifying the materials encountered;

 determination of engineering parameters of soils for use in design based on empirical

design rules, discussed further in Sub-section 6.3.5.1;

 direct design, discussed further in Sub-section 6.3.5.2.

In most cases, it is desirable that a CPT investigation is supplemented by exploratory holes,

sampling and testing in order to:

 provide correlations and verifications of soil type;

 provide complementary information where interpretation of CPT data is difficult, ie where

there has been partial drainage or where there have been problem soils;

 evaluate the effect of future changes in soil loading that cannot be assessed from the CPT.

The International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (ISSMFE) (1989)(103)
published an International Reference Test Procedure for Cone Penetration Test (IRTP) that
describes the principles constituting acceptable test procedures for the CPT from which the results
are comparable. Only equipment and procedures that comply with the reference test procedure, as
described in international standards such as BS 1377-9:1990 (104) and ASTM D5778-07(105)
should be used for CPT investigations.

The CPT basically consists of pushing a cone attached to the end of a series of rods into the
ground at a constant rate of penetration with continuous or intermittent measurements made of the
resistance to penetration of the cone. Measurements are also made of either the combined
resistance to penetration of the cone and outer surface of a friction sleeve or the resistance of the
surface friction sleeve itself. The standard CPT cone has a 60 degree apex angle and a diameter
of 35.7mm providing a 10cm2 cross-sectional base area and 150cm2 friction sleeve located above
the cone, ref Figure 1. CPT cones of 15cm2 cross-sectional base are also used, especially where
additional sensors are incorporated into the equipment. The ISSMFE IRTP(103) advises that
immediately behind the cone (position u2 on Figure 1) is the preferred location for the filter for the

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measurement of pore pressure. Some equipment, however, has the filter on the cone (position u1
on Figure 1) or behind the friction sleeve (position u3 on Figure 1).

Figure 1: Cone penetrometer components

Electrical strain gauge load cells within the cone penetrometer measure the cone resistance (q c)
and the sleeve friction (fs) of the soils being tested as the cone is pushed into the ground.

6.3.2 Test methods

Methods for undertaking CPT are set out in various international standards, including ISSMFE
IRTP (1989)(103), BS 1377-9:1990(104), ASTM D3441-05(106) and ASTM D5778-07(105).

6.3.3 Factors that can affect CPT results

The main factors that typically affect CPT results are listed below together with details of measures
that can be taken to avoid the error from occurring or to correct the data:

 The skill and care of the CPT operator. Following the correct test procedure is
fundamentally important in ensuring quality and reliability of CPT results. Only suitably
trained and experience operators should be engaged to undertake CPT testing.

 Calibration of sensor and load cells. Accurate and up to date calibration of sensors and
load cells is essential for recording accurate CPT data. Good technical support facilities for
calibration and maintenance of the CPT equipment are therefore essential. Calibration
records should always be requested for the cone, friction sleeve, piezometer and any other
sensors such as seismic sonde. Such records should be current at time of commencement
of testing and should be repeated at the end of the investigation process to determine any
drift in readings that may have occurred over time.

 Pore water pressures. Pore water pressures around a penetrating cone influence the
measured cone resistance and sleeve friction. In clays a higher rate of penetration
generates higher pore pressures that will result in over-estimation of cone resistance and
therefore strength properties. High rates of penetration can also give increased resistance
in some sands owing to dilatancy generating high negative pore water pressures. Such rate

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effects can be avoided by carrying out the test to the standard rate of penetration. ISSMFE
IRTP(103) recommends a rate of penetration of 20mm/s +/- 5mm/s.

 De-airing of piezometers. If the piezometer within the CPT array becomes unsaturated then
it will give erroneous pore pressure readings. Piezocones should therefore be immersed in
de-aired water for at least 24 hrs prior to testing. Piezocones should be regularly replaced
with de-aired piezocone elements.

 Inclination of testing. If the test path deviates significantly off vertical then this will induce
errors in the depth of the recorded data. To minimize the risk of the test deviating off
vertical the thrust machine should be set up so as to obtain a trust direction as near as
possible to vertical. The deviation of the initial thrust direction from the vertical should not
exceed 2 degrees. The axis of the test push rods should also coincide with the vertical trust
direction. The inclusion of a slope sensor in the penetrometer will also provide for
monitoring and recording the verticality of the test path. That information can then be used
to make any necessary corrections to give the correct measurement depth.

 Temperature. Changes in temperature can affect readings. In sands, temperature may

increase owing to friction between the cone penetrometer and the sand particles.
Temperature affects can be checked by taking a reading at zero-load at the beginning and
end of test at the same temperature as exists in the ground. The inclusion of a temperature
sensor in the penetrometer will also provide for monitoring and recording the temperature.
Corrections to the data can then be made based on laboratory calibrations.

 Cone penetrometer condition. General wear and tear can result in a cone penetrometer
falling out of standard to an extent that the accuracy of the test data may be affected. The
cone should be inspected prior to carrying out a CPT survey to ensure the cone is in good
condition. An appropriate inspection and maintenance schedule for the CPT equipment
should be put in place to ensure that any equipment that falls out of standard is identified
and taken out of use.

Further information on factors that can affect CPT results and measures that can be taken to
avoid the error or correct the data may be found in Luune et al (1997)(107). A summary of
frequency of checks and recalibrations that should be made for CPT to ensure quality of data is
given in Table G1 in Appendix G.

6.3.4 Presentation of results

The following details should be presented in the Ground Investigation Company’s reporting of CPT:

 Measured parameters. For each CPT the measured parameters listed below should be
plotted on one sheet with a common set of scales used at any one site:

- measured cone resistance (qc)

- measured sleeve friction (fs)
- pore water pressure (u), where measured.

ISSMFE IRTP (1989)(103) gives recommendations for scales to be used, but those may be
varied where appropriate to ensure best presentation of data.

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 Derived parameters. Where possible the following parameters should be derived and also
presented:

- cone resistance corrected for pore pressure effects (qt)

- sleeve friction corrected for pore pressure effects (only valid when pore pressures
have been measured at both ends of the friction sleeve)
- friction ratio (Rf), usually in %, where Rf = fs/qc or is preferably Rf = ft/qt or more
typically Rf = fs/qt
- pore pressure ratio (Bq), where Bq = Δu/(qt –σvo)
With Δu = excess pore pressure (u-u0)
u0 = in situ equilibrium pore water pressure
σvo = in situ total vertical stress.

 On each CPT record:

- site name
- CPT reference number
- date of test
- serial number of the cone penetrometer
- position of the pore pressure filter(s) on the cone penetrometer
- groundwater level
- test Company and CPT operator name.

 In the factual report:

- plan showing the location of each CPT coordinated to an agreed Cartesian system
- description of the equipment used and name of the manufacturer(s)
- cone geometry and dimensions and any deviation from ISSMFE IRTP (1989) (103)
or the standard being used
- calibration factors for all sensors and the load range over which they apply
- capacity of each sensor
- zero readings for all sensors before and after each test, and the temperature at
which taken or alternatively the change in zero reading expressed in kPa
- type of liquid used in the pore pressure measurement system
- observed wear or damage on the cone, friction sleeve or the filter element.
- any irregularities during testing to the standard being used.
- the area ratio of the cone and the friction sleeve end areas.
- for dissipation tests it should be noted whether or not the rods were clamped or
unclamped during dissipation.

A check list of information required with CPT results to ensure and check data quality is provided
as Table G2 in Appendix G.

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6.3.5 Soils characteristics, engineering parameters, direct design

methods and other applications

6.3.5.1 Soils characteristics and engineering design parameters

CPT is extremely effective for establishing soil type and soils stratigraphy, particularly when
correlated with data from boreholes. CPT results have also been correlated to a wide range of
engineering parameters used in geotechnical design and for a wide range of soil types. The
engineering parameters that are commonly derived from CPT results and published correlations
are listed in Table 20. Details of the various correlations and discussion on their application can be
found in Luune et al (1997)(107).

It should be noted that most of the correlations given in Lunne et al (1997)(107) are based on
empirical results and data derived for silica/quartz sands. In some instances, these correlations
can be in error for CPT tests in calcareous sands (carbonate content greater than 50%-70%)
(Lunne et al (1997)(107)).

In calcareous sands correction factors should be applied to take account of the crushability of the
shell content and hence higher compressibility of the deposits which often results in artificially
lower CPT cone resistance values compared to silica/quartz sands of the same relative density.

6.3.5.2 Direct design methods

Several direct design methods have been developed for CPT. In these methods the qc is usually
the only input parameter from the CPT test and there are various formulae and correlations for the
value to be calculated. Design methods available using CPT data include:

i) pile load capacity and pile settlement

ii) bearing capacity and settlement of shallow foundations

iii) liquefaction potential evaluation.

Details of the design methods and discussion on their application can be found in Lunne et al
(1997)(107) and the CIRIA Cone Penetration Testing – Methods and Interpretation(108).

6.3.5.3 Other applications

Other applications for which CPT data is commonly used are:

i) the estimation of SPT N values for use in SPT-based design approaches

ii) ground improvement quality control.

Details of these and other less common applications in Abu Dhabi can be found in Luune et al
(1997)(107) and the CIRIA Report Cone Penetration Testing – Methods and Interpretation(108).

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Table 20: Soil characteristics and engineering parameters commonly derived from CPT results

Soil characteristics/ Symb Material type Notes

(1 & 2)
parameters ol
Granular soils Cohesive soils

aeolian sands, sabkha, lagoonal muds

fluvial sands/
gravels
CPT CPTU CPT CPTU
Soil state (1) For details of the correlations and discussion on their application see
Luune et al (1997).
Soil type - B A B A (2) The general applicability of CPT and CPTU data for assessing soil
Soil stratigraphy characteristics and parameters: A – high, B – moderate, C – low, - not
- A A A A
applicable.
In situ static pore pressure u - - - A (3) CPTU provides additional approaches compared to CPT to assess
this characteristic/parameter
Unit weight/weight density
(γ) - - - C (4) The coefficient of volume compressibility can be assessed from mv =
(bulk density/mass density)
1/M
Relative density (density
ID A/B A/B - -
index)
Overconsolidation ratio (3)
- - - B B
(OCR)
In situ horizontal stress σh C C B/C B/C
(3)

Shear strength

Undrained shear strength cu - - B B

(3)

Sensitivity - - - C C

Effective angle of friction ’ B B C B

Deformation

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Soil characteristics/ Symb Material type Notes

(1 & 2)
parameters ol
Granular soils Cohesive soils

aeolian sands, sabkha, lagoonal muds

fluvial sands/
gravels
CPT CPTU CPT CPTU

Drained (effective) (4) (4)

M B B C B
constrained modulus

Coefficient of consolidation cv - - - A/B

Coefficient of permeability k - - - B

Undrained Young’s modulus Eu - - C B

Drained (effective) Young’s

modulus E’ B B - -

Shear modulus at very small

strain Gmax B B B B

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6.4 In situ density tests

Soil bulk density, also known as mass density, is an important parameter required for geotechnical
engineering design. As described in Section 4.4, routine sampling techniques cannot provide
samples of the type and quality suitable for bulk density determination for aeolian sand deposits,
which predominate in Abu Dhabi, or for fluvial sands and gravels. The bulk density of those
deposits can, however, be determined by testing the soils in situ. A list of the tests that are
commonly undertaken for Abu Dhabi road projects to establish soils bulk density in situ is given in
Table 21.

Table 21: Tests commonly undertaken for Abu Dhabi road projects for determining the in
situ density of soils

Test BS ASTM Notes

method

Sand BS1377.Part 9.Cl D1556-07 (sand-cone Suitable for fine and medium
replacement 2.1(104) (small pouring method) (109) grained soils (aeolian sand).
cylinder)

BS1377.Part 9.Cl 2.2 D4914-08 (sand Suitable for fine, medium and
(104) (large pouring replacement method) coarse grained soils (aeolian
cylinder) (110) sand and fluvial sands &
gravels).

Water BS1377.Part 9.Cl D5030-04(111) Used rarely in coarse and very

replacement 2.3(104) coarse soils wadi deposits.

Core cutter BS1377.Part 9.Cl 2.4 Suitable for cohesive soils free
(104) from coarse grained material.
-
Used rarely, for example in
cement stabilised fill.

Nuclear BS1377.Part 9.Cl 2.5 D6938-10 (112) Commonly used. The Ground
(104) Investigation Company
requires a Federal Authority for
Nuclear Regulations (FANR)
licence (annual renewal) and
the adoption of FANR
procedures in respect of the
transportation and storage of
the nuclear equipment.
Suitable for fine grained
materials like aeolian sand.
Technique much less reliable
in coarse gravelly soils.

6.5 Geophysical surveys

6.5.1 Introduction
Geophysics is a very broad category of non destructive methods of ground investigation.
Geophysical techniques including electrical, gravity, magnetic, seismic or thermal are used to

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measure the physical, electrical or chemical properties of the soil, rock and pore fluids. In general
geophysical surveys are non invasive and enable correlation between known points of control.
There is, however, no one typical method that can be used in every instance. The selection of a
geophysical method has to be based on knowledge of the existing ground conditions and what
information is required to be obtained.

Data gathering and data interpretation in geophysical surveys are all important and require
specialist knowledge and experience. There are no samples to be handled or stored that can be
checked at a later point. Most of the geophysical methods require processing of the data after it is
gathered in order that an interpretation can be made. The specification of the geophysical survey
is, therefore, very important and the selected specialist company must be able to demonstrate that
he is able to provide the needed solutions.

Geophysics can provide information over a much broader area of a site than can be obtained by
ground investigation exploratory holes. It can provide mapping of the natural conditions of a site
and establish anomalous conditions that could present increase risk to road structures or
earthworks. For example, geophysics can be used to investigate possible cavities within limestone
and gypsum rich strata that could impact on construction or performance of bridge foundations.
Geophysics may also be used to determine soils stratigraphy if say a preliminary sources study
has indentified a possible buried channel or similar features that may impact on proposed
earthworks or road structure. Geophysics is, therefore, a very useful technique to reduce the risk of
unknown conditions.

The Al Ain Municipality has published requirements concerning the use of geophysical surveys in
the document Geophysical Study in Al Ain Guideline Manual dated 2010(113), to which the
geotechnical practitioner should refer.

This chapter provides an overview of the geophysical techniques that are typically used in Abu
Dhabi Emirate and also other techniques that may be useful. Further detailed information on the
geophysical methods described can be found in ASTM D6429-99(2011)(114), McDowell et al
(2002)(115), Wightman et al (2003)(116), McCann et al (1997)(117), United States Department of
Interior, Bureau of Reclamation (2001)(118), and United States Department of Interior, Bureau of
Reclamation (1998)(119).

6.5.2 Planning
The design and planning of geophysical surveys for transportation projects depends on a number
of factors which include:

 the physical properties of interest

 the techniques which can provide the information at the resolution required

 the geophysical tools that can perform well under the study conditions

 the techniques that can provide complementary data

 the non-geophysical control that is required for the interpretation of the acquired
geophysical survey data.

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To assist in the planning of geophysical survey there are numerous references as indicated above.
Good basic guidance can be found in ASTM D6429-11 (114) Standard guide for selecting surface
geophysical methods, ASTM D5753-05(2010) (120) Standard guide for the planning and
conducting of geophysical logging and Transportation Research Board Circular E-C130
(2008)(121) “Geophysical methods commonly employed for geotechnical site characterization”.

Geophysical surveys can be used as a screening tool to provide a relatively quick understanding of
the ground conditions at a site. They can also be used to provide more detail on the specifics of a
site. The first aspect of planning a geophysical survey is to determine why the survey is to be
performed and what questions are to be answered when the survey is complete. For the various
geophysical methods that can be used, each has its own set of advantages and limitations. Table
22 provides a summary of the common applications of land based geophysical surveys in Abu
Dhabi and the preferred geophysical methods for that application (see also Table H1 in Appendix
H). For information on the use of geophysics in the marine environment reference should be made
to International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (2005)(122).

Table 22: Summary of geophysical survey techniques and their application

(1)
Application Geophysical survey technique
(2)
Seismic MASW / Resistivity Ground Electromagnetic Gravity
(2)
Refraction SASW Penetrating (EM)
Radar
P – Primary method of choice S – Secondary method of choice/alternative
Unconsolidated
layer / soil P P - P S -
stratigraphy
Rock
S P - S - -
Stratigraphy
Depth to
P P P S S
bedrock
Depth to water
P - - P S -
table
Fractures and
S S S S P S
fault zones
Soils and rock S
P P S - -
properties (density)
Cavities / sink
- P P P S P
holes
Saltwater
- - P S P -
intrusion
Buried objects - - - P P/S S
Notes:
(1) Refer also to Table 1 in ASTM D6429-11(114) and Table 2 in McCann et al (1997)(117).

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(1)
Application Geophysical survey technique
(2)
Seismic MASW / Resistivity Ground Electromagnetic Gravity
(2)
Refraction SASW Penetrating (EM)
Radar
(2) MASW – Multichannel analysis of surface waves; SASW - Spectral analysis of surface waves

For all the geophysics methods listed in Table 22 the interpretation of the geophysics data should
be calibrated against ground conditions at the site established from boreholes or trial pits. That
calibration should preferably be undertaken at the time of original data processing. If for some
reason this is not possible and the borehole or trial pit information is obtained at a later date then in
these situations the results of the geophysical survey should be reviewed and updated as
necessary in light of the actual ground conditions found in the exploratory holes.

6.5.2.1 Seismic
Seismic techniques including seismic refraction and MASW measure the travel time of direct and
indirect acoustic waves as they travel from a sound source at ground surface to a series of
geophone receptors placed in direct contact with the ground surface at a range of distances from
the sound source. The acoustic waves can be generated by a sledge hammer hitting a metal plate,
by a weight drop source or by a large vibratory weight drop source. Figure 2 shows the theory
behind seismic data gathering.

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Figure 2: Refraction methodology (from Wightman et al (2003)(116))

A summary of uses and limitations of frequently used seismic methods is given in Table 23.

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Table 23: Summary of uses and limitations of frequently used seismic methods

Method Data collected and uses Limitations Additional comments

Seismic 1. P Wave velocity 1. Layers must be relatively 1. Resolution is a

Refraction (compressional wave) thick in order to be “seen”. function of the
to determine velocity source and the
2. Only layers of increasing
differentiation of geophone spacing.
velocity can be recorded.
geologic layers.
Weaker materials at depth,
2. Able to determine will not be recorded.
differences in material
3. The acoustic (seismic)
properties for thick
velocity through water (ie
layers.
the water table; 1,400 m/s)
3. Provides data along may mask some weaker
continuous lines. weathered rock layers.

MASW 1. Measures propagation 1. The acoustic (seismic) 1. Resolution is subject

of surface waves from velocity through water (ie to the geophone
which shear wave the water table; 1,400 m/s) spacing and the
velocity may be may mask some weaker acoustic frequency
interpreted. weathered rock layers. being recorded by
the geophone.
2. Able to obtain data 2. Penetration is limited by
below weak layers. the source of acoustic 2. Data can be
waves generated. collected in noisy
3. Able to delineate voids
areas using just the
or cavities.
traffic noise as an
acoustic source if
depth of data
collection is not too
deep.

6.5.2.2 Electrical Resistivity

Electrical Resistivity surveys measure the resistivity of the earth materials relative to a current that
is induced into the ground. There are numerous types of resistivity surveys, but in general all of
them use a current induced into one electrode and measure the current received at receptor
electrodes. As the current input is known the apparent resistivity between the two or more
electrodes can be calculated. There are three commonly used resistivity arrays, the difference
being in the spacing of the receiving electrodes:

 Wenner: 4 equally spaced electrodes with the current placed on the outer electrodes and
the readings on the inner electrodes.

 Schlumberger: 4 electrodes but the inner electrodes (potential electrodes) are less than
1/5th of the distance between the centre of the spread and the outer current electrode.

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 Resistivity profiling: where the electrode spacing is constant but the induced current is
moved along the line.

The electrical resistivity of a material depends on its porosity and the salinity of the water within the
pore spaces. The method is limited by the insertion of the electrode into the ground surface, so if
the surface material is pavement, very dense material or bedrock then the electrode locations need
to be pre-drilled. Additionally, in soil materials it may be necessary to wet the electrodes with saline
water, in order to increase the amount of electric current directed into the ground. In dry conditions,
such as dunes, this may require very large quantities of water to be available.

Electrical resistivity can be performed as point surveys using the Wenner or Schlumberger array.
Single point surveys are used primarily in corrosion surveys for steel (such as sheet pile walls) or
for determining ground characteristics for earthing design of electrical substations. Gridded surveys
along transects using profiling methods are usually performed for trying to find anomalies such as
cavities.

Electrical resistivity surveys can be used to map sand and gravel deposits, determine parameters
for cathodic protection, and map variations in groundwater salinity. They can also be used to locate
voids or cavities especially in areas where the cavities are above the water table. In areas where
the cavities are below the water table a lack of contrast between the electrical resistivity of the host
rock and groundwater can make the results more difficult to interpret. Electrical Resistivity surveys
do not provide information on rock properties.

6.5.2.3 Ground Penetrating Radar

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a quick method of evaluating shallow near surface geology,
including the location of buried objects such as pipes, boulders, and near surface cavities. GPR
can be used for near surface underground utility detection since it can pick up PVC cable ducts
and similar pipelines that may not be currently active and which, therefore, would not be visible to
other pipeline detection methods. GPR is limited in its usefulness since conductive materials such
as saline water or the water table limits the depth of penetration. The method uses many different
antennae configurations so it is very important to provide the specialist geophysics survey
company with a clear directive on the purpose of the survey and the suspected ground conditions
or the buried structure that is being sought. GPR data does not require an excessive amount of
processing and therefore the specialist field engineer can usually review the survey findings as
work progresses to assess if the investigation needs are being met.

GPR surveys can be used in the evaluation of road pavement (including concrete) and bridge
decks. In those cases it does, however, need to be used in conjunction with other non-destruction
testing (NDT) and /or coring methods to obtain the necessary data for the calibration of the GPR
data (Wightman et al (2003)(116)).

6.5.2.4 Microgravity
Microgravity or gravity measurement techniques measure the local variations in the gravitational
pull of the earth that the likes of underground cavities and buried channels or underground
structures can create. Measurements are made using a gravity meter, at intervals along traverses
that cross an anticipated or known area of interest. The variations in the relative gravity measured
can then be used to identify the likely position of the underground feature. The method can provide

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a very accurate sizing and depth of a void or anomaly. In order to achieve accuracy, it is important
that the microgravity survey data are correlated with other ground investigation data and
information. The microgravity method is labour intensive and requires the initial point of
measurement (base station) to be re-occupied frequently in order to monitor any drift in the
recording of the instrument. Extremely accurate elevation data is also required (+/- 3mm). The
distance between readings taken along a traverse should be based on the expected size of the
void or anomaly to be detected; with close spacing for small size voids and larger spacing for large
voids. The gravitational anomaly that occurs with a void decreases with depth. If the void is in the
bedrock, the top of the bedrock surface below the overburden soils must be taken into account;
that information usually requires the use of a second geophysical technique such as seismic
refraction or MASW. Microgravity surveys can be made in inside buildings and structures and in
urban areas (ASTM D6429-11(114)).

6.5.2.5 Borehole geophysics

There are several borehole geophysics techniques that can be used to identify strata stratigraphy,
establish particular geotechnical properties and for groundwater characterisation. Table H2 and
Table H3 in Appendix H provide lists of the different methods of borehole geophysical survey and
their applications. It should be noted that a number of the techniques require the use of a shielded
radioactive source. For this reason some of the methods that are listed and are available in the
likes of the US or the UK may not be available for use in the UAE owing to permitting issues.
Consultation should therefore be made with local geophysical survey companies to confirm the
types of borehole geophysical survey that can be provided.

6.5.3 Procurement of geophysical survey work

Geophysical surveys and their interpretation is specialist work and accurate scope definition is
extremely important if value for money is to be obtained from the investigation work. It is also
important that an experienced specialist geophysical survey company is employed to undertake
the survey work and perform its interpretation. It can be advantageous to seek the advice of the
specialist geophysical survey company in determining the final scope of a geophysical survey. To
facilitate this, in addition to the geotechnical practitioner providing an initial indication of form of
geophysical survey required he should also provide the specialist geophysical survey company
with the following:

1. Details of the known or anticipated ground conditions including groundwater level and
groundwater salinity (if available).

2. Information on what is wanted to be achieved by the geophysical survey for example the
location of cavities, the determination of ground parameters, the location of salt water
interface or locations of underground utilities.

3. Proposed depth of investigation from the ground surface.

4. Presentation of results. How will the data ultimately be used? Requirements for the data to
be coordinated to local grid and elevation. Requirements for the data to be presented in
electronic format (for example CAD) as well as paper files.

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5. Expected result presentation in terms of interpreted profiles and slices, identification of

anomalies and scale of the drawings. The level of detail required to be detected from the
reported data (for example 0.5m or 10m size anomalies).

The geophysical survey company can then advise on any changes in the scope of the geophysical
survey or technique(s) that might be employed to maximise the benefit from the proposed survey
work.

The procurement process should also include the minimum requirements of the report that should
be provided (Anderson et al (2008)(123)). This includes:

i) executive summary

ii) purpose and scope of study

iii) dates and location of survey (including base plan)

iv) personnel and organization involved

v) summary of data collection procedures used at the site.

vi) summary of data processing methodology

vii) quality and reliability of the acquired data

viii) interpretation of the data including summary of the procedure used and verification
processes (ground truth and /or modelling).

ix) conclusions and recommendations.

It is to be noted that in some instances it is most appropriate and best value for money if a phased
programme of geophysical survey work, using different techniques is undertaken. For example, for
the investigation of possible underground cavities, it might be appropriate to initially undertake a
wide area Resistivity or MASW survey of a site. Anomalies that are found would be verified using
either boreholes or diagraphy drilling to confirm the presence or otherwise of any cavities. The size
of the cavities might then be confirmed using cross-hole borehole geophysical surveys or with a
micro gravity survey.

Geophysical surveys can be included within the ground investigation standard specification and bill
of quantities described in Sub-section 5.3. In some instances it may be appropriate to include
multiple geophysical survey methods in the documentation in order to establish any significant
price differential between different techniques, for example Resistivity or MASW, as the price may
vary between sites depending on surface conditions and project requirement.

The geophysical survey contract should also include a “field release clause” that permits contract
termination if preliminary results do not justify continuation of the survey (Anderson et al
(2008)(123)). The clause might be invoked if the ground conditions differ from what was expected
or if the geophysical method does not achieve the data objectives including depth of penetration.

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The Geophysical Survey Company should be required to include in any tender return evidence that
he has used the geophysical survey method proposed successfully at similar locations in similar
ground conditions. The tender should also include a method statement indicating the proposed
working method including as a minimum the following items:

i) proposed spacing of geophones or electrodes

ii) quality assurance checks that will be performed daily

iii) methods that will be used in the analysis of the data

iv) equipment that will be used including external source, data storage and data back up
during the survey

v) staff, including CVs of team leaders for data collection and data interpretation

vi) methods to be used for interpretation of the data including details of the data processing
programs that will be used

vii) schedule of works based on a notice to proceed date.

The geotechnical practitioner should supervise the field geophysical survey work to ensure the
quality of work and to enable any changes in the scope of the geophysical survey to be made, in
the light of survey findings.

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7 GROUND INVESTIGATION REPORTING

7.1 Description of soils and rocks, borehole and trial pit

records
The description of soils and rocks and the preparation of borehole and trial pit records should be
undertaken to an appropriate standard such as BS5930:1999+A2(2010) (7). An example borehole
record is included in Appendix I.

7.2 Laboratory test reporting

The information required to be reported for soils and rock laboratory tests is generally given in the
relevant standard to which the test is being undertaken. Example test reporting forms are included
as Appendix J, a list of which is provided at the front of the appendix. An electronic copy of the
forms may be obtained from Abu Dhabi Department of Transport.

Laboratory testing and test reporting should be undertaken in accordance with industry recognised
quality assurance and quality control procedures. For Abu Dhabi Department of Transport projects
the procedures should be in accordance with the Quality Assurance and Quality Control
Requirements for Road Projects (DOT-MR-M-05) (124).

7.3 Electronic transfer of geotechnical data

To facilitate the electronic transfer of geotechnical data without the need for re-input of information
which can lead to transcribing errors the Association of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental
Specialists developed its Data Interchange Format (commonly referred to as AGS format). The
AGS format provides a set of rules for the electronic transfer of geotechnical data, including
exploratory hole records together with in situ and laboratory testing results.

AGS format data files can be readily imported into geotechnical database programmes such as
Holebase and gINT. Also, there are a number of utility programs available that allow the user to
check AGS data files for errors and convert the data to Excel spreadsheets, including free
downloads. Example utility programs are;

 Keynetix: KeyAGS at www.keynetix.com(125)

 gINT software at www.gintsoftware.com(126)

When specifying the ground investigation the geotechnical practitioner should include the
requirement that the ground investigation company supplies the investigation records in AGS
format in addition to hard copy reports.

More information on the AGS format can be found in AGS (2005) (127), AGS (2011) (128) and on
the AGS web site www.ags.org.uk(129).

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8 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN
8.1 Seismic loading
Abu Dhabi is located on the Arabian Plate which is bounded by a series of well-defined tectonic
margins. The Arabian Plate itself is considered to be a stable landmass, with no known significant
seismic events over the past 2,000 years, ref Aldama-Bustos et al (2009)(120). The north-east
border of the Arabian plate, however, is an active plate boundary with relative convergence taking
place between the Arabian and Eurasian plates. As a result, continental collision is taking place
along the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt in southern Iran (about 120km from the UAE), while further
east (in the north of the Gulf of Oman) the oceanic part of the Arabian plate subducts beneath the
Eurasian plate along the Makran subduction zone, ref Figure A3 in Appendix A, Berberian (130).
The transition from the continental to the oceanic collision is accommodated, to a large extent, by
the Zendan-Minab fault, a north north-west trending zone of strike-slip and thrust faults, ref Regard
et al.(131) (132). In the south-east, the African and Arabian plates diverge across the Gulf of Aden
while, in the south-west, the Red Sea spreading boundary defines the interface between the two
plates, ref Johnson (133), Vita-Finzi(134) .

Among the above-mentioned plate boundaries, the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt zone and the
Makran subduction zone are the most likely contributors to seismic hazard for Abu Dhabi. In the
past, the Zagros region has been responsible for the generation of numerous large earthquakes of
magnitude around M7.0, while in the Makran subduction zone the largest earthquake recorded had
a magnitude M8.2. In addition, a number of active tectonic features in the Oman Mountains are
also expected to contribute to the hazard in the area. The Oman Mountains are located along the
north-east margin of the Arabian plate, in Northern Oman, and seismic activity has been noted by
both field evidence and historical seismicity, ref Kusky et al (135). The main structures of interest in
the region are the Dibba line, the Wadi Shimal and the Wadi Ham faults, ref Styles et al (136).

A number of seismic hazard studies have been performed for the United Arab Emirates and its
surroundings. Table 24 summarises the ground motion predictions obtained by different studies for
Abu Dhabi at various return periods. It is noted that significant differences exist among the
predictions of the various studies; these differences are discussed in Aldama-Bustos (137) and
Aldama-Bustos et al (138). Best estimate values provided in Table 24 are intended to provide an
indication of the seismic hazard levels for Abu Dhabi based on the latest studies; however PGA
values for engineering design according to AASHTO or IBC should be derived following the
procedures laid out in each of the codes and using the seismic hazard maps provided therein.

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Table 24: Summary of seismic hazard studies results for Abu Dhabi at various return
periods.

Author Peak Ground Acceleration (g)

475yrs 1,000yrs 2,475yrs

UBC (139) No seismic - -

action required

Grunthal et al (140) - GSHAP 0.24 - -

Al-Haddad et al (141) 0.05 - -

Abdalla and Al-Homoud (142) 0.10 - -

Sigbjörnsson and Elnashai (143) - 0.10 0.20

Musson et al (144) 0.035 - -

Malkawi et al (145) 0.09 - -

Pascucci et al (146) 0.04 - 0.07

Aldama-Bustos et al (138) 0.032 0.047 0.07

Best estimate 0.035 0.047 0.07

For transport infrastructure in Abu Dhabi seismic design is usually carried out following the general
principles set out in AASHTO Load and Resistance Factor Design (AASHTO LRFD) (2012)(147).
According to AASHTO LRFD (147), the definition of seismic hazard at a site shall use the peak
ground acceleration (PGA) and the short-period and long-period spectral acceleration coefficients,
Ss and S1 respectively, with a 7% probability of exceedance in 75 years (1,000yr return period).
These shall be based either on approved state ground motion maps or on a site-specific
probabilistic seismic hazard analysis generating a uniform hazard spectrum for the required
probability of exceedance. The PGA, Ss and S1 values correspondig to the 1,000-year return period
shall be multiplied by the site factors for the appropriate site class in order to define the design
spectral accelerations and design response spectrum. At present approved state seismic hazard
maps for the 1,000-year return period are not available; therefore a site-specific probabilistic
seismic hazard analysis would be required if the seismic design is to be carried out in accordance
with AASHTO. It should be noted that hazard maps for Ss and S1 provided in Appendix A are not
suitable for design according to AASHTO as these correspond to a different return period (i.e.,
2,500 years).

According to AASHTO (147) each bridge shall be assigned to one of the four seismic zones set out
in the code. The seismic zone classification will depend on the value of the design long-period
spectral acceleration SD1, which is obtained from the product of the long-period spectral

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acceleration coefficient S1 (for rock site conditions) and the appropriate site factor for long-period
motion, Fv. For the earthquake event the coincident traffic load is taken to be 50% of the design
traffic load.

Traditionally, for building design in the Abu Dhabi region, seismic loads for use in building design of
five or more storeys were taken from the Uniform Building Code (UBC)(139) for a seismic category
of Zone 2A. It is to be noted that the UBC itself places Abu Dhabi in seismic category Zone 0,
which implies that no seismic loading is required to be taken into consideration in design. The UBC
Zone 2A PGA is 0.15g at bedrock level. Soils overlying bedrock have the effect of amplifying the
PGA and therefore for design the bedrock level PGA value is normally enhanced based on the type
of soil present.

UBC was superseded in the United States by the International Building Codes (IBC) in 2000. The
IBC is updated every three years and the latest edition is IBC 2012(148). As part of a phased
program of customisation, adoption and implementation of IBC Abu Dhabi Department of Municipal
Affairs (DMA) published the guide “Abu Dhabi Guide to the Use of International Building Codes” in
2011 (149) and publication of its code International Building Codes in the Emirates of Abu Dhabi is
due in 2012(150). The guide provides code users a reference for any amendments that have been
made to meet the local specifications of Abu Dhabi Emirate. Accordingly, the seismic ground
motion values shall be determined from the mapped 0.2s and 1.0s spectral accelerations, Ss and
S1 respectively (ref Figure A4 and Figure A5 in Appendix A) Abu Dhabi Guide to the Use of
International Building Codes (149).

For the development of these maps a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment was not performed
due to time constraints, ref Ghosh and Dowty (151). Instead, the hazard maps included in the IBC
for the Emirate of Abu Dhabi were based on the work of Abdalla and Al-Homoud(142). The hazard
maps in the “Abu Dhabi Guide to the Use of International Building Codes” are for 0.2s and 1.0s
spectral acceleration, for rock-site conditions, with 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years
(2,475yr return period). According to these maps, for Abu Dhabi, Ss for rock site conditions (site
class B as per IBC) shall be 0.60g and S1 0.24g, ref Table 25. The mapped values shall be
multiplied by an appropriate site factor for the relevant site class and a factor of 2/3 in order to
obtain the design spectral response acceleration parameters (SDS and SD1). The determination of
the seismic design categories shall be according to the amended tables presented in the “Abu
Dhabi Guide to the Use of International Building Codes” (149).

Table 25: Seismic design parameters for Site Class B for use in seismic design according to
IBC (Abu Dhabi Guide to the Use of International Building Codes (149))

Ss S1

0.60g 0.24g

It should be noted that the ground motion parameters from the two codes, AASHTO(147) and
IBC(148), have different return periods. Maps developed for IBC(148), therefore, are not suitable
for design according to the AASHTO(147) specifications.

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It is noted that where the size of the project merits, it is good practice to undertake a site specific
seismic hazard assessment in order to evaluate the appropriate ground motions to be used in the
design of transport infrastructure and buildings. It is to be noted that significant savings in
construction costs might be achieved in cases where the site specific PGA is determined to be
lower than the values given in the state ground motion maps.

In both AASHTO (147) and IBC(148) design earthquake spectral response acceleration shall
account for site class effects. All sites, therefore, need to be classified in the appropriate site class
by their stiffness; this can be determined by the average shear wave velocity, standard penetration
resistance or undrained shear strength in the upper 30m of the soil deposit, as described in the
relevant sections of the two codes. Special attention must be given to sites that are vulnerable to
liquefaction or collapse under earthquake loading, contain peats and/or highly organic clays,
contain very high plasticity clays or are composed of very thick soft clays. In such cases, the site
shall be classified as Class F and a site-specific site response analysis shall be performed for the
derivation of appropriate site factors.

In addition to possible structural failure and failure of foundation soils under excessive bearing
pressures associated with seismic loading, loose saturated granular soils may be subject to
liquefaction and loose dry soils may be subject to settlements associated with the phenomenon of
seismic densification. Both liquefaction and seismic densification can result in significant ground
settlements causing distress to and possibly even failure of highway structures and earthworks.

The potential for liquefaction and soil strength loss shall be evaluated for site peak ground
accelerations, magnitudes and source characteristics consistent with the design earthquake
ground motions. According to IBC, peak ground acceleration for the liquefaction assessment shall
be determined based on a site-specific study taking into account soil amplification effects, or, in the
absence of such a study, peak ground accelerations shall be assumed equal to SDS/2.5. The
assessment of soils liquefaction potential is typically carried out in line with the procedures outlined
in Youd et al (152) or Idriss and Boulanger (153) and involves three main steps:

i) the calculation of the cyclic stress ratio induced in the soil by the earthquake;
ii) the calculation of the cyclic resistance ratio based on in situ data, typically SPT, CPT or
shear wave velocity data;
iii) calculation of the ratio of the values from i) and ii) above that gives the factor of safety
against liquefaction.

As outlined in Youd et al (152), different empirical methods are available for the calculation of the
cyclic resistance ratio based on the type of information available. Correction factors will need to be
applied to the calculated values to take into account of factors such as the earthquake magnitude,
the fines content of the soils and the overburden pressure.

Evaluation of settlements in dry sands due to seismic densification can be carried out using
guidance available in Kramer (154). It is to be noted that CPT data is preferred for assessing
potential for liquefaction and seismic densification of loose granular strata during an earthquake
event.

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8.2 Interpretative ground model

The derivation of the ground model is an essential component of the geotechnical practitioner’s
evaluation of the ground and groundwater conditions at a site and his assessment of their impact
on the proposed scheme earthworks and structures. The geotechnical practitioner should develop
a detailed ground model of the relative location and thicknesses of the types of strata known or
expected to be present, of their properties and of the groundwater conditions based on his
evaluation of the available geological, hydrogeological and geotechnical data. In preparing the
ground model the geotechnical practitioner should make use of the available factual information
such as the exploratory hole records from ground investigations undertaken as part of a current or
previous schemes and published records such as geological maps. The published geology and
hydrogeology of the area will assist in the classification of the materials encountered and indicate
their likely extent both over the site and at depth. These provide useful records against which a
correlation of the strata encountered in the exploratory holes can be made.

The presentation of a detailed ground model solely in descriptive text can be difficult and hard for a
reader to understand except for the simplest of ground models. The preparation of a series of
ground model sections, both along the road alignment and typically perpendicular to it is, therefore,
usually of great value. When preparing sections the degree of uncertainty when interpolating
between investigation positions and projecting or extrapolating data should be highlighted. It is
preferable that sections are prepared to natural scale, ie same scale in both directions, but for long
linear sites in particular the sub-surface profile should be presented at a scale appropriate to the
depth and frequency of the exploratory holes and the overall length of the section. Exaggerated
scales of 1(V):10(H) and 1(V):20(H) are often used. Example sections are included in Appendix J.
In very special circumstances it may be appropriate to prepare a three dimensional ground model.

Contour plans of groundwater levels and boundaries such as rockhead, strata thicknesses and
isometric views can also greatly assist the geotechnical practitioner in his interpretation of the
ground conditions at the site and highlight features such as buried channels and any sharp
changes in thickness or dip of strata that could have a significant impact on the proposed
earthworks or structures. Such plans and illustrations also greatly aid the presentation of the
ground model.

8.3 Selection of geotechnical design parameters

Design by calculation is the most commonly used method of geotechnical design. The calculation
may consist of an analytical analysis, use of semi-empirical rules or numerical modelling (such as
finite element or finite difference methods) for which key geotechnical parameters will be required.
The selection of geotechnical design parameters requires the knowledge and experience of the
geotechnical practitioner. When assessing geotechnical parameters from test results the
geotechnical practitioner should take into account the possible difference between the properties
obtained from the tests and those governing the behaviour of the ground mass and/or the
geotechnical earthwork or structure. The differences may be due to factors such as:

 many geotechnical parameters are not true constants but depend on stress level and the
mode of deformation;
 soil and rock structure (eg fissuring, laminations or large particles) can influence test results
differently to mass behaviour;

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 time effects;
 percolating water can have a softening effect on soils or rock strength;
 dynamic loading can have a softening effect on soils and rock strength;
 brittleness of the soil and rock tested;
 the method of installation of the geotechnical structure;
 the influence of workmanship on artificially placed or improved ground;
 the effect of construction activities on the properties of the ground.

The geotechnical practitioner should also take into account the following:

 published and well recognised information relevant to the use of each type of test in the
ground conditions;
 the extent of field and laboratory investigation;
 the type and number of samples and the scatter of the results;
 the extent of the zone of ground governing the behaviour of the geotechnical structure;
 geological and other published and background information, such as data from previous
projects;
 the value of each geotechnical parameter compared with relevant published data and local
and general experience;
 the variability of the ground and variation of the geotechnical parameters that are relevant
to the design;
 the results of any large scale field trials and measurements from neighbouring
constructions;
 any significant deterioration in ground material properties that may occur during the lifetime
of the structure.

Statistical approaches to the derivation of parameters are described in documents including

Designers’ Guide to EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design – General rules (155). Statistical
approaches do, however, require a sufficiently large number of test results for the method to be
valid. When statistical methods are used, BS EN 1997-1 Eurocode 7 (156) recommends that there
should be no greater than 5% probability that the determined characteristic value (defined below)
of a parameter will be worse than that value. Most often, however, there are insufficient data
available for a purely statistical approach. Parameter selection is therefore often very dependant
on the knowledge and experience of the geotechnical practitioner and is usually broadly based
around published guidelines. Mostly lower value conservative parameters are adopted for use in
design, for example the effective shear strength of a soil in assessing slope stability. For particular
designs and design circumstances however other parameter values may be needed. For example
mid-range (mean or median) values are often adopted for bulk density and deformation properties
and upper value conservative parameters may be used to assess pile drivability.

CIRIA 104 (1984)(157) uses the following terminology in respect of geotechnical design
parameters:

- moderately conservative parameters, which are a conservative best estimate and

- worst credible parameters, which are the worst that the geotechnical practitioner
realistically believes might occur.

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BS EN 1997-1:2004 (156) uses the terminology:

- characteristic value soil parameters, which are defined as being a cautious estimate of
the value affecting the occurrence of the limit state. This is essentially the same as the
aforementioned moderately conservative parameters.

Examples of moderately conservative and worst credible values and parameters are shown on
Figure 3.

Figure 3: Example of moderately conservative and worst credible values and parameters

8.4 Geotechnical design

Geotechnical design should be undertaken where possible to published International Standards
and with reference where appropriate to local Abu Dhabi and UAE design guidelines. Where a
design procedure is not covered by or fully prescribed by a Standard then based on his specialist
knowledge and experience the geotechnical practitioner may adopt other industry recognised and
proven published design procedures and guidelines.

Table 26 presents a list of typical roads structures and earthworks and their related geotechnical
design issues together with the International Standards and other references commonly used for

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geotechnical design in Abu Dhabi road projects. Those Standards and references typically follow
the traditional approach to geotechnical design based on working stress with overall factors of
safety.

A limit state design approach with use of partial factors of safety has been adopted for most
standard geotechnical design work in Europe. Whilst this approach is not currently widely used in
Abu Dhabi or the UAE region, the relevant limit state design Standards are listed in Table L1in
Appendix L for reference and possible future use.

Table 27 lists Abu Dhabi local guidelines which the geotechnical practitioner will need to consider
in geotechnical investigations and geotechnical design.

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Table 26: International Standards and references commonly used for geotechnical design
in Abu Dhabi road projects
Structure/earthwork Geotechnical design issue Commonly used standards (working stress Comments
design with overall factors of safety) and
references

Structures (All) Chemical attack on buried BRE Special Digest 1 (2005)(65) (1) This has been superseded
concrete and steel by BS EN 1997-1:2004
(1) (156) in the UK
Bridge (including Spread footings Sizing/bearing capacity BS 8004:1986 (158)
abutments and piers),
gantry signs Settlement (components, total, Methods described in Tomlinson
differential and rate) (2001)(102), Bowles (1996)(159) and
Stability (including failure of Hong Kong Geoguide 1 (1994)(160).
foundations on slopes)
(1)
Pile foundations Carrying capacity (axial and BS 8004:1986 (158)
lateral) , downdrag/ negative skin
friction Methods described in Tomlinson (1994)
(161).
Settlement/ deflection of laterally
loaded piles AASHTO LRFD (2007)
(1)
Retaining walls Gravity wall Wall stability BS 8002: 1994 (162)
(1)
Bearing capacity BS 8004:1986 (158)
(1)
Sliding resistance BS 8008: 1995 (163)
Settlement ( total, differential and Methods described in Tomlinson (2001)(102)
rate)
Stability (including slope failures)
(1)
Cantilever/ Wall stability BS 8002: 1994 (162)
anchored
embedded wall Anchorage design BS 8081:1989 for anchorage design(164)
CIRIA C580(165)
Methods described in Tomlinson
(1994)(161).

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Structure/earthwork Geotechnical design issue Commonly used standards (working stress Comments
design with overall factors of safety) and
references

Soil cuttings - Stability BS 6031:2009(166)

Rock cutting - Stability BS 6031:2009(167)

Hoek & Bray (1994)(70), Transport Research
Laboratory (2011)(68) .

Embankments - Stability (including internal and BS 6031:2009(167)

surface erosion) (1)
BS 8008: 1995 (163)
Settlement (components, total,
differential and rate)

Road pavement - Strength, trafficability and Highways Agency IAN 73/06 Revision1 (2009)
requirement for capping (168)

Excavatability - Excavatability Pettifer & Fookes (1994)(169)

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Table 27: Abu Dhabi design guidelines for use in geotechnical design in Abu Dhabi road
projects

Geotechnical issue Reference

Geophysical studies Abu Dhabi Department of Municipal Affairs. Geophysical Study

in Al Ain (113)

Seismic loading Abu Dhabi Department of Municipal Affairs. Abu Dhabi Guide
to the Use of International Building Codes(149)

Abu Dhabi Department of Municipal Affairs. International

Building Codes in the Emirates of Abu Dhabi. Expected publication
2012.(150)

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9 GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS OF ROAD

PAVEMENTS
9.1 Overview
The four main reasons for carrying out carriageway investigations and assessments are:

i) network management, the monitoring and assessment of the road pavement including the
investigation of failures

ii) design of new works

iii) design of maintenance works and improvements

iv) premature failure.

The investigative works typically undertaken are discussed in this chapter.

9.2 Pavement investigation and assessment

9.2.1 Introduction
It is important for road pavement investigations that all condition surveys and investigation points
(such as in situ testing and pavement cores) are referenced to a permanent chainage (or features)
or to a scheme specific chainage. There are several stages and techniques to carrying out road
pavement investigations, as follows:

i) visual condition survey

ii) trial pits

iii) cores

iv) dynamic cone penetrometer

v) ground penetrating radar

vi) laboratory testing

vii) testing pavement “strength”.

These stages are described in detail in the immediately following sub-Sections.

9.2.2 Visual condition survey

An engineer’s survey should be carried out as the first step in a pavement investigation. The
survey should note basic features including:

 topography
 carriageway details including number of lanes, width etc

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 drainage arrangements
 surface type
 construction materials, as far as a visual survey will permit
 defects (the typical features to be observed are presented in Abu Dhabi Department of
Transport’s Pavement Design Manual. (170).

The survey data should be interpreted to provide an assessment of the general condition of the
road pavement and any requirements for additional surveys.

9.2.3 Trial pits through the pavement layer

Trial pits offer the opportunity for gathering most information but are also the most expensive and
disruptive survey technique. They also need careful backfilling to negate problems with local
subsidence and damage to the reinstated road pavement with the consequential disruption and
risk to road users. The trial pit sides through the pavement should be saw-cut to establish
thickness and general make up of the different layers making up the pavement. Saw cut edges in
trial pits also allow identification of the layers that are or are not rutted and to what depth with more
accuracy than can be achieved by taking rows of cores. Trial pits also allow the taking of bulk
samples and in situ testing of the foundation layers and subgrades. As trial pits permit more
detailed examination of the road pavement and subgrade than other investigative techniques they
are particularly useful for investigating pavement failures. The following information should be
recorded:

 location
 general condition of the pavement at the trial pit position, preferably with a photograph
 depth of pit
 thickness of each layer and any changes in thickness or alignment across the area of the
pit.
 the shape of the layers; note any rutting or deformation and in which layers it occurs
 description of each layer, material type and condition
 voiding, where evident
 bond or lack of bond between the layers making up the pavement
 depth of cracking
 any stripping of the binder from the aggregate.
 any particular difficulties with excavation, or where materials break easily under excavation.
 subbase thickness and type; take in situ tests such as Dynamic Cone Penetrometer/ CBR if
possible; take bulk samples for laboratory testing
 subgrade (natural ground) and type; take in situ tests such as Dynamic Cone
Penetrometer/ CBR if possible; take bulk samples for laboratory testing.

9.2.4 Asphalt cores

Cores are the most effective means of gathering information on a road pavement. Where little is
known of a pavement they can be regularly spaced, but consideration should be given to the

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information required. A row of closely-spaced cores may be able to detect rutting at different
depths. Cores should be taken in good, average, and poor areas, for comparison. Where cores are
taken over cracked areas an adjacent core should always be taken in sound material. Further
information is given in Highways Agency DMRB HD29 (2008)(171). The following information
should be recorded in respect of cores taken:

 location
 general condition of the pavement at the core position, preferably with a photograph
 depth of hole
 length of core
 loss of core
 thickness of each layer
 description of each layer, material type and condition
 voiding, where evident
 bond or lack of bond between the layers making up the pavement
 depth of cracking
 any stripping of the binder from the aggregate.

9.2.5 Dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP)

The DCP consists of a standard cone driven by a standard drop-weight. The equipment is low cost,
easily transportable, and easy to use. There are published correlations of blows against
penetration to give values of CBR. In pavement investigations the DCP is usually driven from the
base of the bound material. The thickness of the underlying layers can to some extent be
estimated by changes in blow count (and hence stiffness). Individual readings should not be used
to define a CBR value at a specific depth. Results should be plotted graphically as below with
cumulative blows against depth. Sections with similar gradients can be plotted. It can be seen from
the example included as Figure 4 that the bound material was about 270mm thick, followed by a
layer approximately 150mm thick with a CBR of 1385 (most probably a granular subbase), there is
a base layer with CBR of 30% (possibly a relatively stiff subgrade). There is an intermediate
300mm layer of CBR 7% (probably an upper layer of softer subgrade). Further information on DCP
can be found in Highways Agency DMRB HD29 (2008)(171).

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Figure 4: Example dynamic cone penetration test

9.2.6 Ground penetrating radar (GPR)

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a useful technique to gather data on pavement thickness and
construction and can provide continuous information on pavement structures. It can identify
anomalies and discontinuities that coring would miss. It can also be used to build a database of
existing pavement construction; this is useful when at initial assessment stage as changes or
deficiencies in construction can be identified and compared with the incidence of defects. GPR
itself will provide little information regarding the condition of a pavement but complemented with
other forms of investigations, such as cores/trial pits, it will enable a wider assessment of
pavement condition to be made.

GPR is a non-destructive technique that operates by transmitting a pulse of electromagnetic

radiation into a pavement. The radiation penetrates into the pavement as an energy wave, with an
envelope in the shape of a cone. As the wave travels through the pavement its velocity is changed
and its strength is attenuated. Part of the signal will be reflected back by buried discontinuities or
interfaces between layers. The return signal can be interpreted to give information on the likes of
layer thickness and location of services. The accuracy of GPR is dependent on the wavelength
used and the speed of survey and should be undertaken by trained specialists. At lower speeds
surveys will usually provide much more detail on the likes of reinforcement position, joints, pipes
and services, but will be more disruptive to traffic.

Traffic speed surveys can be used to identify layer thickness and to check the consistency of
layers; cores are required to calibrate the survey data. There is usually no signal once materials,
particularly subgrades, become saturated.

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9.2.7 Laboratory testing

Laboratory testing should only be carried out where there is an identified need.

Tests can be carried out to determine:

 “strength”, the stiffness modulus

 resistance to deformation (rutting)
 binder penetration.
Binder penetration is usually only relevant in the investigation of failures. It can be used to identify
what penetration was used at time of construction (ie was the binder too soft, in which case rutting
and pushing may have occurred, or too hard, in which case premature fatigue may have occurred).
It should be carried out relatively soon after construction because all binders age to a residual
penetration with time. There is little merit in carrying out binder penetration from samples from
routine investigations.

9.2.8 Testing pavement “strength”

Individual techniques such as surface condition, coring, and DCP can give an indication of the
overall condition of the pavement but there are techniques that enable the overall strength of a
pavement to be measured objectively and directly in situ.

Objective assessment of pavement layers is often carried out by measuring deflections in some
way. There are a number of deflectometers available for use. Some are mounted on lorries to
simulate normal loading and to provide continuous measurements. The Falling Weight
Deflectometer is widely used and consists of a dropped weight at discrete points to simulate loads;
geophones measure deflections at different distances from the load, enabling a bowl shape to be
established. It is trailer-mounted and easily towed by a normal 4x4 type vehicle. This method also
provides data on the "strength" of different pavement layers and foundation in the form of modulus
values. The data allows the pavement to be analysed and maintenance solutions involving either
inlays or overlays, or both to be developed and adopted. The technique can also be used to
determine the residual life of a pavement.

Coring or trial pits will also be required for correlation and identification of existing layers, their
thickness and condition. For simpler schemes an assessment of this data with simple in situ testing
may be sufficient.

9.3 Subgrade investigation and assessment

For new works the subgrade/foundation requires assessment. The subgrade assessment may
form part of predictive design for new works or for maintenance or improvement design. For all
cases the methods of assessment will be similar. It is to be noted, however, that tests carried out
below in-service road pavements may give a better assessment of pavement long term
performance. The subgrade “strength” is usually assessed by measurement of its CBR.

Measurements are normally made by direct in situ tests. Soils are, however, moisture sensitive and
a direct measurement at any location may therefore vary with time. In situ tests, should therefore
normally be supplemented with laboratory tests including remoulded/soaked tests as appropriate.
Information on the frequency of testing is given in sub-Section 4.4.2.2. It is to be noted that CBR

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may also be assessed based on soils laboratory classification tests and published local
correlations.

Validation in situ CBR tests should be undertaken during construction to ensure the in situ value is
no worse than has been designed for. The equipment typically used for in situ testing is
conventional CBR, drop hammer (light Falling Weight Deflectometer), or Dynamic Cone
Penetrometer (DCP).

Particularly for work on existing live highways, the use on non-destructive geophysical survey
techniques might be employed as part of the overall investigation strategy to minimise traffic
disruption. Information on geophysical survey techniques is given in Section 6.5.

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147. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Load and
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168. Highways Agency. Design guidance for road pavement foundations. 2009. Interim Advice
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Fookes, P.G. 1994, Qauterly Journal of Engineering Geology, Vol. 27, pp. 145-164.
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Maintenance. Section 3 Pavement Maintenance Assessment. Part 2 HD 29/08 Data for Pavement
Assessment. 2008. DMRB HD 29/08.
172. The influence of ground and groundwater chemistry on construction in the Middle East.
Fookes P. G., French W. J. & Rice S.M.M. 2, London : s.n., 1985, Quaterly Journal of
Engineering Geology, Vol. 18, pp. 101-128.
173. Construction Industry Research & Information Association. Guide to the construction of
reinforced concrete in the Gulf. 2002. CIRIA Report C577.
174. Proceedings of the Conference on engineering problems associated with ground conditions in
the Middle East. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology. 1978. Vol. Vol II No 1.
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Http://www.soe.ae.
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178. Commission for the geological maps in the Middle East. Commission for the geological
maps in the Middle East. [Online] Http://www.cgmme.com.
179. ISTM International. Standard test method for water soluble sulfate in soil. 2009. ASTM
C1580-09e1.
180. British Standards Institution. Code of practice for site investigations. 2010. BS 5930: 1999
Amendment No.2 (Aug 2010).
181. —. Environmental management systrems - Requirements with guidance for use (including
corrigendum July 2009). 2004. BS EN ISO 14001:2004.

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OTHER REFERENCES
1. Association of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Specialists. Safety Manual for
Investigation Sites. 2002.

2. Association of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Specialists. Guidelines for the

preparation of Ground Report. 2005.

3. Association of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Specialists. Management of risk

associated with the preparation of Ground Reports. 2005.

4. Association of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Specialists. AGS Guidelines for good

practice in site investigation (Issue 2). 2006.

5. Association of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Specialists. Guide to good practice in

writing Ground Reports. 2007.

6. Begemann, H. K. S. The Friction Jacket Cone as an Aid in Determining the Soil Profile.
Proceedings, 6th ICSMFE, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Vol I, pp.17-20. 1965.

7. BRE. Guide – Cone Penetration Testing. 2003.

8. Brouwer J J. In-situ soil testing. pub IHS BRE Press, 2007.

9. De Reister, J., Electric Penetrometer for Site Investigations. Journal of SMFE Division,
ASCE, Vol. 97, SM-2, pp. 457-472. 1971.

10. European Commission. English Style Guide. A handbook for authors and translators in the
European Commission. 6th edition. 2010.

11. Fathi M. Shaqour. Cone penetration resistance of calcareous sand. Bull Eng Geol Environ
66:59–70 - DOI 10.1007/s10064-006-0061-2. (2007)

12. Fugro. Cone Penetration Testing. July 2004.

13. Geotechnical Engineering Office Civil Engineering Department Hong Kong.

Geotechnical manual for slopes. 1994.

14. Highways Agency. Geotechnical Considerations and Techniques for Widening Highway
Earthwork. Design Manual for Roads and Bridges Section Volume 4 Section 1 HA 43/91.
1991.

15. Gregg Drilling (Robertson et al). Guide to Cone Penetration Testing. July 2010.

16. Highways Agency. Site Investigation for Highway Works on Contaminated Land. Design
Manual for Roads and Bridges Section Volume 4 Section 1 Part 7 HA 73/95. 1995.

17. Institution of Civil Engineers. Risk and variability in geotechnical engineering (2007), pub
Thomas Telford.

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18. Mayne, Paul; Auxt, Jay A.; Mitchell, James K.; Yilmaz, Recep U.S. National Report on
CPT. Proceedings, International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, Vol. 1 (CPT '95).
Linköping, Sweden: Swedish Geotechnical Society. pp. 263-276. October 4-5, 1995.

19. NCHRP Report 368. Static Cone Penetration Testing. 2007.

20. National Highway Institute of the Federal Highway Administration. Subsurface

Investigations – Geotechnical Site Characterization Reference Manual. Publication No.
FHWA NHI-01-031. May 2002.

21. US Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. Geotechnical

Technical Guidance Manual. May 2007.

22. US Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. Checklist and

guidelines for review of geotechnical reports and preliminary plans and specifications.
Publication No. FHWA ED-88-053. August 1988 Revised February 2003.

23. Utah Department of Transportation. Geotechnical Manual of Instruction. August 2010.

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APPENDIX A: GEOLOGICAL MAP, LITHO-STRATIGRAPHICAL

SECTION AND TECTONIC SETTING MAPS

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Figure A1: Geological Map of the United Arab Emirates (Huntington Geology & Geophysics Ltd, 1979(1))

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Figure A2: Abu Dhabi litho-stratigraphy (Alsharhan (2008)(2))

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Figure A3: Tectonic setting of the Arabian plate (Aldama et al (138))

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Figure A4: Maximum considered earthquake ground motion for the United Arab Emirates of
0.2s (Ss) spectral response acceleration (5% of critical damping), Site class B (Abu Dhabi
Guide to the Use of International Building Codes, (149))

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Figure A5: Maximum considered earthquake ground motion for the United Arab Emirates of
1.0s (S1) spectral response acceleration (5% of critical damping), Site class B (Abu Dhabi
Guide to the Use of International Building Codes (149))

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APPENDIX B: ABU DHABI SOILS AND ROCK STRATA TYPICAL

GEOTECHNICAL HAZARDS AND RISKS

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Table B1: Abu Dhabi typical geotechnical hazards and risks

Strata/ feature Typical risk/ undesirable consequence

Soils and rock strata

Aeolian Sand Very loose and loose deposits are prone to erosion, mobility and settlement.
Possible metastable structure leading to collapse settlements.
Very loose and loose deposits can be expected to have a lower effective shear
strength compared to deposits of greater relative density. There is therefore a
greater risk of instability of slopes and of lower bearing capacity for foundations
in very loose and loose deposits compared to denser deposits.
Normally uniformly graded deposits which are difficult to compact to
engineering standards when not confined.
Depending on the origin, possible high salt content that gives rise to an
aggressive chemical environment for buried concrete and steel.
Sabkha Significant local variability (both horizontally and vertically) within the deposits
with resultant variation in material properties and differential in engineering
performance.
Some deposits can have high fines content and be highly compressible giving
rise to large settlements and large differential ground displacements. This can
adversely impact on the construction and performance of infrastructure.
Loss of strength and possible dissolution when saturated (rainfall, flash floods,
storm tides inundation, absorption of water in humid weather conditions)
resulting in ground instability under loading conditions and adverse impact on
infrastructure.
High salt content that gives rise to an aggressive chemical environment for
buried concrete and steel.
Presence of gypsum and anhydrite minerals that can undergo alternate
dehydration and rehydration due to changes in the environment. These
changes may be due to natural causes such as seasonal variation, or may be
due to man made causes such as irrigation systems. The resultant shrinkage
and swelling within the deposits that can adversely affect the engineering
performance of foundations and road pavements.
Lagoonal Parts of the coastal fringe in Abu Dhabi contain significant thicknesses of
Sediments Lagoonal Sediments. These vary in composition but are typically silts and
clayey silts (aragonite muds) with gypsum inclusions. They are very
compressible, and hence are unsuitable as founding layers and may cause
problems during construction.
Duricrusts Often a hardened surface due to heat, evaporation and salt content, overlying
a leached, cavernous porous or friable zone underneath may cause problems
during construction.
Fluvial Variable grading of the deposits related to their spatial location within the
sands/gravels alluvial fan. This gives rise to variability in the characteristics of the deposits
and their engineering performance.
High salt content that gives rise to an aggressive chemical environment for
buried concrete and steel.

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Strata/ feature Typical risk/ undesirable consequence

Evaporites Chemically unstable and liable to volume change and dissolution

High salt content that gives rise to an aggressive chemical environment for
buried concrete and steel.
Conglomerate Difficult to excavate.

Gypsum Gypsum dissolution natural cavities, the presence of which can impact on
engineering design and construction. The collapse of cavities can impact on
engineering construction and the performance of completed engineering
works.
Massive (limited discontinuities) strong units of gypsum can be difficult to
excavate. This can give rise to claims and/ or construction delays.
Sandstone/siltstone/ Depending on the origin, possible high salt content that gives rise to an
mudstone aggressive chemical environment for buried concrete and steel.
In extreme cases with high gypsum content, strata susceptible to collapse
owing to dissolution of the gypsum.
Slopes excavated in the strata can be prone to deterioration and failure.
Calcarenite Typically is of low strength.
Depending on the origin, highly porous strata can give rise to groundwater flow
bringing in high salt concentrations that give rise to an aggressive chemical
environment for buried concrete and steel.
Limestone Stronger, massive strata can be difficult to excavate. This can give rise to
claims and/ or construction delays.
Other factors

Groundwater High salt content that gives rise to an aggressive chemical environment for
buried concrete and steel.

Lowering of groundwater for an excavation may cause adverse settlement, for

example from:

 changes in effective stress in compressible deposits by ground loss

 unrestricted flow of water into excavations resulting in piping erosion

 loss of fines from the ground into poorly designed wells.

Seismic activity Liquefaction of some soils and associated ground settlement and lateral
spreading with adverse impact on infrastructure.
Increased loading on structures that may exceed load carrying capacities in
terms of serviceability and ultimate limit states adversely affecting structure
performance and may give rise to failure and collapse.

Flash floods Flash floods are common and occur in wadis in Al Ain desert areas and also in
developed areas with hard surfaces – e.g. Roads. Flash floods can result in
severe erosion and damage to the natural and man made environment.

Sand accumulation Construction of barriers to wind flow (eg road embankments) in areas of wind
blown sand results in deposition and accumulation of sand. This can cause
ongoing maintenance and operational difficulties.

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Strata/ feature Typical risk/ undesirable consequence

Boreholes Ground investigation techniques commonly adopted in the region are relatively
poorly developed, commonly resulting in poor quality boreholes and non
representative borehole logs. In particular, rotary coring is common with SPTs
between drill strings and the SPTs are used as the key source of parameters.
Core recovery rates are commonly poor, and normal drilling techniques are not
able to recover the weak silty layers which are found within some of the weak
rock units. This can be significant when considering settlement of foundations.

Notes:
The term ‘high salt content’ is used in this table. Sulphates tend to dominate with concentrations of
over 50% being reported (Fookes, French and Rice (1985)(172)). This affects the durability of
concrete and steel and it is essential that the aggressive conditions are understood and designed for
(ref Guide to the construction of reinforced concrete in the Gulf, CIRIA C577 (2002)(173) ).
For further information on hazards in the region refer to ”Proceedings of the Conference on
Engineering problems associated with ground conditions in the Middle East”, Quarterly Journal of
Engineering Geology, Vol II No 1 1978(174) .

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APPENDIX C: PRELIMINARY SOURCES STUDY

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Table C1: General information required for a preliminary sources study

Ref Topic Information required

No.

1 General a) location of site on published maps and charts

topographical land b) aerial photographs, all dated where appropriate
survey c) site boundaries, outlines of structures and building lines
d) ground contours and natural drainage features
e) obstructions to sight lines and aircraft movement, for example
transmission lines
f) indication of obstructions below ground
g) record of differences and omissions in relation to published maps
h) position of survey stations and benchmarks (with reduced levels)
i) climate and meteorological information.

2 Permitted use and a) Planning and statutory restrictions applying to the particular areas
restrictions under the Emirate Planning Regulations administered by Abu
Dhabi Municipality
b) Local Authority regulations on planning restrictions
c) tunnels rights
d) ancient monuments, burial grounds, etc
e) previous potentially contaminative uses of site and adjacent areas
f) any restrictions imposed by environmental and ecological
considerations, e.g., natural reserves and protected sites
g) oil and gas field, Royal Palaces, military bases.

3 Approaches and a) road

access (including b) by water
temporary access) c) by air.

4 Ground conditions a) geological maps

b) geological memoirs or reports
c) wadi flooding, erosion, and subsidence history
d) data held by central and local authorities
e) construction and investigation records of adjacent sites
f) seismicity.

5 Sources of materials a) natural materials

for construction b) imported materials.

6 Drainage and a) names of sewage, land drainage and other authorities, bye-laws
sewage b) location and levels of existing systems (including fields, drains and
ditches), showing sizes of pipes, and whether foul, storm water or
combined
c) existing flow quantities and capacity for additional flow
d) liability to surcharging
e) charges for drainage facilities
f) disposal of solid waste
g) flood risk in wadi areas.

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GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
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Ref Topic Information required

No.

7 Services (water, a) names of authorities concerned and their requirements, bye-laws

electricity, gas, b) location, sizes and depths of services including drawings
telecommunications) c) gas and water mains, pressure characteristics
d) electricity voltage, phases and frequency
e) water analysis
f) availability of water for drilling
g) storage requirements
h) water source for fire-fighting.

8 Air conditioning a) district cooling.

9 Information related to a) history of the site, including details of occupiers and users, any
made ground and incidents or accidents relating to dispersal of contaminants
potential b) processes used, including their locations
contamination c) nature and volume of raw materials, products, waste residues
d) soil and/or waste disposal activities and methods of soil and/or
handling waste
e) layout of the site above and below ground at each stage of
development, including roadways, storage areas, hard-cover areas,
and the presence of any extant structures and services
f) presence of any waste disposal tips, abandoned pits and quarries
g) presence of nearby sources of contamination from which
contaminants could migrate via air and/or groundwater onto site.

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Table C2: Sources of information for a preliminary sources study

Ref Topic Source of information

No.

1 Geography a) geographic maps for Abu Dhabi can be obtained for Abu Dhabi
Municipality can be provided in the form of base plans;
b) Google Maps and Google Earth images (these are subject to licensing);
c) the Physical Geography of Abu Dhabi, which can be downloaded
http://www.soe.ae/English/Documents/physical_geog_forweb.04.11.08.p
df (175)

2 Geology, a) geological maps: The following Geological maps published by the UAE
hydrogeology Ministry of Energy can be referred to for geological information about the
and soils UAE and Abu Dhabi
 UAE - Geological Map of the United Arab Emirates 1:1,000,000.
1 sheet, 1976.
 UAE - Geohazards Overview Map of the United Arab Emirates
1:500,000. 1 sheet, 2006.
 The Ministry of Energy has also commissioned the British
Geological Survey (BGS) to prepare 1:100,000 geological maps
for the UAE with geological explanations. The maps are
expected to be published by the Ministry in 2013;
b) geological memoirs: The 1:100 000 geological maps currently being
prepared by BGS will have an accompanying series of explanatory sheet
memoirs;
c) borehole core and specimens: There are many collections of ground
investigation data for Abu Dhabi but these are not centrally archived. In
order to establish availability of information for a certain area it may be
necessary to contact several sources including local ground investigation
companies;
d) hydrogeological maps: Hydrogeological Map of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi
2005;
e) soil maps and memoirs: Soils survey information for Abu Dhabi is held by
the Environment Agency in Abu Dhabi. The soil survey comprises
mapping and classification of the various types of soils in the Emirate of
Abu Dhabi. The entire Emirate is mapped at a scale of 1:100,000.
Selected land, covering 400,000 hectares, evaluated as being suitable
for irrigated agriculture is mapped at a scale of 1:25,000. There are 21
thematic maps identifying suitability of soils for various purposes such as
agriculture, dune, sabka, forestry and landfill
f) a series of published literature on the geology, soil and hydrogeology of
the UAE are available on line. For example UAE Interact Website
http://www.uaeinteract.com/nature/geology/index.asp,(176)
http://sepmstrata.org/UAE/AbuDhabi/UAEGallery/ABgallery.html (177)
and the Commission of the Geological Maps for the Middle East
http://www.cgmme.com (178)

3 Marine a) marine information in relation to wave heights, wind speed and wind
information directions is available from The National Centre for Meteorology and
Seismology.

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GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
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Ref Topic Source of information

No.

4 Meteorological a) meteorological information for UAE is available from The National Centre
information for Meteorology and Seismology.

5 Hydrological a) water resource data is available from the Department of Water

information Resources of the Environment Agency.

6 Aerial a) aerial photographs of Abu Dhabi are available in hard and electronic
photographs from Abu Dhabi Municipality.

7 Seismological a) computer listings and maps of earthquakes occurring in the UAE and
information elsewhere in the Middle East are available from The National Centre for
Meteorology and Seismology.

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GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
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Table C3: Notes on site reconnaissance

Ref Topic Action

No.

1 Preparatory a) whenever possible, have the following available: site plan, maps or
work charts, and geological maps and aerial photographs
b) ensure that permission to gain access has been obtained from both
owner and occupier and is not a restricted area
c) obtain Critical National Infrastructure Authority (CNIA) pass as needed
d) ensure safety precautions, equipment and PPE required, particularly in
respect of dune and sabkha areas
e) when undertaking site reconnaissance on potentially contaminated land,
ensure that all likely hazards have been identified, that appropriate safety
procedures are followed, and that necessary safety equipment is used.

2 General a) traverse whole area, preferably on foot but by vehicle for larger sites
information b) set out proposed location of work on plans, where appropriate
c) observe and record differences and omissions on plans and maps; for
example, boundaries, buildings, roads and transmission lines
d) inspect and record details of existing structures
e) observe and record obstructions; for example, transmission lines, ancient
monuments/ structures of archaeological importance, trees subject to
preservation orders, gas and water pipes, electricity cables, sewers
f) check site access arrangements, also consider the probable effects of
construction traffic and heavy construction loads on existing roads,
bridges and services
g) check and note water levels, tidal and other fluctuations due to
dewatering at or near to site
h) observe and record adjacent property and the likelihood of its being
affected by proposed works, and any activities that may have led to
contamination of the site under investigation
i) observe and record quarry workings, old workings, old structures, and
any other features that may be relevant
j) observe and record any obvious immediate hazards to public health and
safety (including to trespassers) or the environment
k) observe and record any areas of discoloured soil, polluted water,
distressed vegetation or significant odours

3 Ground a) study and record surface features, on site and nearby, preferably in
information conjunction with geological maps and aerial photographs, and note the
following:
i. morphology and note if site is dune, sabkha or made ground
ii. type and variability of surface conditions
iii. in areas of sabkha note areas of ponding after rain and salt
accumulation
iv. comparison of surface lands and topography with previous map
records to check for presence of fill, wind erosion, or cuttings
v. steps in surface, which may indicate geological faults or shatter
zones. In cavity areas evidence of subsidence should be looked
for: compression and tensile damage in brickwork, buildings and
roads; structures out of vertical
vi. crater-like holes in carbonate rocks, which usually indicate
swallow holes filled with soft material

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Ref Topic Action

No.

3 Ground b) assess and record details of ground conditions in quarries, cuttings and
information rock outcrops on site and nearby
(continued) c) assess and record, where relevant, ground water level or levels (often
different from water course) positions of irrigation wells and occurrence
of artesian flow
d) study embankments, buildings and other structures in the vicinity having
a settlement history.

4 Site inspection (ii) inspect and record location and conditions of access to working sites;
for ground (iii) observe and record obstructions, such as power cables, telephone lines,
investigation boundary fences and trenches
(iv) locate and record areas for depot, offices, sample storage, field
laboratories
(v) ascertain and record ownership of working sites, where appropriate
(vi) consider liability to pay compensation for damage caused
(vii) locate a suitable water supply where applicable and record location and
estimated flow
(viii) record particulars of lodgings and local labour, as appropriate
(ix) obtain list of permissions and notices required from Land Authorities.

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GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
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APPENDIX D: EXAMPLE TEMPLATE EVALUATION SHEETS FOR

GROUND INVESTIGATION COMPANIES

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 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
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Table D1: Example template technical evaluation sheet for Ground Investigation Companies

Technical aspect to Notes for preparing a list of technical Information sought from Ground Depending on the evaluation
system used the headings below
be evaluated information for evaluation to be Investigation Company will vary
submitted by the Ground Investigation

system
Point

Points

Weighting
Weighting
Points *
points =
Total
Company as part of its tender

Methodology and (1) The Ground Investigation (i) Description of the Ground Investigation
approach to ground Company’s methodology and Company’s proposed methodology and
investigation approach to the proposed ground approach to the ground investigation. (2 No
investigation can have a substantial A4 page sides maximum)
influence its successful execution (ii) Preliminary method statements for key
and timely completion. Details of activities describing the Ground
these should be sought as part of a Investigation Company’s proposed
tender package. methods, including temporary works and
safety provision. (Each preliminary method
statement shall be limited to 2No. A4 page
sides maximum).
(iii) Project organogram detailing lines of
responsibility and communication within the
team and with other parties (see Quality of
personnel aspect for information to be
supplied in respect of competencies,
relevant experience and qualifications of
key staff). (2 No A4 page sides maximum)
Compliance to EHS (1) The Ground Investigation Company (i) Details and copies of relevant accreditation
requirements should operate under an certificates of the Ground Investigation
environmental management system, Company’s environmental management
preferably register to BS EN ISO policy and any training programme for its
14001:2005 or similar staff, technicians and drilling crews. (1 No.
A4 page side maximum + certificates)

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 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
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Technical aspect to Notes for preparing a list of technical Information sought from Ground Depending on the evaluation
system used the headings below
be evaluated information for evaluation to be Investigation Company will vary
submitted by the Ground Investigation

system
Point

Points

Weighting
Weighting
Points *
points =
Total
Company as part of its tender

Compliance to EHS (2) Appropriate environmental (i) Details of the Ground Investigation
requirements management is important to negate Company’s environmental protection
(continued) environmental damage and for measures in respect of the proposed
providing overall success of the ground investigation works. (1 No. A4 page
ground investigation. Details of the side maximum)
Ground Investigation Company’s
environmental management
proposals in respect of the ground
investigation should be sought.

(3) It is essential that the Ground (i) Complete the health and safety
Investigation Company appropriately questionnaire (Table D2 below).
manages the health and safety (ii) Copy of the Company’s health and safety
aspects of the ground investigation policy and its health and safety training
for the protection of its staff, programme for its staff, laboratory
operatives, other parties involved in technicians and drilling crews.
the ground investigation, the public (iii) Evidence of competence to carry out the
and existing infrastructure. Evidence ground investigation to the requirements of
of the health and safety competence health and safety legislation and the named
of the Ground Investigation resources allocated to control and manage
Company should be sought. the health and safety risks.
(iv) A preliminary assessment of the main
health and safety risks associated with the
proposed ground investigation. (2No. A4
page sides maximum)

Quality of personnel (1) The Ground Investigation Company (i) Names of the specialists to be employed on
APPENDIX D Pag130 First Edition December-2016
 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
PART-2: GROUND INVESTIGATION AND GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

Technical aspect to Notes for preparing a list of technical Information sought from Ground Depending on the evaluation
system used the headings below
be evaluated information for evaluation to be Investigation Company will vary
submitted by the Ground Investigation

system
Point

Points

Weighting
Weighting
Points *
points =
Total
Company as part of its tender

should employ on the ground the ground investigation together with

investigation appropriately qualified details of their academic and professional
staff with appropriate expertise and qualifications and a summary of their
experience in work to be undertaken experience. Full curriculum vitae to be
and for the role for which they are provided for senior roles such as Site Agent
named (ref Manual Part 1 Section and Laboratory Manager.
2.3 Definition of geotechnical
practitioners)
(2) Drills and crew appropriately (i) Names of the drillers (and drilling
experienced and trained. assistants) to be employed on the contract
Competence assessed and together with details of their accreditation, if
accredited by an independent any, and a summary of their experience
industry body (ref Manual Part 2
Section 5.2.1 Quality of ground
investigation personnel)
(3) Company staff, technician and (i) Details of the company training and
operatives training and development development policy and its training
policy and programme (ref Manual programme for its specialist staff, laboratory
Part 2 Section 5.2.1 Quality of technicians and drilling crews. (1 No. side
ground investigation personnel) A4 page maximum)
Certification (1) The Ground Investigation Company (i) Details and copies of relevant certificates
requirements should operate under a quality for the company’s quality assurance
assurance system, preferably system. (1 No. side A4 page maximum +
register to BS EN ISO 9000:2005 or copies of certificates)
similar) (ref Manual Part 2 Section (ii) An example quality plan for similar previous
5.2.1 Quality of ground investigation ground investigation work.
personnel).

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 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
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Technical aspect to Notes for preparing a list of technical Information sought from Ground Depending on the evaluation
system used the headings below
be evaluated information for evaluation to be Investigation Company will vary
submitted by the Ground Investigation

system
Point

Points

Weighting
Weighting
Points *
points =
Total
Company as part of its tender

Certification (2) Laboratories undertaking soils and (i) Details and copies of relevant certificates of
requirements rock testing and analytical any independent accreditation held for
(contined) contaminant testing should be laboratory testing and results reporting. (1
accredited by an independent No. side A4 page maximum + copies of
industry recognised body eg UKAS certificates)
or A2LA (ref Manual Part 2 Section
5.2.2 Laboratory quality).
Technology (1) Where innovative or new technology (ii) Statement of knowledge and experience of
requirements is required to be used on a ground the particular technology required to be
investigation the Ground used. (1 No. side A4 page maximum)
Investigation Company’s knowledge
and experience of that technology
should be established.
Documentation of (1) Past experience of similar ground (i) Details of ground investigations of a similar
operations in similar investigation works to those nature which have been carried out by the
projects proposed past similar ground Ground Investigation Company within the
investigation can have a substantial last five years with evidence of satisfactory
influence its successful execution completion. Details shall include how
and timely completion. Details of lessons learnt from previous ground
these should be sought as part of a investigations would be used to improve
tender package. performance on the proposed ground
investigation. The statement shall include
up to 5No. previous investigations. (3No.
sides A4 pages maximum)
Capacity to upgrade (1) Possible requirements for the (i) Description with evidence of the Ground
and support Ground Investigation Company to Investigation Company’s capacity to
upgrade its services and provide upgrade and support as set out in the
additional support to the overall tender documentation. (1No. A4 page
delivery of the ground investigation maximum)
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 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
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Technical aspect to Notes for preparing a list of technical Information sought from Ground Depending on the evaluation
system used the headings below
be evaluated information for evaluation to be Investigation Company will vary
submitted by the Ground Investigation

system
Point

Points

Weighting
Weighting
Points *
points =
Total
Company as part of its tender

should be set out in the tender

Capacity to upgrade documentation. This might be to
and support undertake ground investigation
(continued) works outside those included in the
bill of quantities or provision of other
specialist staff additional drilling
crews, equipment and other plant
and laboratory testing and facilities.
The ability of the (1) A prompt start is usually important to (i) Confirmation and details of the Ground
company to mobilise ensuring that a ground investigation Investigation Company’s available
and begin work is completed in a timely manner resources and its ability to mobilise and
within the specified ground begin work. ( ½No. A4 page maximum)
investigation contract programme
and the overall project programme.
Details of the Ground Investigation
Company’s ability to mobilise and
begin work should be sought.
Time for programme (1) An appropriate programme for the (i) A preliminary resourced programme which
completion and execution of the proposed ground shows the periods required and the
programme logic investigation works with associated sequence in which the Ground Investigation
programme logic in terms of order of Company proposes to undertake the
execution of those works is various parts of the ground investigation
important for the timely execution and the dates of the principle operations.
and completion of the ground The details submitted must include an easy
investigation and its successful to understand bar chart programme.
completion. A preliminary resourced
programme covering the main
elements of the ground investigation
should be sought.

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 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
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Technical aspect to Notes for preparing a list of technical Information sought from Ground Depending on the evaluation
system used the headings below
be evaluated information for evaluation to be Investigation Company will vary
submitted by the Ground Investigation

system
Point

Points

Weighting
Weighting
Points *
points =
Total
Company as part of its tender

Relevant experience (1) Relevant experience in the local (i) Details of the Ground Investigation
in the local market market and having appropriate local Company’s experience of working in UAE
and available resources can benefit the timely and of its local UAE resources including
resources (plants, execution and successful completion numbers of:
office, software, of a ground investigation. Details of - geotechnical practitioners (office & field
tools) in the UAE the Ground Investigation Company’s based) against the categories in Table
experience of the local market and A1 in Appendix A Part 1 of the Manual
his local UAE resources should be for Geotechnical Investigation and
sought. Geotechnical Design;
- office administration support staff;
- drillers and drilling crew related to the
type of drilling rig they operate and
whether they are accredited;
- laboratory staff and technicians;
- numbers and types of drilling rigs and
other plant;
- numbers and types of laboratory testing
machines (eg shear box and triaxial test
apparatus, oedometers) together with
copies of their calibrations certificates;

(ii) Confirmation of whether the Ground

Investigation Company can supply AGS
data together with a copy of a typical AGS
data file from its database.
Relevant experience (iii) Copies of the Ground Investigation
in the local market Company’s typical borehole, trial pit and
and available field and laboratory test reporting records.
APPENDIX D Pag134 First Edition December-2016
 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
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Technical aspect to Notes for preparing a list of technical Information sought from Ground Depending on the evaluation
system used the headings below
be evaluated information for evaluation to be Investigation Company will vary
submitted by the Ground Investigation

system
Point

Points

Weighting
Weighting
Points *
points =
Total
Company as part of its tender

resources (plants, (iv) Details shall include how lessons learnt

office, software, from previous ground investigations in UAE
tools) in the UAE would be used to improve performance on
(continued) this ground investigation (2no. side of A4
page maximum)

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GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
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Table D2: Example template health and safety questionnaire

for Ground Investigation Companies
Question Included Response
Yes No N/A (If information is part of a separate document or continued on
a separate sheet provided please give the title and page or
clause number)

A) General information
1. Company name and
Registered Address 1. Name……………………………...………………

Address………………………….………………

…………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………….

Tel…………………………………………………

Fax………………………………………………

Email………………………………………………

Internet……………………………………………

Contact
Name……………………………………..
2. Give the name and position
in the Company of the 2. Name……………………………...………………
person who has overall
responsibility for ensuring Position………………………….………………..
adequate resources are
made available for Health
and Safety. H&S
Submit an organisation Chart…………………………………….…..
chart for Health and Safety.
3. Give the name, 3. Name……………………………...………………
qualifications, and .
experience of the person Position………………………….………………..
nominated to provide .
specific Health and Safety
advice in the execution of
the contract. CV Included……………………………………...
4. Summarise the main 4.
details of your safety
management system.

5. Do you audit Health and

5. If not go to Q.6
Safety?
6. Give details of the 6.
recommendations from any
audits that have been
undertaken.

7. How do you learn from 7.

your past Health and
Safety experience?
8. Summarise injuries, 8.
APPENDIX E Page136 First Edition December-2016
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
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Question Included Response

Yes No N/A
(If information is part of a separate document or continued on
a separate sheet provided please give the title and page or
clause number)

diseases and dangerous

occurrences during the last
three years. Provide the
information in the form of
an incidence rate per
100,000 employees.
Identify fatalities
separately.
9. Summarise your 9.
arrangements for selecting
and controlling sub-
contractors with respect to
Health and Safety.

B) Project specific
information
10. Information on similar 10.
projects and experience
11. Ground investigation risk
management experience 11.
on a project of similar size,
procurement style
12. A developed H&S Plan
12.
from at least one ground
investigation
13. Names and experience 13.
(H&S) of project team
14. How competence and
resource checks will be 14.
done for any
sub-contractors
15. Confirmation that the
competent personnel are 15.
available for the project
programme

APPENDIX E Page137 First Edition December-2016

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
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APPENDIX E: TEMPLATE BILL OF QUANTITIES FOR GROUND

INVESTIGATION
.

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GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
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UK Specification for Ground Investigation second edition, ref UK Site Investigation Steering Group
(2012)(90), includes a specification, a model bill of quantities and schedules that enable the
geotechnical practitioner to define investigation specific details together with associated notes for
guidance. The model bill of quantities provides a comprehensive list of items that are correlated to
the specification items. It is intended that the numbering of the model bill of quantities items
remains unaltered with items that are not required for a particular project ground investigation
either marked as “not used” or not presented in the project-specific bill of quantities. Typically the
project-specific additional items should be included at the end of each bill. The template bill of
quantities for Abu Dhabi road projects included in this appendix follow those principles so that the
published standard specification may be used with minimal changes for project-specific
requirements.

APPENDIX E Page139 First Edition December-2016

 Land Transport Main Roads Division

Consultant's logo to be placed here Client's logo to be placed here Contractor's logo to be placed here

Ground Investigation Bill of Quantities Modifications

Project PMC
Test Standard
Ground Investigation Ground Investigation
Name Company
Consultant Contractor
Contract No Date

This example Bill of Quantities for Ground Investigation is based on the UK Specification for Ground Investigation second edition
(Site Investigation Steering Group (2011)).

• a specification
• a model bill of quantities
• schedules that enable the geotechnical engineer to define investigation specific details, and
• associated notes for guidance

The model bill of quantities provides a comprehensive list of items that are correlated to the specification items. It is intended that
the numbering of the model bill of quantities items remains unaltered with items that are not required for a particular project ground
investigation either not presented in the project-specific bill of quantities or marked as “not used”. Typically the project-specific
additional items should be included at the end of each bill. This example Bill of Quantities for Ground Investigation for Abu Dhabi
highway projects follows those principles so that the published standard specification may be used with minimal changes for project-
specific requirements.
 Land Transport Main Roads Division

Consultant's logo to be placed here Client's logo to be placed here Contractor's logo to be placed here

Ground Investigation Bill of Quantities Modifications

Project PMC
Test Standard
Ground Investigation Ground Investigation
Name Company
Consultant Contractor
Contract No Date
Bill A General items, provisional services and additional items Page 1 of 1

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

A General items and provisional sums

Offices and stores for the Ground Investigation

A1 sum
Company

Establish on site, all plant, equipment and services

A2 sum
(excluding moving between exploratory holes)

A7 Professional attendance sum

Establish the location and elevation of the ground

A8 sum
at each exploratory hole

Facilities and assistance for the Consulting

A10 sum
Engineer

A11 Vehicle(s) for the Consulting Engineer v.wk

A12 Fuel for Consulting Engineer's vehicle(s) provisional sum

A13 Consulting Engineer's telephone charges provisional sum

Deliver all cores and selected samples to the

A14 provisional sum
specified address

Special testing and sampling required by the

A15 provisional sum
Consulting Engineer

A16 Traffic safety and management provisional sum

One master copy of the Ground Investigation

A19 sum
Report (factual)

Additional copies of the Ground Investigation

A20 nr
Report (factual)

A25 Provide digital data in AGS format sum

Contract specific additional bill items

A30 Provide digital photographs sum

Page Total 0
Bill A
Total Bill A carried forward to Summary of Bill of Quantities 0
Summary
 Land Transport Main Roads Division

Consultant's logo to be placed here Client's logo to be placed here Contractor's logo to be placed here

Ground Investigation Bill of Quantities Modifications

Project PMC
Test Standard
Ground Investigation Ground Investigation
Name Company
Consultant Contractor
Contract No Date
Bill B Percussion boring Page 1 of 1

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

B Percussion boring

Moving boring plant and equipment to the site of

B1 nr
each exploratory hole and set up

Extra over Item B1 for setting up on a slope of

B2 nr
gradient greater than 20%.

Break out surface obstruction where present at

B3 h
exploratory borehole

Advance borehole between existing ground level

B4 m
and 10m depth

B5 As Item B4 but between 10 m and 20 m depth m

B6 As Item B4 but between 20 m and 30 m depth m

B7 As Item B4 but between 30 m and 40 m depth m

B8 As Item B4 but between 40 m and 50 m depth m

Advance borehole through hard stratum or

B9 h
obstruction

Backfill borehole with cement/bentonite grout or

B11 m
bentonite pellets

Standing time for borehole plant, equipment and

B12 h
crew

Contract specific additional bill items

Page Total 0
Bill B
Total Bill B carried forward to Summary of Bill of Quantities 0
Summary
 Land Transport Main Roads Division

Consultant's logo to be placed here Client's logo to be placed here Contractor's logo to be placed here

Ground Investigation Bill of Quantities Modifications

Project PMC
Test Standard
Ground Investigation Ground Investigation
Name Company
Consultant Contractor
Contract No Date
Bill C Rotary drilling Page 1 of 3

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

C Rotary drilling

Rotary driling with and without core recovery

Move rotary drilling plant and equipment to the site

C15 nr
of each exploratory hole and set up

Extra over Item C15 for setting up on a slope of

C16 nr
gradient greater than 20%

Extra over Item C15 for setting up drilling plant for

C17 nr
inclined drill hole

Break out surface obstruction where present at

C18 h
exploratory drill hole

C19 Standing time for rotary drilling plant, equipment h

Drilling without cores

Rotary drill in materials other than hard strata at

C21 the specified diameter, from which cores are not m
required between existing ground level and 10m
depth.

C22 As Item C21 but between 10m and 20m depth m

C23 As Item C21 but between 20m and 30m depth m

C24 As Item C21 but between 30m and 40m depth m

C25 As Item C21 but between 40m and 50m depth m

C26 Extra over Items C21 to C25 for inclined rotary m

Rotary drill in hard strata at the specified diameter,

C27 from which cores are not required, between m
existing ground level and 10m depth

C28 As Item C27 but between 10m and 20m depth m

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Bill C Rotary drilling Page 2 of 3

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

C Rotary drilling continued

C29 As Item C27 but between 20m and 30m depth m

C30 As Item C27 but between 30m and 40m depth m

C31 As Item C27 but between 40m and 50m depth m

Drilling to obtain cores

Rotary drill in materials other than hard strata to

C34 obtain cores of the specified diameter between m
existing ground level and 10m depth

C35 As Item C34 but between 10m and 20m depth m

C36 As Item C34 but between 20m and 30m depth m

C37 As Item C34 but between 30m and 40m depth m

C38 As Item C34 but between 40m and 50m depth m

Extra over Items C34 to C38 for use of semi rigid

C39 m
core liner

Extra over Items C34 to C38 for coring inclined

C40 m
drillhole

Rotary drill in hard strata to obtain cores of the

C41 specified diameter between existing ground level m
and 10m depth

C42 As Item C41 but between 10 and 20m depth m

C43 As Item C41 but between 20 and 30m depth m

C44 As Item C41 but between 30 and 40m depth m

C45 As Item C41 but between 40 and 50m depth m

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Bill C Rotary drilling Page 3 of 3

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

C Rotary drilling continued

Extra over items C41 to C45 for use of semi rigid

C46 m
liner

Extra over items C41 to C45 for coring inclined

C47 m
rotary drillhole

Backfill rotary drillholes with cement/bentonite

C48 m
grout or bentonite pellets

C49 Core box to be retained by client nr

Contract specific additional bill items

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Bill D Pitting and trenching Page 1 of 1

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

D Pitting and trenching

Inspection pits

D1 Excavate inspection pit by hand to 1.2 m depth nr

Extra over Item D1 for breaking out surface

D2 h
obstructions

Trial pits and trenches

Move equipment to the site of each trial pit or

D3 nr
trench of not greater than 4.5m depth

Extra over Item D3 for setting up on a slope of

D4 nr
gradient greater than 20%

Excavate trial pit between existing ground level and

D6 m
3.0m depth
D7 As Item D6 but between 3.0m and 4.5m depth m

Excavate trial trench between existing ground level

D9 m³
and 3.0m depth
D10 As Item D9 but between 3.0m and 4.5m depth m³

Extra over Items D6 to D11 for breaking out hard

D12 h
strata or surface obstructions

Standing time for excavation plant, equipment and

D13 h
crew for machine dug trial pit or trench

Contract specific additional bill items

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Bill E Sampling and monitoring during intrusive investigation Page 1 of 1

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

Sampling and monitoring during intrusive

E
investigation

Samples for geotechnical purposes

E1 Small disturbed samples (not less than 0.5kg) nr

E2 Bulk disturbed samples (not less than 10kg) nr

E3 Large bulk disturbed samples (not less than 30kg) nr

Open tube sample using thin-walled (OS-T/W)

E4.2 nr
sampler

E5 Piston sample nr

E6 Groundwater sample nr

Contract specific additional bill items

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Bill F Probing and cone penetration testing Page 1 of 1
Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount
AED AED

F Pobing and cone penetration testing

Cone penetration testing

Bring static cone penetration test equipment to the

F8 nr
site of each test location

Extra over Item F8 for setting up on a slope of

F9 nr
gradient greater than 20%

Carry out static cone penetration test measuring

F10 both cone and sleeve resistance from existing m
ground level to 10m depth

F11 As Item F10 but between 10 and 20m depth m

F12 As Item F10 between 20 and 30m depth m

F13 As Item F10 but between 30 and 40m depth m

F14 Extra over Items F10 to F13 for use of piezocone m

Extra over Items F10 to F13 for interpretation of

F15 m
CPT/CPTU data

F16 Carry out dissipation test up to 1 hour duration nr

Extra over Item F16 for test duration exceeding 1

F17 h
hour

Standing time for static cone penetration test

F18 h
equipment and crew

Contract specific additional bill items

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Bill G Geophysical testing Page 1 of 1
Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount
AED AED

G Geophysical testing

Land-based mapping techniques

Collect and process conductivity, magnetic or

G1 lin.m
gravimetric data

Collect and process microgravity data at each

G2 nr
measuring station

Land-based profiling techniques

Collect and process resistivity, seismic or ground

G3 lin.m
radar data

Land-based borehole techniques

Move down-hole logging equipment to the site of

G4 nr
each exploratory hole and set up

Carry out down-hole calliper, natural gamma,

G5 resistivity (where hole is uncased), fluid m
temperature, conductivity and fluid flow logging

Contract specific additional bill items

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Bill H In situ testing Page 1 of 5

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

H In situ testing

Standard penetration test

H1 Standard penetration test in borehole nr

H2 Standard penetration test in rotary drillhole nr

H3 In situ density testing

H3.1 Small pouring cylinder method nr

H3.2 Large pouring cylinder method nr

H3.3 Water replacement method nr

H3.4 Nuclear method nr

H4 California Bearing Ratio test nr

H5 Vane shear strength test in borehole nr

Permeability testing

Set up and dismantle variable head permeability

H11 nr
test in borehole

Set up and dismantle constant head permeability

H12 nr
test in borehole

H13 Carry out permeability test in borehole h

Set up and dismantle variable head permeability

H14 nr
test in standpipe/standpipe piezometer

Set up and dismantle constant head permeability

H15 nr
test in standpipe/standpipe piezometer
Carry out permeability test in standpipe/standpipe
H16 h
piezometer
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Bill H In situ testing Page 2 of 5

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

H In situ testing (continued)

Set up and dismantle variable head permeability

H17 nr
test in rotary drillhole

Set up and dismantle constant head permeability

H18 nr
test in rotary drillhole

H19 Carry out permeability test in rotary drillhole h

Set up and dismantle single packer permeability

H20 nr
test

Set up and dismantle double packer permeability

H21 nr
test

H22 Carry out single packer permeability test h

H23 Carry out double packer permeability test h

Self-boring pressuremeter

Move and set up self-boring pressuremeter and

H24 exploratory hole-forming equipment to site of each nr
exploratory hole

Extra over Item H24 for setting up on a slope of

H25 nr
gradient greater than 20%

Advance exploratory hole to pressuremeter test

H26 m
location between ground level and 10m depth

H27 As Item H26 but between 10 and 20m depth m

H28 As Item H26 but between 20 and 30m depth m

Advance exploratory hole through hard stratum or

H29 h
obstruction
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Bill H In situ testing Page 3 of 5

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

H In situ testing (continued)

Self-bore to form test pocket between ground level

H30 m
and 10m depth

H31 As item H30 but between 10 and 20m depth m

H32 As item H30 but between 20 and 30m depth m

Carry out pressuremeter test, provision of data and

H33 nr
report, test duration not exceeding 1.5 hours

Extra over Item H33 for test duration in excess of

H34 h
1.5 hours

Carry out additional calibrations as instructed by

H35
the Consulting Engineer

H35.1 Displacement transducers nr

H35.2 Pore pressure transducers nr

H35.3 Total pressure transducers nr

H35.4 Membrane stiffness nr

Carry out membrane compression calibrations as

H36 nr
instructed by the Consulting Engineer

Backfill exploratory hole for pressuremeter with

H37 m
cement/bentonite grout

Standing time for self-boring pressuremeter and

H38 h
crew

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Bill H In situ testing Page 4 of 5

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

H In situ testing (continued)

High pressure dilatometer

Move and set up high-pressure dilatometer and
H39 exploratory hole-forming equipment to site of each nr
exploratory hole

Extra over Item H39 for setting up on a slope of

H40 nr
gradient greater than 20%

Advance exploratory hole to dilatometer test depth

H41 m
between ground level and 10m depth

H42 As Item H41 but between 10 and 20m depth m

H43 As Item 41 but between 20 and 30m depth m

Advance exploratory hole through hard stratum or

H44 h
obstruction

Rotary core to form dilatometer test pocket

H45 m
between ground level and 10m depth

H46 As Item H45 but between 10 and 20m depth m

H47 As Item H45 but between 20 and 30m depth m

Carry out dilatometer test, provision of data and

H48 nr
report, test duration not exceeding 1.5 hours

Extra over Item H48 for test duration in excess of

H49 h
1.5 hours

Carry out additional calibrations as instructed by

H50
the Consulting Engineer

H50.1 Displacement Transducers nr

H50.2 Total Pressure Transducers nr

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Bill H In situ testing Page 5 of 5

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

H In situ testing (continued)

H50.3 Membrane stiffness nr

Carry out membrane compression calibrations as

H51 nr
instructed by the Consulting Engineer

Backfill exploratory hole for high-pressure

H52 m
dilatometer with cement/bentonite groute

H53 Standing time for dilatometer equipment and crew h

Contract specific additional bill items

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Bill H
Summary
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Bill I Instrumentation Page 1 of 1

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

I Instrumentation

Standpipes and piezometers

Backfill exploratory hole with cement/bentonite

I1 m
grout below standpipe or standpipe piezometer

I2 Provide and install standpipe (19mm) m

I3 Provide and install standpipe piezometer(19mm) m

I4 Provide and install standpipe piezometer(50mm) m

I5 Provide and install standpipe piezometer(75mm) nr

I10 Provide and install protective cover (flush) nr

I11 Proivde and install protective cover (raised) nr

Extra over Item I10 for heavy duty cover in
I12 nr
highways

Contract specific additional bill items

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Bill J Installation monitoring and sampling (during fieldwork period) Page 1 of 1
Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount
AED AED

Installation monitoring and sampling (during

J
fieldwork period)

Reading of water level in standpipe or piezometer

J1 nr
during fieldwork period

Contract specific additional bill items

Reading of water level in standpipe or piezometer

J22 nr
after fieldwork period

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Bill K Geotechnical laboratory testing Page 1 of 6

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

K Laboratory testing

K1 Classification

K1.1 Moisture content nr

K1.2 Liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index nr

K1.5 Density by linear measurement nr

Density by immersion in water or water

K1.6 nr
displacement

K1.8 Particle density by gas jar or pyknometer nr

K1.9 Particle size distribution by wet sieving nr

K1.10 Particle size distribution by dry sieving nr

K1.12 Sedimentation by hydrometer nr

K2 Chemical and electrochemical

K2.1 Organic matter content nr

K2.3 Sulphate content of acid extract from soil nr

K2.4 Sulphate content of water extract from soil nr

K2.5 Sulphate content of groundwater nr

K2.6 Carbonate content by rapid titration nr

K2.8 Water soluble chloride content nr

K2.9 Acid soluble chloride content nr

K2.11 Total dissolved solids nr

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Bill K Geotechnical laboratory testing Page 2 of 6

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

K Laboratory testing (continued)

K2.12 pH values nr

K2.13 Resistivity nr

K2.14 Redox potential nr

K3 Compaction related

Dry density/moisture content relationship using

K3.1 nr
2.5kg rammer

Dry density/moisture content relationship using

K3.2 nr
4.5kg rammer

Dry density/moisture content relationship using

K3.3 nr
vibrating rammer

Maximum and minimum dry density for granular

K3.5 nr
soils

California Bearing Ratio on re-compacted disturbed

K3.9 nr
sample

K3.10 Extra over Item K3.9 for soaking day

K4 Compressibility, permeability, durability

One-dimensional consolidation properties, test

K4.1 nr
period 5 days

Extra over Item K4.1 for test period in excess of 5

K4.2 nr
days

K4.7 Permeability by constant head method nr

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Bill K Geotechnical laboratory testing Page 3 of 6

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

K Laboratory testing (continued)

K5 Consolidation and permeability in hydraulic cells

Consolidation properties of a 76mm diameter

K5.1 nr
specimen using a hydraulic cell, test period 4 days

Extra over item K5.1 for test periods in excess of 4

K5.5 day
days

Permeability of a 76mm diameter specimen in

K5.6 nr
hydraulic consolidation cell, test period 4 days

Extra over items K5.6 for test periods in excess of

K5.10 day
4 days

K6 Shear strength (total stress)

Shear strength of a set of three 60mmx60mm

K6.4 square specimens by direct shear, test duration not nr
exceeding 1 day per specimen

Extra over Item K6.4 for test durations in excess of

K6.5 sp.day
1 day per specimen

Shear strength of a single 300mm x 300mm square

K6.6 specimens by direct shear, test duration not nr
exceeding 1 day

Extra over Item K6.6 for test durations in excess of

K6.7 day
1 day

Residual shear strength of a set of three 60mm x

K6.8 60mm square specimens by direct shear, test nr
duration not exceeding 4 days per specimen

Extra over Item K6.8 for test durations in excess of

K6.9 sp.day
4 day per specimen
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Bill K Geotechnical laboratory testing Page 4 of 6

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

Laboratory testing (continued)

Residual shear strength of a single 300mm square

K6.10 specimens by direct shear, test duration not nr
exceeding 4 days

Extra over Item K6.10 for test durations in excess

K6.11 day
of 4 days

Undrained shear strength of a set of three 38 mm

K6.15 diameter specimens in triaxial compression without nr
the measurement of pore pressure

Undrained shear strength of a single 100 mm

K6.16 diameter specimen in triaxial compression without nr
the measurement of pore pressure

Undrained shear strength of a single 100mm

K6.17 diameter specimen in triaxial compression with nr
multi-stage loading and without the measurement
of pore pressure

K7 Shear strength (effective stress)

Consolidated undrained triaxial compression test

K7.1 with measurement of pore pressure (set of three 38 nr
mm specimens), test duration not exceeding 4
days per specimen

As K7.1 but single-stage or multi-stage test using

K7.2 nr
100 mm diameter specimen

Consolidated drained triaxial compression test

K7.3 with measurement of volume change (set of three nr
38 mm specimens), test duration not exceeding 4
days per specimen

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Bill K Geotechnical laboratory testing Page 5 of 6

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

K Laboratory testing (continued)

As Item K7.3 but single stage or multi-stage test

K7.4 using 100 mm diameter specimen, test duration not nr
exceeding 4 days

Extra over Items K7.1 and K7.3 for test duration in

K7.5 sp.day
excess of 4 days per specimen

Extra over Items K7.2 and K7.4 for test duration in

K7.6 day
excess of 4 days

K8 Rock Testing

K8.1 Natural Water content of rock sample nr

Porosity / denstity using saturation and caliper

K8.2 nr
techniques

K8.3 Porosity / density using saturation and buoyancy nr

K8.5 Soundness by magnesium sulphate nr

K8.9 Resistance to fragmentation nr

K8.10 Aggregate abrasion value nr

K8.14 Uniaxial compressive strength nr

K8.15 Deformability in uniaxial compression nr

K8.16 Indirect tensile strength by Brazillian test nr

Undrained triaxial compression without

K8.17 nr
measurement of porewater pressure

Undrained triaxial compression with measurement

K8.18 nr
of porewater pressure

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Bill K Geotechnical laboratory testing Page 6 of 6

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

K Laboratory testing (continued)

K8.19 Direct shear strength of a single specimen nr

Measurement of point load strength index of rock

K8.21 nr
specimen (set of ten individual determinations)
Single measurement of point load strength on
K8.22 irregular rock lump or core sample (either axial or nr
diametral test)

Contract specific additional bill items

K10 Resiliant modulus nr

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Bill L Geoenvironmental laboratory testing Page 1 of 5

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

L Geoenvironmental laboratory testing

Contract specific additional bill items

L3 Soil samples - primary contaminants

L3.1 Arsenic - total nr

L3.2 Cadmium - total nr

L3.3 Chromium - total nr

L3.4 Chromium - hexavalent nr

L3.5 Lead - total nr

L3.6 Mercury - total nr

L3.7 Selenium - total nr

L3.8 Boron - water soluble nr

L3.9 Copper - total nr

L3.10 Nickel - total nr

L3.11 Cyanide - total nr

L3.12 Cyanide - complex nr

L3.13 Cyanide - free nr

L3.14 Thiocyanate nr

L3.15 Phenols - total nr

L3.16 Sulphide nr

L3.17 Sulphate - total, acid soluble nr

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Bill L Geoenvironmental laboratory testing Page 2 of 5

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

Geoenvironmental laboratory testing

L
(continued)

L3.18 Sulphate - total, acid soluble nr

L3.19 Sulphate - water soluble, 2:1 extract nr

L3.20 Sulphur - free nr

L3.21 ph value nr

L3.22 Toluene extractable matter nr

L3.23 Coal / tar / polyaromatic hydrocarbon nr

L3.24 Asbestos nr

L4 Soil samples - secondary contaminants

L4.1 Antimony nr

L4.2 Barium nr

L4.3 Beryllium nr

L4.4 Vanadium nr

L4.5 Cyclohexane extractable matter nr

L4.6 Freon extractable matter nr

L4.7 Mineral Oils nr

L4.8 Chloride nr

L5 Water samples

L5.1 Arsenic nr

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Bill L Geoenvironmental laboratory testing Page 3 of 5

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

Geoenvironmental laboratory testing

L
(continued)

L5.2 Cadmium nr

L5.3 Chromium - total nr

L5.4 Chromium - hexavalent nr

L5.5 Lead - total nr

L5.6 Mercury - total nr

L5.7 Selenium - total nr

L5.8 Boron - water soluble nr

L5.9 Copper - total nr

L5.10 Nickel - total nr

L5.11 Zinc - total nr

L5.12 Cyanide - total nr

L5.13 Cyanide - complex nr

L5.14 Cyanide - free nr

L5.15 Thyocyanate nr

L5.16 Phenols - total nr

L5.17 Sulphide nr

L5.18 Sulphate nr

L5.19 Sulphur - free nr

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Consultant Contractor
Contract No Date
Bill L Geoenvironmental laboratory testing Page 4 of 5

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

Geoenvironmental laboratory testing

L
(continued)

L5.20 ph Value nr

L5.21 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons nr

L5.22 Antimony nr
L5.23 Barium nr

L5.24 Beryllium nr

L5.25 Vanadium chloride nr

L5.26 Chloride nr

L5.27 Ammoniacal nitrogen nr

L5.28 Nitrate - nitrogen nr

L5.29 Chemical oxygen demand nr

L5.30 Biochemical oxygen demand nr

L5.31 Total organic carbon nr

L5.32 Volatile fatty acids nr

L5.33 Iron nr

L5.34 Manganese nr

L5.35 Calcium nr

L5.36 Sodium nr

L5.37 Magnesium nr

Page total 0
Page total, Bill L, carried forward 0
 Land Transport Main Roads Division

Consultant's logo to be placed here Client's logo to be placed here Contractor's logo to be placed here

Ground Investigation Bill of Quantities Modifications

Project PMC
Test Standard
Ground Investigation Ground Investigation
Name Company
Consultant Contractor
Contract No Date
Bill L Geoenvironmental laboratory testing Page 5 of 5

Item No Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

AED AED

Geoenvironmental laboratory testing

L
(continued)

L5.38 Potassium nr

L6 Gas Samples

L6.1 Carbon dioxide nr

L6.2 Hydrogen nr

L6.3 Hydrogen sulphide nr

L6.4 Methane nr

L6.5 Nitrogen nr

L6.6 Oxygen nr

L6.7 Ethane nr

L6.8 Propane nr

L6.9 Carbon Monoxide nr

Page Total 0
Brought forward Bill L, Page 1 total 0
Brought forward Bill L, Page 2 total 0
Bill L
Summary
Brought forward Bill L, Page 3 total 0
Brought forward Bill L, Page 4 total 0
Total Bill L carried forward to Summary of Bill of Quantities 0
 Land Transport Main Roads Division QA/QC Laboratory Form

Consultant's logo to be placed here Client's logo to be placed here Contractor's logo to be placed here

Ground Investigation Bill of Quantities Modifications

Project PMC
Test Standard
Ground Investigation Ground Investigation
Name Company
Consultant Contractor
Contract No Date

SUMMARY OF BILL OF QUANTITIES

SECTION DESCRIPTION AMOUNT

AED

A General items, provisional services and additional items #VALUE!

B Percussion boring #VALUE!

C Rotary drilling #VALUE!

D Pitting and trenching #VALUE!

E Sampling and monitoring during intrusive investigation #VALUE!

F Probing and cone penetration testing #VALUE!

G Geophysical testing #VALUE!

H In situ testing #VALUE!

I Instrumentation #VALUE!
Installation monitoring and sampling (during fieldwork
J #VALUE!
period)
K Geotechnical laboratory testing #VALUE!

L Geoenvironmental laboratory testing #VALUE!

Total Tender #VALUE!

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
PART-2: GROUND INVESTIGATION AND GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

APPENDIX F: SPT CORRECTIONS SPREADSHEET TEMPLATE

APPENDIX F Page169 First Edition December-2016

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
PART-2: GROUND INVESTIGATION AND GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

Table F1: SPT corrections spreadsheet template

Contractor's logo to
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be placed here

APPENDIX F Page170 First Edition December-2016

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
PART-2: GROUND INVESTIGATION AND GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

APPENDIX G: CONE PENETRATION TESTING

APPENDIX G Page171 First Edition December-2016

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
PART-2: GROUND INVESTIGATION AND GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

Table G1: Summary of typical checks and recalibrations to be made for CPT

Frequency

Check or recalibration At start of At three-

At start of At end of
test month
sounding sounding
programme(1) intervals

Verticality of thrust machine - * - -

Straightness of push rods

* * - -
Precision of measurements
* - - *
Zero load error (taking baselines) - * * -
Wear:
- dimension of cone, friction
sleeve * * - -

- roughness * * * -

- filters - - - *
Seals:
- presence of soil particles * * - -

- quality * * * -
Calibration:

- load cells and pressure

transducers * - - *
- unequal end area - - - *
- temperature - - - *
Notes

(1) And regularly during a long testing programme

APPENDIX G Page172 First Edition December-2016

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
PART-2: GROUND INVESTIGATION AND GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

Table G2: Check list for information required for CPT to check data quality

Question Answer Notes

Manufacturer, capacity, type.

1 Type of cone penetrometer
ISSMFE IRTP (1989)(103) standard.

Adhering to international
Compare with requirements in
2 standard (ie 10cm², 60⁰, sleeve
ISSMFE IRTP (1989)(103).
area = 150cm² etc)

x-sect area =
If answer to 2 is no, what cone If A = 15cm², α = 60⁰
3 cone angle =
is being used? and Asl = 202cm²; ok.
sleeve area =

Location of filter(s) for

4 measuring pore pressure and
type of fluid

5 Area ratio (a) of cone tip Normally in range a = 0.59 to 0.85.

6 End areas of friction sleeve Best if they are equal.

Is qc corrected for pore pressure Compare with formulas given in

7
effects? Lunne et al (1997)(107).

Is ƒs corrected for pore pressure Compare with formulas given in

8
effects? Lunne et al (1997)(107).

Assumed? Based on measurement

9 What is basis for σ’vo?
of bulk density (ρ) on samples?

Compare with requirements given in

When were sensors (qc, u, ƒs)
10 specifications or Lunne et al
last calibrated?
(1997)(107).

Zero readings before and after Important to check if results appear

11
each test reported? "abnormal"

Where were readings zeroed?

12 (eg sea bottom or bottom of Important for overwater testing
borehole)

13 Depth of any pre-drilling Explains any missing data

What is frequency of readings? The commercial rate is one set

14 every second, ie every 2cm.
Decided by project requirements

For dissipation testing;

How well was the initial part of the
(a) were the rods clamped or
15 dissipation curve defined - faster
unclamped?
sampling rate to start with?
(b) frequency of readings

APPENDIX G Page173 First Edition December-2016

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
PART-2: GROUND INVESTIGATION AND GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

APPENDIX H: BOREHOLE GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES

APPENDIX H Page174 First Edition December-2016

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
PART-2: GROUND INVESTIGATION AND GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

Table H1: Tools and methods for subsurface investigations

(from US Dept of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation (1998)(119))

Method Principle and application Limitations

Surface seismic Determine bedrock depths and characteristic May be unreliable unless velocities
refraction wave velocities as measured by geophones increase with depth and bedrock surface
spaced at intervals. is regular. Data are indirect and
represent averages. Limited to depths of
about 30m (100ft).

High resolution Determine depths, geometry and faulting in Reflected impulses are weak and easily
reflection deep rock strata. Good for depths of a few obscured by the direct surface and
thousand meters. Useful for mapping offsets shallow refraction impulses. Does not
in bedrock. Useful for locating ground water. provide compression velocities.
Computation of depths to stratum
changes requires velocity data obtained
by other means.

Vibration Travel time of transverse or shear waves Velocity of wave travel and natural period
generated by a mechanical vibrator is of vibration gives some indication of soil
recorded by seismic detectors. Useful for types. Data are indirect. Usefulness is
determining dynamic modulus of subgrade limited to relatively shallow foundations.
reaction for design of foundations of vibrating
structures.

Uphole, downhole, Obtain velocities for particular strata; Unreliable for irregular strata or soft soils
and cross-hole dynamic properties and rock-mass quality. with large gravel content. Cross-hole
surveys (seismic Energy source in borehole or at surface; measurements best suited for in-place
direct methods) geophones on surface or in borehole. modulus determination.

Electrical resistivity Locate fresh/salt water boundaries; clean Difficult to interpret and subject to wide
surveys granular and clay strata; rock depth; depth to variations. Difficult to interpret strata
ground water. Based on difference in below water table. Does not provide
electrical resistivity of strata. engineering properties. Used up to
depths of about 30m (100ft).

Electromagnetic Measures low frequency magnetic fields Fixed coil spacings limited to shallow
conductivity surveys induced into the earth. Used for mineral depth. Background noise from natural
exploration; locating near surface pipes; and constructed sources (manufactured)
cables, and drums and contaminated plumes. affects values obtained.

Magnetic Mineral prospecting and locating large Difficult to interpret quantitatively, but
measurements igneous masses. Highly sensitive proton indicates the outline of faults, bedrock,
magnetometer measures Earth’s magnetic buried utilities or metallic objects in
field at closely spaced intervals along a landfills.
traverse.

Gravity Detect major subsurface structures, faults, Not suitable for shallow depth
measurements domes, intrusions, cavities. Based on determination but useful in regional
differences in density of subsurface studies. Some application in locating
materials. caverns in limestone.

Ground-penetrating Locate pipe or other buried objects, bedrock, Does not provide depths or engineering
radar boulders, near surface cavities, extent of properties. Shallow penetration. Silts,
piping caused by sink hole and leakage in clays, and salts, saline water, the water
dams. Useful for high-resolution mapping of table, or other conductive materials
near-surface geology. severely restrict penetration of radar
pulses.

APPENDIX H Page175 First Edition December-2016

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
PART-2: GROUND INVESTIGATION AND GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

Table H2: Geophysical methods and techniques for logging boreholes

(from US Dept of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation (1998)(119))

Method Principle and application Limitations

Electrical logging Several different methods available. Provides Provides qualitative information. Best used with
continuous record of resistivity from which test-boring information. Limited to uncased
material types can be deduced when correlated hole.
with test-boring data.

Neutron radiation Provides continuous measure of natural moisture Data from neutron probe is limited to-in-place
logging content. Can be used with density probe to moisture content values. Often differs from
locate failure zones or water bearing zones in oven-dried moisture content and requires
slopes. correction.

Gamma-gamma Provides continuous measure of in-place density Data limited to density measurements. Wet
logging of materials. density usually more accurate than dry density.

Scintillometer (Gamma Provides measure of gamma rays. Used to Quantitative assessments of shale or clay
ray logging) locate shale and clay beds and in mineral formations.
prospecting.

Acoustic borehole Sonic energy generated and propagated in fluid Must be used in fluid-filled borehole unless
imaging such as air to water. Provides continuous 360 casing is being inspected. Tool must be
image of borehole wall showing fractures and centred in the borehole. Logging speed is
other discontinuities. Can be used to determine relatively low between 20 and 75 mm/s (4 and
dip. 15ft/min). Imaging less clear than house
obtained with borehole cameras.

Acoustic velocity Can determine litho logic contracts, geologic Borehole must be fluid filled and diameter
logging structure, cavities and attitude of discontinuities. accurately known. Penetration beyond
Elastic properties of rock can be calculated. borehole wall of about a meter or so. Geologic
Compression (P-water) is generated and materials must have P-water velocities higher
measured. Used almost exclusively in rock. than velocity of the borehole fluid.

Crosshole seismic Seismic source in one borehole; receiver(s) at Borehole spacing is critical and should be >3m
tests same depth in second (or more) borehole(s). and <15m. Precise borehole spacing must be
Material properties can be determined from accurately known for data to be useful.
generated and measured compression and
shear waves. Low velocity zones underlying high
velocity zones can be detected.

Borehole cameras Borehole TV or film type cameras available. TV Requires open hole. Images are affected by
viewed in real time. Can examine cavities, water clarity. Aperture on film camera must be
discontinuities joints, faults, water well screen, preset to match reflectivity of borehole wall
concrete-rock contacts, grouting effectiveness, materials.
and many other situations.

Borehole caliper Used to continuously measure and record Diameter ranges from about 50 to 900mm (2 to
logging borehole diameter. Identify zones of borehole 36in). Must calibrate caliper against known
enlargement. Can evaluate borehole for minimum and maximum diameter before
positioning packers for other tests. One to six logging. Special purpose acoustic caliper
arm probe designs. designed for large or cavernous holes (dia) 1.8
to 30m (6 to 100ft).

Temperature logging Continuous measure of borehole fluid Probe must be calibrated against a fluid of
temperature after fluid has stabilized. Can known temperature. Open boreholes take
determine temperature gradient with depth. longer to stabilize than cased holes. Logging
speed 15 to 20mm/s (3 to 4 ft/min).

APPENDIX H Page176 First Edition December-2016

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
PART-2: GROUND INVESTIGATION AND GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

Table H3: Borehole logs and their applications and limitations

(from BS5930-1999 with 2010 Addendum(7))
Log type (“1” against a particular log type means that it is suitable for the application listed)

temperature

Introduction
conductivity
Application

Flow meter
Televiewer

Television
Formation

Resistivity

Spontane
Diameter

Electrical

potential
Spectral

Gamma
Neutron
gamma

gamma

gamma
Natural
Caliper

Sonic
micro
limitations

Fluid

Fluid
Lined hole - - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - -

Open hole 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Air-filled - - 1 - - - - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - -

Water/mud filled 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Diameter - - - - - - - - 1 - - - -- - - -

Casing - - - 1 - - - 1 1 - - - 1 - 1 -

Fractures/joints 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 - - 1 -

Cement bend - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Bed boundaries 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Bed thickness 1 1 1 - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Bed type - - 1 - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Porosity - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - 1 1 -

Density - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - -

Permeable zones 1 1 - - 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 - - - -

Borehole fluid quality - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - -

Formation fluid quality - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1

Fluid movement - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - -

Direction of dip - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - -

Shale /sand indication - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1

APPENDIX H Pag177 First Edition December-2016

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
PART-2: GROUND INVESTIGATION AND GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

APPENDIX I: EXAMPLE EXPLORATORY HOLE RECORD

APPENDIX I Pag178 First Edition December-2016

 GROUND
INVESTIGATION GROUND INVESTIGATION COMPANY NAME Borehole No: BH01
COMPANY LOGO
Contract: A Contract Client: Abu Dhabi Department of Transport Page 1 of 2
Equipment: F-100 Start Date: 05/12/2011 End Date: 06/12/2011 Coordinates: E123456.7 N987654.3

Method Rotary boring Bore Diameter (mm) 121 Surface Elevation (m) 3.70 DND
Guar Gum water
Fluid Flush Core Diameter (mm): 92 End Borehole Depth (m below surf.): 20.0
mixture
Borehole Progress Test Record Rock Core Quality

Instrumentation
Test /

Water
Backfill /
Reduced Graphic
Flush W.D. Depth [m] Strata Description Sample TCR SCR RQD IF

Seating

Blwct 1

Blwct 2
Drive
Date Level Symbol N
ret. % [m] No [%] [%] [%] (mm)
0.00
5/12
0.0 0.0 Loose to medium dense, light brown, slightly silty
to silty, slightly gravelly, fine to medium grained B1
calcareous SAND (Sabka).
2.7 1.0 1.00

1.00

SPT2
1.45 3 1 1 2
1.45

1.7
1.7 2.0
B3
Medium dense becoming loose with depth, light
grey, silty, slightly gravelly, fine to medium grained 2.50
2.50

SAND. Gravel comprises fine to medium grained SPT4

2.95 21 5 10 11
0.7 3.0 shell gradments. 2.95

B5

-0.7 4.0 4.00

4.00

SPT6
4.45 12 3 5 7
4.45

-1.7 5.0

B7

-2.7 6.0 6.00

6.00

SPT8
6.45 8 3 4 4
6.45

-3.7 7.0

B9

-4.7 8.0 8.00

8.00

Medium dense to dense, light brown, slightly silty SPT10

to silty, colitic, fine to medium grained SAND. 8.45 28 5 11 17
8.45

-5.7 9.0

B11

-6.7 10.0 10.00

Notes: Drilled by: AA

Logged by: BB

Checked by: CC
 GROUND
INVESTIGATION GROUND INVESTIGATION COMPANY NAME Borehole No: BH01
COMPANY LOGO
Contract: A Contract Client: Abu Dhabi Department of Transport Page 2 of 2
Equipment: F-100 Start Date: 05/12/2011 End Date: 06/12/2011 Coordinates: E123456.7 N987654.3

Method Rotary boring Bore Diameter (mm) 121 Surface Elevation (m) 3.70 DND
Guar Gum water
Fluid Flush Core Diameter (mm): 92 End Borehole Depth (m below surf.): 20.0
mixture
Borehole Progress Test Record Rock Core Quality

Instrumentation
Test /

Water
Backfill /
Reduced Graphic
Flush W.D. Depth [m] Strata Description Sample

Seating

Blwct 1

Blwct 2
SCR

Drive
Date Level Symbol N TCR [%] RQD [%] IF (mm)
ret. % [m] No [%]
10.00

-7.7 10.0 As above SPT12

| - |
10.45
- |
| - | 10.45
- |
| - |
- |
| - |
-8.7 11.0 - |
B13

□
5/12 -9.7 12.0 12.00
| - |
6/12 SPT14
Moderately to highly weathered, light greenish |
- |
- | 12.00
- |
grey to light brownish grey, very weak to weak, | - |
RC1 100 90 85
- |
siliceous CALCARENITE medium, locally very | - |
85% |
- |
- | 13.00
-10.7 13.0 closely spaced, horizontal to sub-horizontal - | 13.00

stepped rough fractures. Occasional nodules &

bands of weak siltstone up to 75mm thick RC2 100 98 96
85% -11.7 14.0
14.00
14.00

RC3 100 95 95
85% 3.10 -12.7 15.0 15.00

Fresh to slightly weathered, grey to greenish grey,

weak, crystalline GYPSUM. Medium bedded with
closely to widely spaced subvertical and
-13.7 16.0 subhorizontal planar rough joints. Occasional
bands of weak calcisiltite and carbonate mudstone
90% (typically 50mm to 150mm thick). RC4 100 100 95
-14.7 17.0

-15.7 18.0
Slightly to moderately weathered, light greenish
grey, very weak to weak, CALCISILTITE with very
closely to widely spaced, subhorizontal to 45
85%
-16.7 19.0 degree planar smooth joints. Occasional bands of RC5 98 96 96
weak calcarenite (<100mm) and gypsum
(<50mm).
Borehole complete at 20.0m depth
6/12 -17.7 20.0
Notes: Drilled by: AA

Logged by: BB

Checked by: CC
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
PART-2: GROUND INVESTIGATION AND GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

APPENDIX J: EXAMPLE REPORTING FORMS FOR SOILS AND

ROCK LABORATORY TESTS

APPENDIX J Page181 First Edition December-2016

 Land Transport
Main Roads Division
Client's logo to be placed here Quality Assurance / Quality Control

Test Report Forms

FORM NO. TEST TEST REPORT FORM TITLE Revision Number Release date
Field Monitoring Forms
GI_GD-FM_1_1.1 Monitoring of ground water borehole / observation well 0
Groundwater Monitoring
GI_GD-FM_1_1.2 Monitoring of groundwater borehole / observation well 0
Field Testing Forms
GI_GD-FT_1_1.1 In Situ Density of soil (sand replacement method) 0
In Situ Density
GI_GD-FT_1_1.2 In Situ Density of soil (sand replacement method) 0
GI_GD-FT_1_2.1 In Situ Vane Shear Strength In Situ Vane Shear Strength test (result) 0
GI_GD-FT_1_3.1 California Bearing Ratio of soils in-place (observations and calculations) 0
In Situ California Bearing Ratio
GI_GD-FT_1_3.2 California Bearing Ratio of soils in-place (result) 0
GI_GD-FT_1_4.1 Plate Bearing Test on soils (field observations) 0
GI_GD-FT_1_4.2 Plate Bearing Test on soils (obervations and calculations) 0
GI_GD-FT_1_4.3 Plate Bearing Test on Soils - time - settlement curve (result) 0
Plate Bearing Test
GI_GD-FT_1_4.4 Plate Bearing Test on soils - Load settlement curve (result) 0
GI_GD-FT_1_4.5 Plate Bearing Test on soils (calculation of settlement) 0
GI_GD-FT_1_4.6 Plate Bearing Test on soils (result) 0
GI_GD-FT_1_5.1 Menard Pressuremeter Test (observations and calculations) 0
Menard Pressuremeter Test
GI_GD-FT_1_5.2 Menard Pressuremeter Test (pressure-volume curve) 0
GI_GD-FT_2_1.1 Gravity Survey by Land Gravity Meter (initial data) 0
Geophysics - Gravity Survey
GI_GD-FT_2_1.2 Gravity Survey by Land Gravity meter (field observation and calculations) 0
GI_GD-FT_2_2.1 Geophysics - Ground Stiffness Profiling Ground Stiffness Profiling by Continuous Surface Wave system 0
GI_GD-FT_2_3.1 Electricity Resistivity survey (initial data)
GI_GD-FT_2_3.2 Electricity Resistivity survey (initial data) 0
GI_GD-FT_2_3.3 Geophysics - Electrisity Revistivity Survey Electricity Resistivity Survey - common arrays used in resistivity surveys and their geometric factors 0
GI_GD-FT_2_3.4 Electrical Resistivity Survey - the median depth of investigation (Ze) for different arrays 0
GI_GD-FT_2_3.5 Electrical Resistivity Survey - the median depth of investigation (Ze) for different arrays 0
Rock Laboratory Forms
GI_GD-RL_1_1.1 Point Load Strength Index Point Load Strength Index test for rocks (result) 0
GI_GD-RL_1_2.1 Triaxial Compressive Strength - of rock core specimens (observations and calculations) 0
Triaxial Compressive Strength
GI_GD-RL_1_2.2 Triaxial Compressive Strength of rock core specimens (result) 0
GI_GD-RL_1_3.1 Splitting Tensile Strength Splitting Tensile Strength of rock specimens (results) 0

1
FORM NO. TEST TEST REPORT FORM TITLE Revision Number Release date
Soils Laboratory Forms
GI_GD-SL_1_1 Moisture Content Moisture Content of soils and rocks - oven drying method (observations & calculations) 0
GI_GD-SL_1_2.1 Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit of Soil (Casagrande's multipoint method) 0
GI_GD-SL_1_2.2 Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit of soils (Casagrande's multipoint method) (chart) 0
GI_GD-SL_1_2.3 Plasticity Index of Soils - Casagrande's multipoint method (result) 0
Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit & Plasticity Index
GI_GD-SL_1_2.4 Liquid and Plastic Limit of soils - cone penetrometer method (difinitive method) (observations & calculations) 0
GI_GD-SL_1_2.5 Liquid and Plastic Limit of soils - Cone penetrometer method (results) 0
GI_GD-SL_1_2.6 Liquid Limit of soil - cone penetrometer one-point method (result) 0
GI_GD-SL_1_3.1 Determination of Bulk and Dry Density - linear measurement method (result) 0
GI_GD-SL_1_3.2 Bulk & Dry Density Determination of Bulk and Dry Density - immersion in water method (result) 0
GI_GD-SL_1_3.3 Bulk Density of Fine Aggregates or soils - constant volume containers method (result) 0
GI_GD-SL_1_5.1 Particle Size Analysis of soils sieve - analysis (observations and calculations) 0
GI_GD-SL_1_5.2 Gradation curve and classification of soils (result) 0
GI_GD-SL_1_5.3 Particle Size Distribution - hydrometer method (initial observations) 0
GI_GD-SL_1_5.4 Particle Size Distribution - hydrometer method (test data) 0
Particle Size Distribution
GI_GD-SL_1_5.5 Particle Size Distribution - hydrometer method (table for computations) 0
GI_GD-SL_1_5.6 Particle Size Distribution - hydrometer method (observations & calculations) 0
GI_GD-SL_1_5.7 Particle Size Distribution - hydrometer & pipette methods (tables for calculations) 0
GI_GD-SL_1_5.8 Particle Size Distribution - pipette method (observations & calculations) 0
GI_GD-SL_1_6.1 Volumetric Shrinkage of Soils - Definitive Method (Observations and Calculations) 0
GI_GD-SL_1_6.2 Volumetric Shrinkage of soils - definitive method (result) 0
Shrinkage of Soils
GI_GD-SL_1_6.3 Shrinkage Factors of soils - subsidiary method (result) 0
GI_GD-SL_1_6.4 Linear Shrinkage of soils (result) 0
GI_GD-SL_1_7.1 Classification Tests Summary Classification Of Soils (summary of test results) 0
GI_GD-SL_3_1.1 Dry Density / Moisture Content Relationship - flow chart for sample preparation 0
GI_GD-SL_3_1.2 Dry Density / Moisture Content Relationship - Proctor method (observations and calculations) 0
GI_GD-SL_3_1.3 Dry Density/Moisture Content Relationship Dry Density / Moisture Content Relationship (Proctor method) 0
GI_GD-SL_3_1.4 Dry Density / Moisture Content Relationship - Proctor method (calculations for air-void curves) 0
GI_GD-SL_3_1.5 Dry Density / Moisture Content Relationship (Proctor method) (chart) 0
GI_GD-SL_3_2.1 Laboratory California Bearing Ratio 0
GI_GD-SL_3_2.2 Laboratory California Bearing Ratio 0
GI_GD-SL_3_2.3 California Bearing Ratio Laboratory California Bearing Ratio (triple specimens) 0
GI_GD-SL_3_2.4 Laboratory California Bearing Ratio (triple specimens) (chart) 0
GI_GD-SL_3_2.5 Laboratory California Bearing Ratio (soaking & swell data) 0
GI_GD-SL_3_3.1 Relative Density Relative Density of soils, gravels and aggregates - vibratory table method (result) 0
GI_GD-SL_3_4.1 Sand Equivalent Value Sand Equivalent Value of soil 0

2
FORM NO. TEST TEST REPORT FORM TITLE Revision Number Release date
GI_GD-SL_3_5.1 Penetration Resistance Penetration Resistance of soil - proving ring penetrometer method (result) 0
GI_GD-SL_3_6.1 Moisture Content / Penetration Resistance of Soils - Proctor penetrometer method (result) 0
Moisture Content/Penetration Resistance
GI_GD-SL_3_6.2 Moisture Content - Penetration Resistance relationship - spring type soil penetrometer (obs & calcs) 0
GI_GD-SL_3_7.1 Maximum Index Density of soils (observations and calculations) 0
Maximum Density Index
GI_GD-SL_3_7.2 Maximum Index Density of Soils - vibratory table method (result) 0
GI_GD-SL_4_1.1 One Dimensional Consolidation of soils (result) 0
GI_GD-SL_4_1.2 One Dimensional Consolidation of soils - specimen details (observations & calculations) 0
GI_GD-SL_4_1.3 One Dimensional Consolidation One Dimensional Consolidation of soils (settlement observations & calculations) 0
GI_GD-SL_4_1.4 One Dimensional Consolidation of soils (calculation of void-ratio) 0
GI_GD-SL_4_1.5 One Dimensional Consolidation of soils - time settlement curve (result) 0
GI_GD-SL_4_2.1 One Dimensional Swelling Characteristics of soils (observations & calculations) 0
One Dimensional Swelling
GI_GD-SL_4_2.2 One Dimensional Swelling Characteristics of soils (results) 0
GI_GD-SL_4_3.1 Permeability of soils by constant head method - initial measurements (observations & calculations) 0
GI_GD-SL_4_3.2 Permeability of Soils by constant head method - test data (observations & calculations) 0
Permeability
GI_GD-SL_4_3.3 Permeability of Soils by constant head method (result) 0
GI_GD-SL_4_3.4 Permeability of Soils - temperature correction curve 0
GI_GD-SL_4_4.1 Determination of Dispersibility of Soils - pinhole test method (result) 0
Dispersibility of Soils
GI_GD-SL_4_4.2 Determination of Dispersibility of Soils - pinhole test method (classification criteria for evaluation of test results) 0
GI_GD-SL_5_1.1 Direct Shear Test - specimen data and measurements (observations & calculations) 0
GI_GD-SL_5_1.2 Direct Shear Test - consolidation data (observations & calculations) 0
GI_GD-SL_5_1.3 Direct Shear Test (consolidation and curves) 0
GI_GD-SL_5_1.4 Shear box Direct Shear Test Direct Shear Test - test data (observations & calculations) 0
GI_GD-SL_5_1.5 Direct Shear Test - computation curves (result) 0
GI_GD-SL_5_1.6 Direct Shear Test - computation curves (result) 0
GI_GD-SL_5_1.7 Direct - Shear Test - determination of c - φ (results) 0
GI_GD-SL_5_2.1 Unconfined Compressive Strength of soils - load frame method 0
GI_GD-SL_5_2.2 Unconfined Compressive Strength Unconfined Compressive Strength of soils & rocks - load frame method (observations & calculations) 0
GI_GD-SL_5_2.3 Unconfined Compressive Strength of Soils & Rocks - load frame method (result) 0
GI_GD-SL_5_3.1 Laboratory vane shear strength Shear Strength of Soils - laboratory vane method (result) 0
GI_GD-SL_5_4.1 Triaxial Compression Test (undrained test without measurement of pore pressure) 0
GI_GD-SL_5_4.2 Triaxial Compression Test - Undrained Without Undrained Shear Strength of Soil - triaxial compression test (membrane correction graph) 0
GI_GD-SL_5_4.3 Pore Pressure Measurement Triaxial Compression Test (data for Mohr stress circle) 0
GI_GD-SL_5_4.4 Triaxial Compression Test (construction of Mohr stress circles) 0

3
FORM NO. TEST TEST REPORT FORM TITLE Revision Number Release date
GI_GD-SL_5_5.1 Residual Shear Strength - by ring shear test (observations and calculations) 0
GI_GD-SL_5_5.2 Residual Shear Strength - by ring shear test (result) 0
Ring Shear Test - Residual Shear Strength
GI_GD-SL_5_5.3 Residual Shear Strength - by ring shear test (result) 0
GI_GD-SL_5_5.4 Residual Shear Strength - by ring shear test (result) 0
GI_GD-SL_6_1.1 Triaxial Compression Test (consolidated undrained test with pore pressure measurement) 0
GI_GD-SL_6_1.2 Triaxial Compression Test (consolidated drained test with volume change measurement) 0
GI_GD-SL_6_1.3 Triaxial Compression Test (saturation data) 0
GI_GD-SL_6_1.4 Triaxial Testing of soils (consolidation data) 0
GI_GD-SL_6_1.5 Triaxial Compression Test (coefficient of consolidation factors) 0
GI_GD-SL_6_1.6 Triaxial Compression Test (initial specimen data) 0
GI_GD-SL_6_1.7 Triaxial Compression Test of soils (computation of coefficient of consolidation & volume compressibility) 0
GI_GD-SL_6_1.8 Triaxial Compression Test (pore pressure coefficient 'A' and stress path parameters) 0
Triaxial Test - Consolidated Undrained with Pore
GI_GD-SL_6_1.9 Triaxial Compression Test (membrane correction graph) 0
Pressure Measurement & Consolidated Drained
GI_GD-SL_6_1.10 Tests Triaxial Compression Test (side drain corrections) 0
GI_GD-SL_6_1.11 Triaxial Compression Test (barrelling correction for multistage loading) 0
GI_GD-SL_6_1.12 Triaxial Compression Test (stress-strain Curve) 0
GI_GD-SL_6_1.13 Triaxial Compression Test (pore pressure versus axial strain curve) 0
GI_GD-SL_6_1.14 Triaxial Compression Test (volume change versus axial strain curve) 0
GI_GD-SL_6_1.15 Triaxial Compression Test (effective principal stress ratio (σ1'/σ3') versus axial strain curve) 0
GI_GD-SL_6_1.16 Triaxial Compression Test (Mohr stress circle) 0
GI_GD-SL_6_1.17 Triaxial Compression Test (volume change - square root time curve for consolidation) 0
GI_GD-SL_6_1.18 Triaxial Compression Test (pore pressure coefficient versus cell pressure curve) 0

4
 Land Transport
Main Roads Division
Client's logo to be placed here Geotechnical Investigation and Geotechnical
Design

Introduction
Welcome to the example GI/GD soils laboratory (SL) testing, rock laboratory (RL) testing, field testing (FT) and field monitoring (FM)
Forms depository document. The purpose of this document is to hold the various forms that may be required by the Consultant,
Ground Investigation Company or Contractors site laboratory.

Quality Assurance laboratories are also encouraged to use these forms to improve cross-validation.

These forms have been made available in MS Excel.xlsx format to allow users to utilise off-page cells for calculations/notes.

The next sheet, "Selection", contains all of the forms available and can be used to quickly access the form required.

The sheet "Lists" will allow the pre-entry of many repetitive items such as the project name, which can then be available as drop-
downs on each respective form. Each form has areas at the top and foot of each page highlighted in red, these require standardised
information. The Consultant and the Contractor should place their logo in the marked place at the top of each page.

Two blank report forms (in portrait and landscape formats) are included to produce additional forms if required. The alteration of forms
is also permissable provided that the 'modifications' tag is altered accordingly.

Within each worksheet is a separate form. Some tests have several forms. The forms are designed to be printed on a standard A4
page in either portrait or landscape format. Care should be taken not to extend the size of the forms outside of the standard ranges as
they will then print across more than one page.

It is suggested that the depository itself is not directly used. Instead a copy should be made and used, leaving the original intact. This
will prevent errors in later usage.

Printed copies can be signed at the foot of each page.

Summary

1) The attached GI/GD example forms are intended to be used by the Consultant, Ground Investigation Company and
Contractor's Site Laboratories with high quality according to the specified method of testing and using properly calibrated
equipment.

2) The latest revision of the specified standard method of testing shall be used.

3) These Forms shall be understood as the minimum acceptable standard format used to report testing.

4) If any Form needs to be modified in the future for any reason, such as revised standard, then the modification shall be
agreed with the Department GI/GD Engineer.

5) If the Contractor is ISO 9001:2008 certified and his accreditation QMS documents include testing report Forms, and he
prefers to use them, then he shall make sure that his Forms contain all details shown in the standard GI/GD Forms.
 Consultant's logo to be placed here Client's logo to be placed here Contractor's logo to be placed here

Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FM/1/1.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Monitoring of ground water borehole / observation well

Test method BS:5930-1999 ASTM D 4750-1993 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Measuring device used: Piezometer used:

Weighted measuring tape Standpipe piezometer

Measuring tape with sounding weight Hydraulic piezometer

Electrical measuring device Electrical piezometer

Other (state) Pneumatic piezometer

Type of borehole Cased Uncased Well standpipe Other (state)

Level of
Borehole Level of top of Depth of groundwater Depth of stabilised The stabilised
Date Time groundwater
No borehole observed groundwater groundwater level
observed
- m - Hr Mt m m m m

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FM/1/1.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Monitoring of groundwater borehole / observation well (Figure No _________ )

Test method BS:5930-1999 ASTM D 4750-1993 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Level of borehole: Type of borehole: Cased Uncased

Measuring device used:

Ground Water Level

Ground Water Depth

Time and Date

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/1/1.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test In Situ Density of soil (sand replacement method)

Test method BS1377: Part 9 1990: CL 2.1 BS1377: Part 9 1990: CL 2.2 ASTM: D1556-07 AASHTO: T191-2002

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
CALIBRATION OF STANDARD SAND:
Mass of sand + cylinder before pouring g Mass of sand to fill can only (ma) g
Mass of sand + cylinder after pouring g Volume of calibration can ml
Mass of sand to fill cone and can g Bulk density of sand kg/m3
Mass of sand to fill cone only g
WET DENSITY OF SOIL FROM THE FIELD :
Test point number -
Mass of wet soil from the hole g
Mass of standard sand before pouring g
Mass of standard sand after pouring g
Mass of standard sand in cone and hole g
Mass of standard sand in cone only (from calibration) g
Mass of standard sand in hole only g
Bulk density of standard sand (from calibration) kg/m3
Volume of test hole cm3
Wet density of soil from the hole kg/m3
MOISTURE CONTENT OF SOIL FROM THE FIELD :
Container number -
Mass of container only g
Mass of container + wet soil g
Mass of container + dry soil g
Mass of water only g
Mass of dry soil only g
Moisture content %
DEGREE OF COMPACTION :
Dry density of soil from the hole kg/m3
Maximum dry density of tested soil kg/m3
Degree of compaction %
Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/1/1.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test In Situ Density of soil (sand replacement method)

Test method BS1377: Part 9 1990: CL 2.1 BS1377: Part 9 1990: CL 2.2 ASTM: D1556-07 AASHTO: T191-2002

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Insitu density test results
Location of test point with Laboratory compaction test results Degree of
Test
layer No. Optimum moisture Maximum dry compaction
Dry density
Moisture content content density
- % kg/m3 % kg/m3 %

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/1/2.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test In Situ Vane Shear Strength test (result)
Test method BS:1377:Part9: 1990: CL: 4.4 ASTM:D2573-1978 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Vane dimensions: height = mm Diameter = mm

Instrument No: Vane constant (k): mm ³ x 10-6

Rate of loading: Degrees/minute

Test record:
Depth of
Value of
borehole Depth of Max force applied and Torque Shear strength Remarks (soil description at test
frictional
below vane tip time to failure levels etc)
force
ground level M Cf = M/k
Material m N min s N N.m kN/m²

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/1/3.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test California Bearing Ratio of soils in-place (observations and calculations)
Test method BS 1377:PART9:1990:CL 4.3 ASTM:D4429-1993 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
TEST FOR SUB-GRADE SUB-BASE BASE EXISTING SOIL OTHERS

Bulk density = kN/m³ Tare weight kN

Moisture content = % Surcharge weight kN
Dry density = kN/m³ Seating force kN
Force reading on California bearing
S No Penetration of Plunger Force on plunger Stress on plunger Standard force Standard stress
proving ring ratio
- Inch mm Divisions kN kN/m² kN kN/m² %

RESULT: CBR AT PENETRATION = %

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/1/3.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test California Bearing Ratio of soils in-place (result)
Test method BS 1377:PART9:1990:CL 4.3 ASTM:D4429-1993 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
TEST FOR SUB-GRADE SUB-BASE BASE EXISTING SOIL OTHERS
kN/m2
Stress plunger

Penetration mm

Penetration mm Moisture Content %

Sample No
Corrected load kN Bulk Density kN/m³
Standard load kN Dry Density kN/m³
California Bearing Ratio % Rate of Penetration mm/min
Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/1/4.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Plate Bearing Test on soils (field observations)
Test method BS1377:Part9:90 CL 4.1 ASTM:D1194-94/1195-93/1196-93 AASHTO: T235-2002

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of soil Backfill Natural Compacted Uncompacted Other (state)

Test for Building footings Roads and parking Airport Other (state)

Method of
Constant rate of penetration Incremental loading Other (state)
loading
EQUIPMENT DETAILS
Plate diameter m Jack cylinder diameter m
Plate area m² Jack cylinder area m²
Tare weight kN Tare pressure kN/m²
Sensitivity of gauges mm/div RL of test point m
o o
Air temperature C Soil temperature C
Hydraulic Plate settlement readings Average
Date and time Elapsed Soil pressure
pressure Gauge 1 Gauge 2 Gauge 3 settlement
- minutes kN/m² kN/m² - - mm

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/1/4.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Plate Bearing Test on soils (obervations and calculations)
Test method BS1377:Part9:90 CL 4.1 ASTM:D1194-94/1195-93/1196-93 AASHTO: T235-2002

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Test for Building footings Highways Airport Parking Others

Type of soil
Natural Backfill - Compacted Backfill - Uncompacted Others
tested
Dia of the plate = m Area of plate = m² Elevation of test area =
Method of
Constant rate of penetration Incremental loading Others
loading
Average total Recovery after
S No Hydralic pressure Soil pressure Net settlement Remarks
settlement unloading
- kN/m² kN/m² mm mm mm

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/1/4.3 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Plate Bearing Test on Soils - time - settlement curve (result)
Test method BS1377:Part9:90 CL 4.1 ASTM:D1194-94/1195-93/1196-93 AASHTO: T235-2002

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Method of
Constant rate of penetration Incremental loading Others
loading
Test for Loading cycle: Loading Unloading

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

0

1
Settlement

3
mm

5
Time minutes

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/1/4.4 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Plate Bearing Test on soils - Load settlement curve (result)
Test method BS1377:Part9:90 CL 4.1 ASTM:D1194-94/1195-93/1196-93 AASHTO: T235-2002

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of soil
Cohesive Granular Other (state)
under the plate
Method of
Constant rate of penetration Incremental loading Other (state)
loading

0.1 1 10 100 1000

0

0.5

1.5
Final settlement

2.5

3.5
mm

4.5

Applied pressure kN/m2

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/1/4.5 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Plate Bearing Test on soils (calculation of settlement)
Test method BS1377:Part9:90 CL 4.1 ASTM:D1194-94/1195-93/1196-93 AASHTO: T235-2002

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
AS PER TERZAGHI AND PECK
SETTLEMENT ON NON-COHSEIVE SOILS

Bf (Bp = 30) ²
Sf = Sp
Bp (Bf + 30)

Where
Sr = the settlement of an actual footing in cm
Sp = the settlement of the test plate in cm
Br = the smallest dimension of the footing in cm
Bp = Maximum size of the test plate in cm

Smallest dimension Maximum size of test Maximum settlement Maximum settlement

of footing plate of plate of footing
Test No Remarks
Br Bp Sp Sf
cm cm cm cm

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/1/4.6 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Plate Bearing Test on soils (result)
Test method BS1377:Part9:90 CL 4.1 ASTM:D1194-94/1195-93/1196-93 AASHTO: T235-2002

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Method of loading: Constant rate of penetration Incremental loading Other (state)

TEST PARAMETERS

Location of test point: Foundation Level = m

Size and type of largest footing =

Design bearing capacity = kN/m² Factor of safety =

Permissible total settlement = mm Permissible differential settlement = mm

Soil Improvement: No of layers = Thickness of each layer = mm

SETTLEMENT PREDICTION

Maximum applied pressure = kN/m² Maximum settlement observed = mm

Most probable settlement over _________m soil imporovement due to a foundation of width __________m and the Design
Bearing Capacity of _________kN/m² would be ________m
Most probable settlement under the foundation of width ___________m with the design Bearing Capacity of kN/m ² would
be ______________ mm
ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE TEST
Soil is non-cohesive, undisturbed and homogeneous at least to a depth = 2 x size of the plate

Settlement prediction is valid for isolated circular, square or rectangular footings only

Settlement prediction is due to the strain develooped in the soil within the zone of influence only

The test was stopped at the maximum available reaction on the site
Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/1/5.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Menard Pressuremeter Test (observations and calculations)
Test method ASTM D4719 (Procedure A) ASTM D4719 (Procedure B) Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Reduced ground level: Groundwater depth Groundwater reduced level
Method of placement: Pre-bored hole Other (state)

Borehole diameter: 62-70mm (Bx) 76-89mm (Nx) Others

Probe diameter: 60mm 74mm Others

Probe cover: Rubber cover Metal cover Reinforced cover Other (state)

Pressuremeter test No Depth (m) Reduced level

Volume V Volume V Volume V
Pressure P Pressure P Pressure P
(cm³) ∆V (cm³) (cm³) ∆V (cm³) (cm³) ∆V (cm³)
(bar) (bar) (bar)
15,30,60 sec 15,30,60 sec 15,30,60 sec

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/1/5.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Menard Pressuremeter Test (pressure-volume curve)
Test method ASTM D4719 (Procedure A) ASTM D4719 (Procedure B) Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Reduced ground level: Groundwater depth Groundwater reduced level
Borehole Diameter: 60-70mm (Bx) 76-89mm (Nx) Probe Diameter: 60mm 74mm

Probe cover: Rubber cover Metal cover Reinforced cover Other (state)

Pressuremeter Test No: Depth (m): Reduced Level:

700

650

600

550

500

450

400
Volume (cm3)

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Pressure MN/m2

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/2/1.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Gravity Survey by Land Gravity Meter (initial data)
Test method BS:5930: 1999 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Land gravity meter details (World wode range):
Gravity meter No: Make:
Operating range: Precision:
Accuracy: Repeatability:
Drift: Drift:
Sensor type: Temperature Range:
Level system:
Absolute gravity station data:
Latitude: Longitude: Gravity: milli Gals
Base station data:
Latitude: Longitude: Gravity: milli Gals
Data for nulling the gravity meter:
Latitude (degrees) Approximate gravity (gals) Approximate gravity meter reading

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
 Consultant's logo to be placed here Client's logo to be placed here Contractor's logo to be placed here

Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/2/1.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Gravity Survey by Land Gravity meter (field observation and calculations)
Test method BS:5930: 1999 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Station Observed Observation Free air Bauguer
S No Date Time Latitude Longitude Elevation
identification meter reading gravity gravity gravity

- Hr Min - Degrees Degrees Meters Milligals Milligals Milligals Milligals

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/2/2.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Ground Stiffness Profiling by Continuous Surface Wave system
Test method BS:5930: 1999 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Geophone spacing: 0.5m 0.75m 1.0m Others

Estimated bulk unit weight = kg/m ³

Soil properties
Estimated Posson's ratio =
Vibrator position:
Array orientation:
Sensor status and geophones position information
Sensor position The radical distance from the centre of the
Comments
(geophone position) vibrator
1
2
3
4
5
6
Type of the test run:
Single run: test Start frequency = Hz
End frequency = Hz
Frequency interval - Hz
Template run test Standard run 1 test for soft soils
Standard run 2 test for medium shift soils
Standard run 3 test for stiff soils
Result
Plotted graphs included Stiffness versus depth
Wavelength versus frequency
Phase angle versus frequency
Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/2/3.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Electricity Resistivity survey (initial data)
Test method BS:5930: 1999: Section 4 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Detect underground cavities Detect fractured zones in the bedrock

Object: Detect underground water table Detect sand and gravel zones

Detect different geological layers Detect underground pipe lines and obstruction

Resistance array Dipole - Dipole array

Electrode
Schlumberger array Pole - Dipole array
arrays:
Wenner array Pole - Pole array

Measurement Settings:
1 No of cycles: One Two Three Others

2 Maximum error: On Off

3 Maximum repeat: One Two Others

4 Maximum current: 500ma Others

Measure time:

5 Resistivity mode: 1.2 sec 3.6 sec 7.2 sec 14.4 sec

Resistivity / IP mode: 1 sec 2 sec 4 sec 8 sec

6 Measurement units: Metre Feet

7 Separate potential: On Off

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/2/3.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Electricity Resistivity survey (initial data)
Test method BS:5930: 1999: Section 4 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of Resistivity Survey: One-Dimensional Two-Dimensional Three-Dimensional

Weather Rainy season Thunderstorm Cloudy Sunshine Blazing sun

conditions
Temperature (C⁰): Relative humidity (%):
Method of
Resistivity sounding method Resistivity profiling method
resistivity
survey

Measurement
Resistance measurement Apparent Rrsistivity Induced polarization (IP)
modes

Electrodes Configuration Data:

1 Maximum length of the array (L)

2 Total number of electrodes

3 Type of array used

4 Maximum electrode spacing (a)

5 "n" spacing factor for array used 1 2 3 4 5 6 Other

6 Depth factor for maximum electrode spacing (z e/a)

7 Depth factor for maximum array length (z e/L)

8 The median depth of investigation (z e)

9 Geometric factor 'k' for the array used

Type of electrodes used Stainless steel electrodes Non-polarisable electrodes

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/2/3.3 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Electricity Resistivity Survey - common arrays used in resistivity surveys and their geometric factors
Test method BS:5930: 1999: Section 4 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
(a) Wenner Alpha (b) Wenner Beta
C1 P1 P2 C2 C2 C1 P1 P2

a a a a a a
k=2xa k=6xa
(c) Wenner Gamma (d) Pole - Pole
C1 P1 C2 P2 C1 P1

a a a a
k=3xa k=2xa
(e) Dipole - Dipole (f) Pole - Dipole
C2 C1 P1 P2 C1 P1 P2

a a a na a
k=xn(n+l)(n+2)a k=2xn(n+l)a
(g) Wenner - Schlumberger (h) Equatorial Dipole - Dipole
C1 P1 P2 C2 C2 P2

a a a
b
k=xn(n+l)a a na a

C1 P1
b=n
k=2
L=(axa+bxb)0.5
Remarks:
C1 and C2 are current electrodes
P1 and P2 are potential electrodes
a = spacing between the current electrodes or potential electrodes
na = spacing between the current electrodes and potential electrodes
k = geometric factor for the array

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/2/3.4 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Electrical Resistivity Survey - the median depth of investigation (Ze) for different arrays
Type of test
(References: Edwards 1977 and M H Loke 2000)
Test method BS:5930: 1999: Section 4 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Array type Spacing factor Ze/a Ze/L
Wenner Alpha -
Wenner Beta -
Wenner Gamma -
n=1
n=2
n=3
Dipole - dipole array
n=4
n=5
n=6
n=1
n=2
Equatorial Dipole - dipole
n=3
n=4
n=1
n=2
n=3
Wenner - Schlumberger
n=4
n=5
n=6
n=1
n=2
n=3
Pole - dipole
n=4
n=5
n=6
Pole - pole -

Remarks:
a = The spacing between current or potential Electrodes
L = The total length of the Array
n = The spacing factor between Current and Potential electrodes and
Ze = The Median depth of Investigation for the different Array

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-FT/2/3.5 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Electrical Resistivity Survey - the median depth of investigation (Ze) for different arrays
Type of test
(References: Edwards 1977 and M H Loke 2000)
Test method BS:5930: 1999: Section 4 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Maximum Maximum Maximum depth of investigation
Depth factor Depth factor
Array type electrode length of array 'Ze'
Ze/a Ze/L
spacing 'a' 'L' from Ze/a from Ze/L
- m m - m m
Wenner Array
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Dipole - Dipole Array
Factor n = 1
Factor n = 2
Factor n = 3
Factor n = 4
Factor n = 5
Factor n = 6
Equatorial Dipole - Dipole
Factor n = 1
Factor n = 2
Factor n = 3
Factor n = 4
Wenner - Schlumberger
Factor n = 1
Factor n = 2
Factor n = 3
Factor n = 4
Factor n = 5
Factor n = 6
Pole - Dipole Array
Factor n = 1
Factor n = 2
Factor n = 3
Factor n = 4
Factor n = 5
Factor n = 6
Pole - Pole Array
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-RL/1/1.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Point Load Strength Index test for rocks (result)
Test method ASTM:5731-08 Broch & Franklin (1972) Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of test Diametral test Block test Irregular lump test Other (state)

Irregular lump test Block test Diametral test

Minimum Equivalent core
S No Min Max Average Point load Strength
Length Width Depth Dia Length X - area diameter
width width width

W1 w2 w= w1+w2 Length Width Depth D Length A = WD De² = D² De² = 4A P Is = P

2 π De²
- mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm² mm² mm² kN kN/m²

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-RL/1/2.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compressive Strength - of rock core specimens (observations and calculations)
Test method ASTM: D2664-1995 ASTM: D4543-1991 AASHTO: T226-2000

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Specimen Details:
Diameter of core D cm Length of core L cm

Area of cross-section A cm² Volume of core V cm³

Weight of core - g Bulk density γ kg/m³

Initial moisture content % Dry density γω kg/m³

Test Conditions:
Undrained Drained With pore pressure Without pore pressure

Moisture condition: Oven-dry Saturated Air-dry Other (state)

Loading machine identification:

Rate of loading or strain rate = mm per second

Zero or seating load = kN Lateral fluid pressure (σ3) = kN/m ²

Linear Measurements of test specimen:

Diameter of end1 D1 cm Length of core at 0 degrees L1 cm

Diameter of end2 D2 cm Length of core at 180 degrees L2 cm

Average diameter D cm Average length of core L cm

Length to diameter ratio (L/D) - Permissible L/D ratio - -

Average diameter of core Dav cm Permissible diameter = not less than 4.7cm
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-RL/1/2.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compressive Strength of rock core specimens (result)
Test method ASTM: D2664-1995 ASTM: D4543-1991 AASHTO: T226-2000

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of specimen: Undisturbed Compacted Others

#REF!
Shear Stress, kN/m2

Normal Stress kN/m2

Results:
S No Initial specimen measurements - Unit Test results
1 Nominal diameter of specimen D mm
2 Initial moisture content ω %
3 Initial bulk density ρ kg/m³
4 Initial dry density ρd kg/m³
5 Rate of strain applied during test - % / min
Measurements after failure:
1 Cell pressure σ3 kN/m²
2 Corrected maximum deviator stress at failure (σ1 - σ3) ƒ kN/m²
3 Axial strain at failure - %
4 Shear strength of soil c u = 1/2 (σ1 - σ3) ƒ cu kN/m²
Curves enclosed:
1 Deviator stress versus axial strain
2 Mohr stress circles based on total and effective stresses
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-RL/1/3.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Splitting Tensile Strength of rock specimens (results)
Test method ASTM:D3967-1995 ASTM:C496-1996 AASHTO:T198-2002

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description

TYPE OF
Intact rock core Irregular rock core
SAMPLE
Moisture
Natural moisture Saturated Dry sample
Condition
Type of
Continuously increased load Impact load
Loading
Testing Details
Specimen dimensions Splitting tensile
Sample No Borehole No Depth Failure load
Length Diameter strength
- - L D P στ = 2P/πLD
- m m m kN kN/m²

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Moisture Content of soils and rocks - oven drying method (observations & calculations)
Test method BS1377: Part 2:1990:CL3.2 ASTM:D2216-10

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description

Moisture condition: Natural moisture Moisture added Saturated

Related Test:
Type of oven: Convection oven Microwave oven

Method of drying: Continuous heating Incremental heating

Temperature of convection oven = ̊C Mass of moist sample = g

Soil passing 2mm (No 10) sieve = % Soil passing 4.75mm (No 4) sieve = %
Soil passing 19mm. Sieve = % Soil passing 37.5mm. Sieve = %
OBSERVATIONS: TASK NO 1 2 3 4 5
Container No
Mass of container + wet soil g m1
Mass of container + dry soil g m2
Mass of container g m3
CALCULATIONS:
Mass of moisture g m4=m1-m2
Mass of dry soil g m5=m2-m3
Moisture content g m4/m5+100
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
Sample No Soil / rock description Borehole No Depth in metres Moisture content
From To %

Remarks

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/2.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit of Soil (Casagrande's multipoint method)
BS1377: Part 2:1990: CL4.5 BS1377:Part 2:1990: CL5.3 ASTM D4318-10
Test method
AASHTO T89-10 AASHTO T90-00
Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Proportion of sample passing 425mm sieve (%)
LIQUID LIMIT DETERMINATION
Test number - --
Number of blows - --
Container number - --
Mass of wet sample+container g m1
Mass of dry sample+container g m2
Mass of container only g m3
Mass of moisture g m4=m1-m2
Mass of dry sample g m5=m2-m3
Liquid limit % m4/m5*100

PLASTIC LIMIT DETERMINATION

Test number - --
Container number - --
Mass of wet sample+container - m1
Mass of dry sample+container g m2
Mass of container only g m3
Mass of moisture g m4=m1-m2
Mass of dry sample g m5=m2-m3
Moisture content % m4/m5*100
Plastic limit % m4/m5*100
Average liquid limit
Average plastic limit
Plasticity index

Remarks

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/2.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit of soils (Casagrande's multipoint method) (chart)
BS1377: Part 2:1990: CL4.5 BS1377:Part 2:1990: CL5.3 ASTM D4318-10
Test method
AASHTO T89-10 AASHTO T90-00
Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Proportion of sample passing 425mm sieve (No 40) = %

Proportion of sample passing 425mm sieve (No.

40)
1.2

0.8
Moisture Content (%)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
1 10 100
Number of blows

Test Result Liquid Limit = Plastic Limit = Plasticity Index =

Remarks

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/2.3 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Plasticity Index of Soils - Casagrande's multipoint method (result)
BS1377: Part 2:1990: CL4.5 BS1377:Part 2:1990: CL5.3 ASTM D4318-10
Test method
AASHTO T89-10 AASHTO T90-00
Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description

Proportion of sample passing 425mm sieve (%)

Liquid Limit Plasticity Index

Observations Plastic Limit (w p)
(wl) Ip
Number of blows
Container No
Mass of wet soil + container
Mass of dry soil + container
Mass of container
Mass of dry soil + container
Mass of moisture
Moisture content
Liquid limit = moisture content x factor
Plastic limit average
Factors for Casagrande one-point liquid limit test:
Number of Number of Number of Number of
Factor Factor Factor Factor
blows blows blows blows

Remarks

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/2.4 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Liquid and Plastic Limit of soils - cone penetrometer method (difinitive method) (observations & calculations)

Test Method BS1377:PART 2:1990:CL4.3 BS1377:PART 2: 1990:CL5 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description

Proportion of sample passing 425 um sieve = %

LIQUID LIMIT DETERMINATION
Test No - 1 2 3 4
Initial dial gauge reading mm
Final dial gauge reading mm
Average penetration mm
Container No -
Mass of wet soil + container m1 g
Mass of dry soil + container m2 g
Mass of container m3 g
Mass of moisture m4=m1 - m2 g
Mass of dry soil M5=m2 - m3 g
Moisture content w= m4/m5x100 %
PLASTIC LIMIT DETERMINATION
Container No -
Mass of wet soil + container m1 g
Mas of dry soil + container m2 g
Mass of container m3 g
Mass of moisture m4= m1 - m 2 g
Mass of dry soil m5= m 2 - m3 g
Moisture content w= m4/m5x100 %
Average Plastic Limit %
Plasticity Index = Liquid Limit - Plastic Limit
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/2.5 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Liquid and Plastic Limit of soils - Cone penetrometer method (results)

Test method BS1377:PART 2:1990:CL4.3 BS1377:PART 2: 1990:CL5 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description

Proportion of sample passing 425 um sieve = %

36

34

32

30

28
mm

26

24

22
Cone Penetration

20

18

16

14

12

10

6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44

Moisture Content %

Liquid Limit = % Plastic Limit = %

Plasticity Index = Liquid Limit - Plastic Limit %
Classification of Soil Passing 425 um sieve from Plasticity Chart ML
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/2.6 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Liquid Limit of soil - cone penetrometer one-point method (result)

Test method BS1377:PART2:1990: CL 4.4 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Percentage of material passing the 425 um test sieve = %
Initial dial gauge reading mm
Final dial gauge reading mm
Average penetration mm
Container No -
Mass of wet soil + container g
Mass of dry soil + container g
Mass of container g
Mass of moisture g
Mass of dry soil + container g
Moisture content %
Average moisture content %
Factors for one-point cone penetrometer Liquid Limit test
Cone penetration Factors for moisture content ranges
mm Below 35% 35% to 50% Above 50%

RESULT: Liquid Limit = Moisture Content x Factor = %

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/3.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Determination of Bulk and Dry Density - linear measurement method (result)
Test method BS1377: PART 2: 1990 CL 7.2 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Shape of sample: Rectangular prism Right cylinder Cube Other (state)

Preparation of Specimen: By Procedure 1 (Specimen from block sample)

By Procedure 2 (Specimen direct from sample tube)
By Procedure 3 (Specimen extruded into smaller tubes)

Measurements: Length = cm Width = cm Diameter = cm

Area = cm ² Volume = cm ³
Bulk Density Determination:
Mass of the wet soil = g Bulk Density = g/cm ³
Moisture content Determination
Container No
Mass of container + wet soil
m1

Mass of container + dry soil m2

Mass of container only m3

Mass of water m4 = m 1 - m 2

Mass of dry soil m5 = m 2 - m 3

Moisture Content m4 x 100

m5

Dry Density Determination:

Bulk Density = kg/m ³ Average Moisture content = %

Dry Density = kg/m ³

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/3.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Determination of Bulk and Dry Density - immersion in water method (result)
Test method BS1377: PART 2: 1990 TEST 7.3 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of Sample: Natural Oven-dry Uncompacted Compacted Other (state)

BULK-DENSITY DETERMINATION:
Mass of specimen in air ma g

Mass of specimen in water mw g

Volume of test specimen v = m a - mw cm³

Bulk Density of specimen γ = ma / v kg/m³

Average Bulk Density γ kg/m³

DRY-DENSITY DETERMINATION:
Container No

Mass of container + wet soil m1 g

Mass of container + dry soil m2 g

Mass of container only m3 g

Mass of water m4 = m 1 - m 2 g

Mass of dry soil m5 = m 2 - m 3 g

Moisture content w = m4/m5x100 %

Dry density γd = γ / 1+w kg/m³

Average dry density γd kg/m³

RESULT
Average Bulk Density γ kg/m³
Average Dry Density γd kg/m³
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/3.3 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Bulk Density of Fine Aggregates or soils - constant volume containers method (result)
Test method BS 812: Part 2: 1975: Test 6 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of test: Compacted Uncompacted or loose

Maximum size of Fine Aggregate or Soil:

Volume of container: 0.003m³ 0.007m³ 0.015m³ 0.03m³

Compacted Tests Un-compacted Tests

Item Unit
TEST 1 TEST 2 TEST 3 TEST 4

Weight of empty container kg

Weight of container + fine aggregate or soil kg

Weight of fine aggregate or soil kg

Volume of container: m³

Bulk density of fine aggregate or soil kg/m³

Average bulk density of fine-aggregate or soil kg/m³

RESULT
Average Bulk Density γ kg/m³

Average Dry Density γd kg/m³

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/5.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Particle Size Analysis of soils sieve - analysis (observations and calculations)

Test method BS1377:PART2:1990:CL9.2 ASTM: D422-63 (2007) ASTM:C136-82 AASHTO: T88-10

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Soil particles susceptible to crushing: Yes No

Sieving method Wet Sieving Dry Sieving Total mass of dry sample = g
ASTM/AASHTO test
BS test sieves Cumulative
S No sieves Mass retained Percent retained Percent passing
percent passing
Designation Aperture Size Designation Aperture Size
- mm - mm g % % %
1 75mm 75 3 inch 75
2 63mm 63 -
3 50mm 50 2 inch 50
4 37.5mm 37.5 1½ inch
1½ 37.5
5 28mm 28 1 inch 25
6 20mm 20 ¾ inch 19
7 14mm 14 -
3
8 10mm 10 /8 inch 9.5
9 6.3mm 6.30 -
10 5mm 5.00 No 4 4.75
11 3.35mm 3.35 No 8 2.36
12 2mm 2.00 No 10 2.00
13 1.18mm 1.18 No 16 1.18
14 - - No 20 0.85
15 600µm 0.60 No 30 0.60
16 425µm 0.425 No 40 0.425
17 300µm 0.30 No 50 0.30
18 212µm 0.21 No 60 0.25
19 150µm 0.15 No 100 0.15
20 - No 140 0.106
21 63µm 0.063 No 200 0.075
22 Receiver - Receiver -
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/5.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Gradation curve and classification of soils (result)

Test method BS1377:PART2:1990:CL9.2 ASTM: D422-63 (2007) ASTM:C136-82 AASHTO: T88-10

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
ASTM
CLAY SILT SAND GRAVEL
D2487 - OR COBBLES BOULDERS
PI > 4 PI < 4
1993 Fine Medium Coarse Fine Coarse
Aperture size mm
75 µm

1.18 mm
425 µm
212µm
300 µm
150 µm

300
3.35
4.75

37.5
6.3

75
10
14

63
100

90

80
%

70

60
PERCENTAGE PASSING

50

40

30

20

10

0
0.001 0.002 0.006 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.1 0.2 0.6 1 2 6 10 20 60 100 200 1000

PARTICLE SIZE (mm)

BS 5930 - Fine Medium Coarse Fine Medium Coarse Fine Medium Coarse
CLAY COBBLES BOULDERS
1999 SILT SAND GRAVEL
Cc = Cu = L. L = % P.I =
Classification System ASTM: D2487 - 1993 BSCS: BS6031 AASHTO: M145 - 2000
of Soil GROUP SYMBOL
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/5.3 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Particle Size Distribution - hydrometer method (initial observations)
Test method BS1377: Part 2:1990:CL9.5 ASTM:D422-63(2007) AASHTO:T88-10

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Hydrometer Type: 151H (0.995 to 1.030g/ml) 152H (-5 to +60g/litre)

Dispersing Sodium Hexametaphosphate (NaPo 3)(Calgon) Sodiumsilicate (Na2SIO3)

Agent:
Amount of Dispersing Agent Used:

Specific Gravity of Soil: Assumed Measured:

Mass of Dry Soil Passing 63µm Sieve 75µ Sieve (Ms):

Meniscus correction (C M): Zero correction (CZ)

Correction Factor 'a' for specific gravity (from table):

Percentage Finer of Soil
63µm Sieve 75µm Sieve:
Passing
Calculations:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/5.4 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Particle Size Distribution - hydrometer method (test data)
Test method BS1377: Part 2:1990:CL9.5 ASTM:D422-63(2007) AASHTO:T88-10

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description

after meniscus correction

Corrected hydrometer
Hydrometer reading
Actual hydrometer

combined curve
hydrometer test
Effective depth

% Finer for the

Elapsed time

Temperature

(from table)

(from table)
Constand K

% Finer for

Equivalent
diameter
reading

reading
Time
Date

- AM/PM t in minutes T ̊C Ra Ra+Cm Rc=Ra-Cz+Cr L cm - % % mm

0
1
2
4
8
16
30
60
2 hrs
4 hrs
8 hrs
16 hrs
24 hrs
48 hrs
72 hrs
96 hrs
Remarks

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/5.5 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Particle Size Distribution - hydrometer method (table for computations)
Test method BS1377: Part 2:1990:CL9.5 ASTM:D422-63(2007) AASHTO:T88-10

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description

Table 1 - Properties of distilled water Table 2 - Correction factors 'a ' Table 3 - Temperature
(n = absolute) for unit weight of solids correction factors C T

Temperature Unit Weight of Viscosity of Єs of Soil Temperature

o
Correction o CT
C Water, g/cm³ water, poise* Solids Factor 'a' C

*Poise = dyne . S = g
cm² cm . S

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/5.6 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Particle Size Distribution - hydrometer method (observations & calculations)
Test method BS1377: Part 2:1990:CL9.5 ASTM:D422-63(2007) AASHTO:T88-10

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Table 4 - Values of K* for use in Eq (6-9a) for several units of soil solids and temperature combinations
o
Єs of Soil Solids
Temperature C
2.5 2.55 2.6 2.65 2.7 2.75 2.8 2.85

min ½
Units of K: mm ( cm )
Table 5 - Values of (effective depth) for use in Stokes' formula for diameters of particles for ASTM soil hydrometer 152H
Original hydrometer Original hydrometer Original hydrometer
Effective depth Effective depth Effectivev depth
reading (corrected for reading (corrected reading (corrected
L,cm L,cm L,cm
meniscus only) for meniscus only) for meniscus only)

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/5.7 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Particle Size Distribution - hydrometer & pipette methods (tables for calculations)
Test method BS1377: Part 2: 1990:CL9.4 BS1377: Part 2: 1990:CL9.5 ASTM:D422-63(2007)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Pipette sampling times & equivalent particle diameters

Particle density of silt

Time after shaking of starting sampling operation
and clay fraction
Mg/m³ 1st Sample 2nd Sample 3rd Sample
min s min s h min

Essential measurements for calibration of hydrometer

Equivalent particle
Viscosity of Water 0.02 mm 0.006 mm 0.002 mm
diameter
Viscosity of water η
Temperature T oC
mPa.s (Poise)

Note: Intermediate values may be obtained by interpolation

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/5.8 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Particle Size Distribution - pipette method (observations & calculations)
Test method BS:1377: Part 2: 1990: CL 9.4 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description

CALIBRATION OF PIPETTE PRETREATMENT FOR ORGANIC SOILS

Pipette no - Pretreatment reagent
Volume of pipette Vp ml Initial dry mass of sample mo g
SAMPLE DATA FOR INORGANIC SOILS Dry mass after pretreatment m g
Mass of dry soil m g Pretreatment loss mo-m %
Particle sp.gravity
(ρs) Mg/m³ Percentage pretreatment loss - %
measured/assumed
W1 etc - wr
Viscosity of water at …. C o (η) mPa.s K= 100 mr %
m
η Hr 0.05521
D = 0.005531 mm At 25oC, D = wr mm
(ps-1) t {(ps-1) t}
TEST DATA
Pipette sample no 1 2 3 4 5
Date -
Time -
Elapsed time t min
o
Temperature T C
Bottle no -
Mass of bottle + solids g
Mass of bottle + solids g
Mass of solids in Vρ m1 g
Mass of solids in 500 mL w1 g
Mass of soil in 500 mL w1 - wr g
Particle diameter D mm
Percentage finer than D - %
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/6.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Volumetric Shrinkage of Soils - Definitive Method (Observations and Calculations)
Test method BS1377:Part2:1990 CL6.3 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
INITIAL MEASUREMENTS:
Mercury immersion tank: Soil specimen Mass m1 g 1300

Internal diameter D mm 100 Length L1 mm 104 Volume V1 cm³ 752.78

Volume
πD²/4000 7.85398 Diameter D1 mm 96 Density p=m1/V1 kg/m³ 1726.94
factor
TEST DATA

Measurement No 1 2 3 4 5 Oven dried

Date

Time

Zero reading Mo mm
Micrometer
With sample M mm
readings
Difference - mm

Volume V cm³
Soil
Mass m g
specimen
Density p kg/m³

Unit volume per 100g dry soil u cm³

Moisture content w %
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/6.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Volumetric Shrinkage of soils - definitive method (result)
Test method BS1377:Part2:1990 CL6.3 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Percentage of material passing the 425 um test sieve = %

100
cm3

90

80
Volume per 100g dry soil (u)

70

60

50

40

30

20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Moisture Content (w) %

Shrinkage limit

RESULT Volumetric shrinkage

Shrinkage ratio
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/6.3 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Shrinkage Factors of soils - subsidiary method (result)
Test method BS1377:Part2:1990 CL6.4 ASTM:D427-93 AASHTON: T92-2001

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Soil Condition: Oven dried Natural moisture Other (state)

Moisture content determination: Test No 1 2 3

Mass of shrinkage dish + wet soil - m1 g

Mass of shrinkage dish + dry soil - m2 g

Mass of shrinkage dish - m3 g

Mass of wet soil m4 m1 - m 3 g

Mass of water m5 m1 - m 2 g

Mass of dry soil m6 m2 - m 3 g

Moisture content w (m5/m6) x 100 %

Volume change determination:
Volume of mercury in shrinkage dish - V1 ml

Volume of mercury displaced by dry soil - Vd ml

Volume of shrinkage V V1 - Vd ml

Unit volume change Vu V/m5 x 100 %

Result:
Shrinkage limit Ws w - Vu %

Shrinkage ratio Rs m5 / V d -

Volumetric shrinkage Vs (w - ws) / Rs -

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/6.4 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Linear Shrinkage of soils (result)
Test method BS1377:Part2:1990 CL6.5 AASHTO: T92-2001 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Total mass of dry sample g

Mass of material passing 425 µm size g

Percentage of material passing 425 µm size %

TEST DATA

Test No -

Initial length of wet specimen LO mm

Oven-dried length of specimen LS mm

Ld
Linear shrinkage = 1- x 100 LD %
Lo
RESULT

Average linear shrinkage LS %

Plasticity index (PI) = 2.13 x LS

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/7.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Classification Of Soils (summary of test results)
Test method BS ASTM

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material description
S.
Test Characteristics (For details see attachments) Unit Test results
No.
California Bearing Ratio of soil
compaction
1 Soaked Un-Soaked %
%
2 Coefficient of permeability by Constant head Falling head method cm/s
3 Unconfined compressive strength of compacted soil kN/m2
4 Sand equivalent value --
5 Percentage of fines less than 0.075mm %
Liquid limit %
Liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of
6 Plastic limit %
fine soil passing 425mm sieve
Plasticity index %
Dry density / moisture content relationship Maximum dry density kg/m3
7 California Bearing Ratio of soil
Heavy compaction Light compaction Optimum moisture content %

Maximum density kg/m3

8 Maximum / minimum density of gravelly soils Minimum density kg/m3
Cohesion intercept kN/m2
Acid soluble %
9 Sulfate content (SO3)
Water soluble g/l
Acid soluble %
10 Chloride content (Cl-)
Water soluble %
11
12
Classification and Suitability of Soils
1 Classification of fine soils passing 425um sieve from plasticity chart
2 Group symbol of soil for engineering purposes as per ASTM: D2487
3 Group symbol of soil for highway construction purposes as per AASHTO: M145
4 Classification of soil by sulfate (SO 3) content as per BS:8004, Table 17
5 General description and identification of soil
Stuitability of soil F = Foundations, G = General filling, S = Slab-on-grade,
6
(After Wagner) P = See project specifications for road works
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/3/1.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Dry Density / Moisture Content Relationship - flow chart for sample preparation

Test method BS1377:1990 PART 4:CL3 ASTM: D698-07 ASTM: D1557-09 AASHTO: T99-10 AASHTO: T180-10

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Soil particles susceptible to crushing: Yes No

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/3/1.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Dry Density / Moisture Content Relationship - Proctor method (observations and calculations)

Test method BS1377:1990 PART 4:CL3 ASTM: D698-07 ASTM: D1557-09 AASHTO: T99-10 AASHTO: T180-10

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
Description
Soil Passing 4.75mm 2mm = % Soil Passing 19mm 20mm =

Procedure or Method: A B C D Other (sate)

Mould specifications Rammer specifications Test specifications

Diameter cm Rammer dia cm No of layers

Height cm Rammer weight N Blows/layer

Equipnment used:
Volume cm³ Drop height mm
Mechanical Manual
Moisture Content Determination
Container number
Mass of container and wet soil g
Mass of container and dry soil g
Mass of container only g
Mass of water g
Mass of dry soil g
Moisture content %
Dry Density Determination
Mass of mould and wet soil g
Mass of mould only g
Mass of wet soil only g
Wet Density kg/m³
Dry Density kg/m³
Result
Dry Density kg/m³
Moisture Content %
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/3/1.3 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Dry Density / Moisture Content Relationship (Proctor method)

Test method BS1377:1990 PART 4:CL3 ASTM: D698-07 ASTM: D1557-09 AASHTO: T99-10 AASHTO: T180-10

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Procedure or Method Others detail:
A C Method 3.5 Method 3.6

B D Other (state)

Sample Number
MOLD DIMENSIONS
Diameter Height Volume

10.5cm 4" 11.5cm 4.58" 944ml 1000ml

15.2cm 6" 12.7cm 2104ml 2305ml

RAMMER PARAMETERS
Face diameter Weight Weight Equipment used
5.1cm 2.5kg 24.5N 30cm 30.5cm Mechanical

4.5kg 44.5N 45cm 45.7cm Manual

2"

TEST PARAMETERS
No. of layers Blows per layer Soil passing

3 25 27 4.75mm 2mm

56 62 19mm 20mm
5

SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Assumed Measured
RESULT
Maximum Dry Density kg/m3 Optimum Moisture Content %
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/3/1.4 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Dry Density / Moisture Content Relationship - Proctor method (calculations for air-void curves)

Test method BS1377:1990 PART 4:CL3 ASTM: D698-07 ASTM: D1557-09 AASHTO: T99-10 AASHTO: T180-10

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Procedure or Method: A B C D Other (state)

Air-Void Curves Calculations:

1- Va
ρd = 100
1 w
ρs
+
100 ρw

Where ρd = Dry density of soil in kg/m³

ρs = Particle density (specific gravity)
ρw = Density of water, assumed equal to 1,000kg/m ³
Va = Volume of air-voids in the soil, expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the soil (0%, 5% and 10%)
w = Moisture content in %
Particle density (specific gravity) of soil ρs kg/m³
Density of water (assumed) ρw kg/m³
Zero air - voids curve : (Va = 0%)
Moisture content %
Dry density of soil kg/m³
5% air - voids curve : (Va = 5%)
Moisture content %
Dry density of soil kg/m³
10% air-voids curve : (Va = 10%)
Moisture content %
Dry density of soil kg/m³
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/3/1.5 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Dry Density / Moisture Content Relationship (Proctor method) (chart)

Test method BS1377:1990 PART 4:CL3 ASTM: D698-07 ASTM: D1557-09 AASHTO: T99-10 AASHTO: T180-10

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description

2050

2000

1950
(kg/m3)

1900
Dry Density

1850

1800

1750
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Moisture Content (%)

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/3/2.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Laboratory California Bearing Ratio
Test method BS:1377: Part 4: 1990: CL 7 ASTM D1883 - 07 AASHTO: T193 - 1999

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Specimen compacted as
BS: 1377:Part4:CL3 ASTM: 698-91 ASTM: D1557-91 AASHTO: T99 AASHTO: T180-2001
Description of soil:
Condition of specimen Material retained on ¾ inch or 19
Soaked Moisture content: mm sieve :
Load ring constant: k
Un-soaked % % k N/div.

Rate of penetration Other detail:

0.05 inch or 1.27mm/minute 1.00 ±0.2mm/minute
Other
Rate of penetration
Specimen No.1 Specimen No.2 Specimen No.3

No. of blows/layer Other detail:

10 15 25 30 56 65 Others

Penetration Load reading Load Penetration Load reading Load

Inch mm Div. kN Inch mm Div. kN
0.000 0.00 0.425 10.80
0.025 0.64 0.450 11.43
0.050 1.27 0.475 12.07
0.075 1.91 0.500 12.70
0.100 2.54 0.525 13.34
0.125 3.18 0.550 13.97
0.150 3.81 0.575 14.61
0.175 4.45 0.600 15.24
0.200 5.08 0.625 15.88
0.225 5.72 0.650 16.51
0.250 6.35 0.675 17.15
0.275 6.99 0.700 17.78
0.300 7.62 0.725 18.42
0.325 8.26 0.750 19.05
0.350 8.89 0.775 19.69
0.375 9.53 0.800 20.32
0.400 10.16
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/3/2.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Laboratory California Bearing Ratio
Test method BS:1377: Part 4: 1990: CL 7 ASTM D1883 - 07 AASHTO: T193 - 1999

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Specimen compacted as per Type of test
BS: 1377:Part4 : CL 7 BS: 1377:Part4:1990 Test 3.3/3.4
Soaked Un-Soaked
Test 3.5/3.6 Test 3.7 ASTM:698-1991
ASTM:D1557-1991 AASHTO:T99-2001 AASHTO:T180-2001

80

70

60

50
Load (kN)

40

30

20

10

0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
PENETRATION (mm)

- Top Bottom Soaking period Days

Penetration mm 2.54 5.08 2.54 5.08Max dry density kg/m3
Load kN Optimum moisture content %
Standard load kN 13.2 20.0 13.2 20.0 Final moisture content %
Swell after soaking
C.B.R. (corrected) % %
period 4-days
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/3/2.3 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Laboratory California Bearing Ratio (triple specimens)
Test method BS:1377: Part 4: 1990: CL 7 ASTM D1883 - 07 AASHTO: T193 - 1999

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Compaction % at 10 blows = Dial readings (kN)
Density & moisture Wet density O.M.C. M.D.D.
No. of blows
Proctor density Penetration dial
Achieved reading (mm)
10 blows 25/30 blows 56/65 blows
Compaction % at 25/30 blows = 0.00
Density & moisture Wet density O.M.C. M.D.D. 0.64
Proctor density 1.27
Achieved 2.54
3.81
Compaction % at 56/65 blows = 5.08
Density & moisture Wet density O.M.C. M.D.D. 6.35
Proctor density 7.62
Achieved 8.89
Corrected dial reading 10 blows 25/30 blows 56/65 blows Moisture content after soaking
2.54' - 10 blows 25/30 blows 56/65 blows
5.08' Pan no.
Swell Wt. wet soil + pan (g)
Times Wt. dry soil + pan.(g)
Reading Wt. of pan (g)
% Swell Moisture content (%)
Achieved CBR value at comp. ….%
Required CBR value at comp. ….%

140 % of Compaction vs CBR value

130
120
110
100
90
CBR Values

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
90 92 94 96 98 100 102
Achieved Comp. (%)
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/3/2.4 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Laboratory California Bearing Ratio (triple specimens) (chart)
Test method BS:1377: Part 4: 1990: CL 7 ASTM D1883 - 07 AASHTO: T193 - 1999

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of Test
Soaked Un-Soaked

120

80
CBR (%)

40

0
1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200
Dry Density (kg/m3 )

Moisture content after Surcharge weight

% kg
soaking period of 4 days during soaking period
Swell after soaking Material retained on
% %
period of 4 days 3/4 inch (19mm) sieve
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/3/2.5 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Laboratory California Bearing Ratio (soaking & swell data)
Test method BS:1377: Part 4: 1990: CL 7 ASTM D1883 - 07 AASHTO: T193 - 1999

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description

Test for
Sub-grade Sub-base Base Embankment Existing soil Other (state)

Swell Data:
Dial gauge resolution: mm/div Height of soil in mould: mm
Mould No: 1 Mould No: 2 Mould No: 3
Clock Elapsed Surcharge weight: Surcharge weight: Surcharge weight:
Date
Time time Dial Dial Dial
Swell Swell Swell Swell Swell Swell
reading reading reading
-- -- hours -- mm % -- mm % -- mm %

Moisture content before soaking

Moisture content after soaking
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/3/3.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Relative Density of soils, gravels and aggregates - vibratory table method (result)
Test method ASTM: D4254-1993 ASTM: D2454-1991 OTHERS

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Material used
Sub-base Base Embankment Other (state)
for:
Insitu density test Laboratory test
Relative density
Index density
Test No Location of test point Moisture as per
Dry density Maximum - Minimum - ASTM:D4254
content ASTM:D4253 ASTM:D4254
w γd γd max γd min Dd
- % kN/m³ kN/m³ kN/m³ %

γd max (γd - γdmin)

Relative density (Dd) is calculated from the equation Dd = X 100%
γd (γdmax - γdmin)
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/3/4.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Sand Equivalent Value of soil

Test method BS 1924-1995 ASTM: D2419-1995 AASHTO: T176-2002 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description

Type of shaking
Manual shaking Mechanical shaker

Observations Unit Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

Total weight of dry specimen g

Weight of material passing 4.75mm sieve (No.4) g

Percentage of material passing 4.75 mm sieve (No.4) %

Total sedimentation period min

Level of the top of the clay suspension or "Clay reading" ml

Level of the top of the sand suspension or "Sand reading" ml

Sand Equivalent = 100X(Sand reading/Clay reading) %

Average Sand Equivalent Value %

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/3/5.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Penetration Resistance of soil - proving ring penetrometer method (result)
Test method BS 5930: 1999 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Proving Ring Serial No: Proving Ring Constant =

Pit No 1 Pit No 2 Pit No 3

Gauge Penetration Penetration Penetration
Depth Depth Gauge reading Depth Gauge reading
reading resistance resistance resistance

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/3/6.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Moisture Content / Penetration Resistance of Soils - Proctor penetrometer method (result)
Test method ASTM: D1558 - 1984 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Soil compacted as per ASTM:D698-1991 Method A ASTM:D698-1991 Method B
Sample No Soil penetrometer No
Description of soil:
Sizes of interchangeable needles:
End diameter of the needle End area of the needle
0.178 inch 0.452 cm 1/40 in² 0.16 cm²

0.206 inch 0.523 cm 1/30 in² 0.22 cm²

0.252 inch 0.640 cm 1/20 in² 0.32 cm²

0.357 inch 0.907 cm 1/10 in² 0.65 cm²

0.505 inch 1.283 cm 1/5 in² 1.29 cm²

0.651 inch 1.654 cm 1/3 in² 3.15 cm²

0.796 inch 2.022 cm 1/2 in² 3.23 cm²

0.976 inch 2.479 cm 3/4 in² 4.84 cm²

1.124 inch 2.855 cm 1 in² 6.45 cm²

Determination of penetration resistance:

Penetration needle readings
Moisture Area of Penetration
Test No Dry density Average
content Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 needle resistance
reading
- % kg/m³ cm cm cm cm cm² kg/m³

Result:
Plot of the penetration-resistance values and the corresponding moisture contents on the same graph with the corresponding
moisture-density relationship is enclosed.
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/3/6.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Moisture Content - Penetration Resistance relationship - spring type soil penetrometer
Type of test
(observations and calculations)
Test method ASTM:D1558-1984 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Soil compacted as per ASTM:D698-1991 Method A ASTM:D698-1991 Method B Other (state)

Diameter of compaction mould (D) = cm Volume of compaction mould (V) = cm ³

MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION 1 2 3 4 5

Container number - -
Mass of container + wet soil - m1
g
Mass of container + dry soil - m2 g
Mass of container only - m3 g
Mass of water m1 - m 2 m4 g
Mass of water m2 - m 3 m5 g
Moisture content m4/m5x100 w %
DRY DENSITY DETERMINATION
Mass of mould + wet soil - m1 g
Mass of mould only - m2 g
Mass of wet soil m1 - m 2 m3 g
Wet density of soil m3/V γω kg/m³
Dry density of soil γω/1+ω γd kg/m³
SOIL PENETROMETER RESISTANCE: Size of Needle Used: ____________ dia ___________ area
Diameter of needle used cm
End area of needle used cm²
Diameter of needle used inch
End area of needle used inch²

Average penetration reading kg lbs

Average penetration resistance kg/m² lb/in³

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/3/7.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Maximum Index Density of soils (observations and calculations)
Test method ASTM: D4253-1991 METHOD A ASTM: D4253-1991 METHOD B ASTM: D4253-1991 METHOD C

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Cylindrical metal molds method: Method A Method B Sample No:

Volume of mold 2830 cm³ (0.10ft³) 14200 cm³ (0.50ft³) Other (state)

Diameter of mold 152.4 mm (6 inches) 279.4 mm (11 inches) Other (state)

Height of mold 155.2 mm (6.112 inches) 230.89 mm (9 inches) Other (state)

Observations Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

Mass of mold + soil specimen m1 kg

Mass of mold only m2 kg

Mass of soil specimen m1-m2 kg 0 0 0

Minimum Index Density kg/m³ 0 0 0

Average minimum Index Density kg/m³ 0

Glass graduated cylinder method: Method C

Volume of glass graduated cylinder cm³ Placement device used:

Volume of soil in the cylinder cm³ 1 Shovel Scoop Funnel Tube

Observations Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
Mass of cylinder + soil specimen m1 kg
Mass of cylinder only m2 kg
Mass of soil Specimen only m1-m2 kg 0 0 0
Minimum Index Density kg/m³ 0 0 0
Average minimum Index Density kg/m³ 0
Remarks:

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Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/3/7.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Maximum Index Density of Soils - vibratory table method (result)
ASTM: D4253-1993 METHOD 1A ASTM: D4253-1993 METHOD 1B
Test method
ASTM: D4253-1993 METHOD 2A ASTM: D4253-1993 METHOD 2B
Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of vibratory table Electromagnetic Cam-driven Eccentric

Volume of mold 2830 cm³ (0.10ft³) 14200 cm³ (0.50ft³) Other (state)

Diameter of mold 152.4 mm (6 inches) 279.4 mm (11 inches) Other (state)

Height of mold 155.2 mm (6.112 inches) 230.89 mm (9 inches) Other (state)

Average double amplitude of vertical vibrations = (0.48 + 0.08) mm at 50Hz/(0.019 + 0.003)mm at 50 Hz
Size of the vibrating table = 760mm x 760mm (30 inche x 30 inch) Others

Thickness of surcharge base plate mm Mass of surcharge plate kg

Thickness of additional surcharge weight mm Mass of empty mold only kg

Total thickness of surcharge plate and weight mm Mass of soil specimen + mold kg

Mass of additional surcharge weight kg Mass of soil specimen only kg

Observations 1 2 3 Average
Initial dial gauge reading mm

Final dial gauge reading mm

Change in thickness of specimen mm

Height of densified specimen mm

Volume of densified specimen cm³

Maximum Index Density kg/m³

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/4/1.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test One Dimensional Consolidation of soils (result)
Test method BS1377:Part5: 1990 CL3 ASTM: D2435M-11 AASHTO: T216-07

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of
Disturbed Undisturbed Re-moulded Compacted Other (state)
specimen
Moisture
Saturated Un-saturated Natural moisture Other (state)
condition:
Specimen Characteristics Units Initial Final

Bulk density kN/m³

Void ratio -

Moisture content %

Degree of saturation %

Dry density kN/m³

Specific gravity -

Coefficient of Volume
Pressure (P) Coefficient of Consolidation (c v) Coefficient of Secondary
Compressibility (m v)
Compression (csec)
kN/m² m²/year (t50) m²/year (t90) mm²/MN mm²/kN

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/4/1.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test One Dimensional Consolidation of soils - specimen details (observations & calculations)
Test method BS1377: PART 5:1990: CL 3 ASTM: D2435M-11 AASHTO: T216-07

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of
Undisturbed Disturbed Re-moulded Other (state)
specimen
Moisture
Saturated Un-saturated Natural Other (state)
condition:
Soil specimen details Initial specimen Final specimen Specimen preparation method
Diameter D cm Sample tube

Area A cm² Block sample

Height H cm Compaction mould

Volume V cm³ Other (state)

Specific gravity of specimen = Measured Assumed

Container
Moisture Content Determination Initial Specimen Final Specimen
No
Mass of wet soil + ring m1 g
Mass of dry soil + ring m2 g
Mass of ring only m3 g
Mass of wet soil m1-m3 g
Mass of water m1-m2 g
Moisture content (Average) w %
Bulk density ρ kg/m³
Dry density ρd kg/m³
Voids ratio e -
Degree of saturation S %
Height of solids Hs mm
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/4/1.3 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test One Dimensional Consolidation of soils (settlement observations & calculations)
Test method BS1377: PART 5:1990: CL 3 ASTM: D2435M-11 AASHTO: T216-07

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Condition of
Undisturbed Re-moulded Compacted
soil
o
Temperature = C Applied Pressure = kN/m ² Tare weight = kN
Condition of Test Loading Un-loading Lever-ratio = Compression gauge sensitivity
VERTICAL
PRESSURE ELAPSED TIME ROOT TIME COMPRESSION
LOAD DATE TIME COMPRESSION
ρ t t GAUGE READING
∆H

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/4/1.4 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test One Dimensional Consolidation of soils (calculation of void-ratio)
Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Test method BS1377: PART 5:1990: CL 3 ASTM: D2435M-11 AASHTO: T216-07

Specimen diameter D mm Initial specimen height Ho mm

Height of solids Hs mm Initial void ratio eo -
Comulative
Consolidated
Applied pressure compression of Percentage strain Height of voids Voids ratio
specimen height
specimen
P ∆H H=Ho - ∆H ε = ∆H / Ho x 100 H - Hs e = (H - H s) / Hs

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/4/1.5 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test One Dimensional Consolidation of soils - time settlement curve (result)
Test method BS1377:Part5:1990 CL 3 ASTM: 2435M-11 ASTM: T216-07

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Vertical compression (mm)

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Squareroot of time minutes

RESULTS Unit at peak shear at ultimate shear

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/4/2.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test One Dimensional Swelling Characteristics of soils (observations & calculations)
Test method BS1377:Part5: 1990: CL 4 ASTM:D4546-08

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of
Disturbed Undisturbed Re-moulded Compacted Other (state)
specimen
Moisture
Saturated Un-saturated Natural moisture Other (state)
condition:

Diameter of ring mm Mass of dry specimen g

Height of ring mm Moisture content %
Area of ring mm² Temperature Co
Height of soil particle mm Specific gravity of soil -
Sensitivity of deflection gauge (mm/div) Sensitivity of load gauge (kN/div)
Applied Deflection Compression/ Load gaguge
Date Clock time Elapsed time Swell pressure
pressure gauge reading expansion reading
- Hr. mt. Minutes kN/m² - mm - kN/m²

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/4/2.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test One Dimensional Swelling Characteristics of soils (results)
Test method BS1377:Part5: 1990: CL 4 ASTM:D4546-08

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
kN/m2
Swelling pressure

Time minutes

Swelling Pressure kN/m²

Result
Maximum Swelling mm
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/4/3.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Permeability of soils by constant head method - initial measurements (observations & calculations)

Test method BS1377: Part 5: 1990: CL 5 ASTM: D2434-68 (2006) AASHTO: T215-03

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Percentage of soil passing 75 µm (No 200 sieve) %
Percentage of soil retained on 19mm (¾ inch) sieve %
3
Percentage of soil retained on 9.5mm ( /8 inch) sieve %
Percentage of soil retained on 2.0mm (No 10) sieve %
INITIAL MEASUREMENTS:
Inside diameter of the permeameter (D) cm
Length between manometer outlets (L) cm
Depth of soil in the permeameter (H) cm
Cross sectional area of the soil specimen (A) cm²
Mass of total dry soil sample g
Volume of soil sample (V) cm³
Dry unit weight of soil sample kg/m³
MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION:
Container No -
Mass of container + wet soil m1 g
Mass of container + dry soil m2 g
Mass of container only m3 g
Mass of moisture evaporated m1 - m 2 g
Mass of dry soil only m2 - m 3 g
Moisture content %
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/4/3.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Permeability of Soils by constant head method - test data (observations & calculations)

Test method BS1377: Part 5: 1990: CL 5 ASTM: D2434-68 (2006) AASHTO: T215-03

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
TEST OBSERVATIONS
Difference in Quantity of Time of Hydraulic Water Coefficient of
Test Manometers Velocity
head water discharge gradient temperature permeability
No
H1 H2 H3 h V=Q/At T K
cm³ seconds
- cm cm cm cm cm/sec h/L CO cm/sec

Calculations:
QL
Where: K=
Ath
K = Coefficient of permeability in cm/sec A = Cross-sectional area of soil specimen in cm²

Q = Quantity of water discharged in cm³ t = Total time of discharge in seconds

L = Distance between manometers in cm h = Difference in head of manometers in cm

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/4/3.3 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Permeability of Soils by constant head method (result)

Test method BS1377: Part 5: 1990: CL 5 ASTM: D2434-68 (2006) AASHTO: T215-03

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
ml/second
Rate of flow

Hydraulic Gradient i= h
L

RESULT:
Dimensions of permeameter: inside diameter. X height
Percentage of soil retained on 19mm (¾ inch) sieve %
Percentage of soil passing 75 µm (No 200) sieve / 63 µm sieve %
Dry unit weight of soil kg/m³
Test temperature ⁰C
Coefficient of Permeability of soil at test temperature m/sec
Coefficient of Permeability of soil at 20⁰C (68⁰F) m/sec
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/4/3.4 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Permeability of Soils - temperature correction curve

Test method BS1377: Part 5: 1990: CL 5 ASTM: D2434-68 (2006) AASHTO: T215-03

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description

1.5
Correction factor, Rf

0.5
0 10 20 30 40
Test temperature. ToC

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/4/4.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Determination of Dispersibility of Soils - pinhole test method (result)
Test method BS1377: PART 5: 1990: CL 6.2 ASTM: D4647-06el Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
INITIAL SAMPLE AFTER TEST: Sketch
Coarse particles removed: max size mm Moisture content %
mass g % by dry mass Hole diameter mm

Preparation method Curing time

Density kg/m³
Moisture content % Dry density kg/m³ Dry density kg/m³

Rate of flow Colour from side From top Particles falling

Hydraulic
slight to barely completely completely
Clock time head H Vol time q dark none few many Remarks
medium visible clear clear
mm mL sec mL/s * * * * * * * *

* Tick as appropriate Dispersion category (see table)

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/4/4.2 Modifications
Project
Type of test Determination of Dispersibility of Soils - pinhole test method (classification criteria for evaluation of test results)
Test method BS1377: PART 5: 1990: CL 6.2 ASTM: D4647-06el Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Final flow rate
Test time for Cloudiness of flow at end of test Hole size
Dispersive through
Head, mm given head, after test,
Classification specimen
min From side From top mm
mL/s

Method B

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/5/1.1 Modifications
Project
Type of test Direct Shear Test - specimen data and measurements (observations & calculations)
Test method BS1377:Part7: CL4 BS1377:Part7: CL5 ASTM: D3080-04

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Type of
Undisturbed Compacted Loosely deposited Others
Specimen
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Preparation procedure
Weighings Initially After test Normal dimensions
Mass of wet soil + cutter m1 g Length L1 mm
Mass of dry soil + cutter m2 g L2 mm
Mass of cutter only m3 g Area A mm²
Mass of wet soil only m1-m3 g Height H mm
Mass of dry soil only m2-m3 g Volume V cm³
Mass of water only m1-m2 g Specific gravity Gs -
Moisture content wo % Initial mass of disturbed soil g
Particle density ρS Mg/m³ Mass of soil remaining g
Bulk density ρ Mg/m³ Mass of specimen g
Dry density ρd Mg/m³ Degree of saturation S %
Voids ratio e
Shearbox details and setting up
Height of top box to top of baseplate h1 mm Top of load cap above top of
h3 mm
Height of top box to top of porous plate h2 mm box, unloaded
Combined thickness of plate tp mm Top of load cap above top of h4 mm
Sample thickness H o = h 1-(h 2+t p) Ho mm box, with yoke
Mass of load hanger m1 kg Settlement under loading yoke mm
Lever ratio r Initial reading of vertical
r x m2 = kg R1 mm
Mass on hanger m2 deformation gauge
Total mass on specimen m kg
Normal stress, σn 9810m Zero reading of gauge Ro mm
σn kN/m²
A Ro = R1 + (h3 - h4)
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/5/1.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Direct Shear Test - consolidation data (observations & calculations)
Test method BS1377:Part7: CL4 BS1377:Part7: CL5 ASTM: D3080-04

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Type of
Disturbed Undisturbed Compacted Loosely deposited
specimen
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Soil condition: Dry Wet Saturated Natural moisture

Normal load kN Vertical dial constant - mm/div

Normal stress kN/m² Initial thickness (Ho) mm
Vertical gauge Vertical Thickness of soil
Elapsed time Root time
reading deformation specimen
- t √t - ∆H -
- minutes minutes divisions mm mm

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/5/1.3 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Direct Shear Test (consolidation and curves)
Test method BS1377:Part7: CL4 BS1377:Part7: CL5 ASTM: D3080-04

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description

10
Vertical deformation (mm)

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.1 10 1000

Time (minutes) logarithmic scale

10

8
Vertical deformation (mm)

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Square root of time minutes √ minutes

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/5/1.4 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Direct Shear Test - test data (observations & calculations)
Test method BS1377:Part7: CL4 BS1377:Part7: CL5 ASTM: D3080-04

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of
Disturbed Undisturbed Compacted Loosely deposited
specimen
Soil condition: Dry Wet Saturated Natural Moisture

Test condition: Consolidated Unconsolidated Drained Undrained

Length cm Width cm Height cm

Area cm² Volume cm³ Mass of specimen g
Tare wt. = kN Additional weight = kN Normal Load = kN
Sheer test data

Normal stress (σn) kN/m² Rate of strain mm/min

Proving ring constant kN/div Stress factor kn/m²/div
Vertical dial constant mm/div Horizontal dial constant mm/div
Horizontal Vertical dial
Horizontal dial Vertical Change in Force gauge Horizontal
Elapsed Time displace- gauge Shear stress
reading deformation thickness reading shear force
ment reading
minutes div mm div mm mm div kN kN/m²

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/5/1.5 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Direct Shear Test - computation curves (result)
Test method BS1377:Part7: CL4 BS1377:Part7: CL5 ASTM: D3080-04

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of
Disturbed Undisturbed Compacted Loosely deposited
specimen
300

250
Shear stress τ (kN/m2)

200

150

100

50

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Horizontal displacement (mm)

2
Vertical deformation (mm)

-1

-2

-3
0 1 2 3 4 5

Horizontal displacement (mm)

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/5/1.6 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Direct Shear Test - computation curves (result)
Test method BS1377:Part7: CL4 BS1377:Part7: CL5 ASTM: D3080-04

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory Name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of
Disturbed Undisturbed Compacted Loosely deposited
specimen
Soil condition: Dry Wet Saturated Natural moisture

Test condition: Consolidated Unconsolidated Drained Undrained

Initial bulk density = kN/m ³ Initial void ratio = Initial moisture cont = %
Initial dry density = kN/m ³ Initial degree of saturation = % Specific gravity =
Value at peak shear Values at ultimate shear
Normal Stress δη

Vertical movement

Vertical movement
Angle of internal

Angle of internal
displacement

displacement
Shear stress

Shear stress
Horizontal

Horizontal
Test No

Cohesion

Cohesion
friction

friction
φυ
φρ

τυ
cp
τρ

c
- kN/m² kN/m² mm mm degrees kN/m² kN/m² mm mm degrees kN/m²

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/5/1.7 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of Test Direct - Shear Test - determination of c - φ (results)
Test method BS1377:Part7: CL4 BS1377:Part7: CL5 ASTM: D3080-04

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description

300

280

260

240

220

200
Shear stress τ (kN/m2)

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300

Normal stress ση kN/m2

RESULTS Unit at peak shear at ultimate shear

Cohesion - value c kN/m²
Angle of internal friction φ degrees
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/5/2.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Unconfined Compressive Strength of soils - load frame method
Test method BS1377:Part7:1990:CL7.2 ASTM:D2166-98 AASHTO:T208-2000

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Test type Undisturbed Remoulded Compacted Others

Undisturbed Sample

Sample diameter mm
Sample length mm
Dry density kN/m²
Initial moisture content %
Length / diameter ratio

Remoulded or compacted sample at ________ % of maximum dry density at omc

Sample diameter mm
Sample length mm
Lenth / diameter ratio -
Moisture content %
Dry density kN/m²
Result

Average rate of strain at failure %

Unconfined compressive strength at failure kN/m²
Strain at failure %
Sensitivity at failure %
Type of failure -
Shear strength of soil in terms of total stresses kN/m²
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/5/2.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Unconfined Compressive Strength of soils & rocks - load frame method (observations & calculations)
Test method BS1377:Part7:90:CL7.2 ASTM:D2166-98 AASHTO:T208-2000

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Proving ring No: Calibration factor:
Setting speed: Correction factor:
Vertical gauge sensitivity: Type of sample: Undisturbed Compacted Remolded
Maeasurements of Soil Specimen
▪ Initial length Lo mm ▪ Mass of wet sample kg
▪ Initial diameter Do mm ▪ Moisture content %
▪ Initial area Ao mm² ▪ Wet density kN/m³
▪ Initial volume V mm³ ▪ Dry density kN/m³
Vertical Displacement Corrected
Axial strain Unconfined
area = Proving ring Axial stress
Elapsed time Change in = ∆L x 100 Axial load Compressive
Gauge reading Ao reading = P/A
length Lo Strength
1-ε
t - ∆L ε A - P -
minutes - mm % mm² - kN kN/m² kN/m²

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/5/2.3 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Unconfined Compressive Strength of Soils & Rocks - load frame method (result)
Test method BS1377:Part7:1990:CL7.2 ASTM:D2166-98 AASHTO:T208-2000

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of specimen Undisturbed Remolded Compacted Others

1000

900
Unconfined Compressive Strength (kN/m2)

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100 Mode of Failure

0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0
Axial Strain %

Unconfined compressive strength at failure kN/m²

Shear strength of soil at failure kN/m²
Strain at failure %
TEST RESULTS
Average rate of strain during testing mm/min
Initial dry density: kN/m³ Specific gravity: -
Initial water content: % Degree of saturation: %
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/5/3.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Shear Strength of Soils - laboratory vane method (result)
Test method BS1377:Part7: 1990: CL 3 ASTM:D4648M-10 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of
Undisturbed Remoulded Other (state)
specimen
Vane size: Width (D) 5 mm Length (H) 15 mm Spring No =
Mean torsional spring constant (K) = 0.005 NM per degree (calibration factor)
H+D H+D
Speed of rotation = degrees/min Tr = K x ƒ = πD² xƒ Vane constant, (k) = πD² mm ³
2 6 2 6
Deflection of Vane constant Torque Shear Strength
Test No Time at failure Rotation of vane
spring k Tr = K x ƒ ƒ
- Minutes Degrees Degrees mm³ NM kN/m²

RESULT
Average shear strength kN/m²
Average moisture content %
Average bulk density kN/m³
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/5/4.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test (undrained test without measurement of pore pressure)
Test method BS1377:Part7: 1990:CL8 BS1377:Part7: 1990:CL9 ASTM: D2850-03a (2007) AASHTO: T297-10

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of
Undisturbed Compacted Remoulded
specimen
Specimen details:
Before test After test
Diameter D mm Wet mass g
Area Ao mm² Dry mass g
Length Lo mm Mass of water g
Volume V cm³ Moisture content %
Mass m g
Bulk density ρ kg/m³
Compression test Single stage loading Multistage loading

Rate of deformation = mm/min Cell pressure = kN/m ²

Membrane thickness Mean calibration Stress factor
Force device no
mm kN/Division kN/m ²/division
Compression Force gauge
Axial strain Axial force Corrected area Measured deviator stress
Deformation of specimen reading
gauge reading ∆L Ao
∆L ε= - P A= (σ1 - σ3) = (P/A)X106
Lo 1-ε
- MM - kN mm² kN/m²

Measured deviator stress kN/m² Axial strain %

Membrane correction kN/m² Shear strength kN/m²
Corrected deviator stress kN/m²
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/5/4.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Undrained Shear Strength of Soil - triaxial compression test (membrane correction graph)
Test method BS1377:Part7: 1990:CL8 BS1377:Part7: 1990:CL9 ASTM: D2850-03a (2007) AASHTO: T297-10

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of Specimen Undisturbed Compacted Remoulded
Specimen Diameter 38mm Others

Correction curve for 38mm diameter specimens fitted with membrane 0.2mm thick

2
Membrane correction for barrelling (kN/m2)

1.5

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Axial Strain (%)

Figure 1 Membrane Correction Graph

Corrections for speciemns of any other diameters and latex rubber membranes of any other thickness
Follow the following steps:-
1 Multiply the correction derived from Figure 1 by a factor equal to
38 x t
D 0.2
Where D = Diameter of the specimen in mm
t = Thickness of latex rubber membrane in mm
2 Subtract the membrane correction from the calculated maxium deviator stress ( σ1-σ3)max to give the corrected deviator stress (σ 1-
σ3)f

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/5/4.3 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test (data for Mohr stress circle)
Test method BS1377:Part7: 1990:CL8 BS1377:Part7: 1990:CL9 ASTM: D2850-03a (2007) AASHTO: T297-10

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of
Undisturbed Compacted Remoulded
specimen
Result:
Serial No Initial specimen measurements - Unit Test Result

1 Nominal diameter of specimen D mm

2 Initial moisutre content ω %

3 Initial bulk density ρ kg/m³

4 Initial dry density ρd kg/m³

5 Rate of strain applied during test - % / min

Measurements after failure:
1 Cell pressure σ3 kN/m²

2 Corrected maximum deviator stress at failure (σ1 - σ3) ƒ kN/m²

3 Axial strain at failure - %

4 Shear strength of soil, c u = 1/2 (σ1 - σ3) ƒ cu kN/m²

Curves enclosed
1 Deviator stress versus axial strain

2 Mohr stress circles based on total and effective stresses

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/5/4.4 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test (construction of Mohr stress circles)
Test method BS1377:Part7: 1990:CL8 BS1377:Part7: 1990:CL9 ASTM: D2850-03a (2007) AASHTO: T297-10

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
5

4
Shear Stress, τ

0
0 1 2 3 4 5

A D

B
C
Total or effective stress σ or σ'
A = Total or effective minor principle stress σ3 or σ3'
B = Average of total or effective principle stresses = σ1 + σ3 or σ1' + σ3 '
2 2
C = Total or effective major principle stress σ1 or σ1'
D = Radius of the mohr's circle; half the principle stress difference
Construction of Mohr stress circle:-
1. Construct Mohr stress circles at failure based on total and effective stresses on an arithmetic plot with shear stress as ordinate
and normal stress as abscissa using the same scales.
2. Radius of the circle (D) = Deviator stress at failure = (σ1 - σ3)
2 2
3. Centre of the circle (B) = Sum of major & minor total principla stresses = σ1 + σ3
2 2

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/5/5.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Residual Shear Strength - by ring shear test (observations and calculations)
Test method BS1377: PART 7: 1990 CL 6 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Sample preparation procedure
Machine No Torque arm radius R, mm
Distance between points of application of force rings L, mm
Weighings Specimen dimensions
Mass of wet soil + cell g Inside radius r1 mm
Mass of cell g Outside radius r2 mm
Mass of wet soil g Mean radius r mm
Moisture content % Height H mm
2πr (r2-r1)H
Wet density kg/m³ Volume cm³
1000
Dry density kg/m³
Voids ratio e Particle density kg/m³ measured / assumed =
Degree of saturation %
Shear test
Single stage / multiple stage Run No Normall stress = kN/m ²
Force device A B Average Angular displacement = degrees/min
Mean calibration N/division
Displacement factor, F mm/division
Elapsed Force device reading Angular D= θr d= (A+B)Fr Shear stress Vertical
Time D1 = D-d
time A B Average displ. θ 57.3 L τ deformation
- min - - deg mm mm mm kN/m² mm

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/5/5.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Residual Shear Strength - by ring shear test (result)
Test method BS1377: PART 7: 1990 CL 6 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Machine No Date started Normal stress kN/m ²
Elapsed time Deformation
Gauge
Clock time t ∆H mm
h min s t min reading
(zero reading)
From graph
t100 =
t100 = min
tt = 12.7 x t 100 = min
Estimated displacement at failure = mm
Calculated rate of displacement =
mm/min
At end of consolidation
e = eo - ∆H (1+eo) =
Ho
Vertical deformation, mm

Square root of time, minutes √t

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/5/5.3 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Residual Shear Strength - by ring shear test (result)
Test method BS1377: PART 7: 1990 CL 6 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description

100

90

80

70
Shear Stress KN/m2

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Linear displacement, mm

RESULT

Corrected average linear displacement =

Average shear stress =

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/5/5.4 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Residual Shear Strength - by ring shear test (result)
Test method BS1377: PART 7: 1990 CL 6 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description

400

350

300
Shear Stress KN/m2

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Normal Stress, KN/m2

RESULT

Angle of residual shear resistance =

Cohesion factor of the soil =

Residual shear strength of the soil =

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/6/1.1 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test (consolidated undrained test with pore pressure measurement)
Test method BS1377:Part 8: 1990: CL7 ASTM: D4767-11

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of test With side drains Without side drains

Failure criterion: Maximum deviator stress Maximum stress ratio Critical state Axial strain of 20%

Consolidated length Lc mm
Consolidated volume Vc cm³
Consolidated area Ac mm²
Nominal lateral pressure σ13 kN/m² Cell pressure kN/m²
Machine speed mm/minute Rate of strain % per hour
Test Observation:
Axial strain measurements Axial force measurement Pore pressure measurements
Date / Specimen
Deformation Change in
Time Reading length
Axial strain area Initial reading Reading Difference Axial force Initial reading Reading Difference

- ∆L ε=(∆L)/(Lc) As=(Ac)/(1-ε) Ro R R-Ro P=(R-Ro)Cr Uo U U-Uo

- mm - mm² - - N kN/m² kN/m² kN/m²

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/6/1.2 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test (consolidated drained test with volume change measurement)
Test method BS1377:Part 8: 1990: CL8 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of test With side drains Without side drains

Failure criterion: Maximum deviator stress Maximum stress ratio Critical state Axial strain of 20%

Membrane thickness mm Calibration factor of force device Cr N/div

Initial Data
Consolidated length Lc mm Cell pressure σ3 kN/m²
Consolidated area Ac mm² Machine speed - mm/minute

Consolidated volume Vc cm³ Rate of strain % per hour

Test Data
Axial strain measurements Axial force measurements Volume change measurements
Date / Specimen
Change in
time Initial reading Reading Change in length Axial strain area Initial reading Reading Difference Axial force Initial reading Reading Volumetric strain
volume

P=
Lo L ∆L=Lo-L ε=∆L/Lc As=Ac/(1-ε) Ro R R-Ro (R-Ro)x Vo V ∆V=V-Vo εV= ∆V/Vc
Cr

- mm mm mm - cm² - - N mL mL mL -

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/6/1.3 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test (saturation data)
Test method BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL7 BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL8 ASTM: D4767-11

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of test Consolidated undrained Consolidated drained With side drains Without side drains

Saturation
Cell pressure and back pressures increments At constant moisture content
procedure
Date started Date completed Specimen diameter mm Specimen length mm
Cell pressure Pore pressure Pore Volume - Change indicator reading
Back
pressure Change in
Value Increment pressure Reading Increment Before After
coefficient volume
σ3 δ σ3 υb υ δυ B=δυ/δσ3 V1 V2 V1 - V2
kN/m² kN/m² kN/m² kN/m² kN/m² - ml ml ml

Total volume change (ml)

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/6/1.4 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Testing of soils (consolidation data)
Test method BS1377:Part8: 1990 CL6 ASTM: D4767-11

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of test Consolidated undrained Consolidated drained With side drains Without sidedDrains

Specimen Data Test Data

Initial diameter Do mm Required effective pressure σ3 kN/m²
Initial length Lo mm Cell pressure σ4 kN/m²
Initial area Ao mm² Back pressure υb kN/m²
Initial volume Vo cm² Pore pressure after build-up υl kN/m²
Date Started Excess pore pressure υl -υb kN/m²
Consolidation Data
Square root Volume Change Indicator Pore Pressure
Date Time Elapsed time
of time Reading Difference Reading Difference Dissipation
- t t - υ (υ1 - υ) υ
- - minutes minutes ml ml kN/m² kN/m² %

Final Difference = Total consolidation volume change (∆Vc) =

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/6/1.5 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test (coefficient of consolidation factors)
Test method BS1377:Part8: 1990 CL6 ASTM: D4767-11

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description

t100 square-root time

Specimen volume change, ∆Vc

Line
ar

Final point on plot

End of consolidation
Idealized triaxial consolidation curve

Factors for calculating c v and time to failure

Values of λ Values of F (for r=2)

Drainage conditions
Undrained
during consolidation L/D = 2 L/D = r Drained test
test*
From one end 1 r²/4 8.5 0.53

From both ends 4 r² 8.5 2.1

From radial boundary and
80 3.2 (1+2r)² 14 1.8
one end
From radial boundary and
100 4(1+2r)² 16 2.3
two ends
* For plastic deformation of non-sensitive soils only

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/6/1.6 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test (initial specimen data)
Test method BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL7 BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL8 ASTM: D4767-11

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of
Undisturbed Compacted Remoulded
specimen
Consolidated undrained with pore pressure
Test condition:
Consolidated drained with volume changes

Initial Specimen Data:

Initial length Lo mm Initial diameter Do mm
Initial mass mo g Initial moisture content wo %
Initial bulk density ρ Kg/m³ Initial dry density ρd Kg/m³
Initial area Ao mm² Initial volume vo cm³
Moisture Content Determinations: Before Test After Test
Container No -

Mass of wet soil + container m1 g

Mass of dry soil + container m2 g

Mass of container m3 g

Mass of moisture m4=m1-m2 g

Mass of dry soil m5=m2-m3 g

Moisture content m4/m5x100 %

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/6/1.7 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test of soils (computation of coefficient of consolidation & volume compressibility)
Test method BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL7 BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL8 ASTM: D4767-11

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Computations after Consolidation:
Consolidation volume Vc=Vo-∆Vc cm³

Volumetric strain εv = ∆Vc/Vo -

Consolidated length Lc=Lo[1-(1/3εv)] mm

Consolidated area Ac=Ao[1-(2/3εv)] mm²

Value of λ (From Table) Value of F (From Table)

√t100 (From graph) minutes t100 minutes

Significant testing time Tf = F X t 100 minutes

Significant strain q Assumed failure q Strain increment εf

Calculated rate of axial displacement dr = (εf x Lc/tf mm / minute

Selected machine speed mm / minute

Result
Coefficient of Volume mvi = (1000xεv)/(Ui-Uc) m²/MN
Compressibility
Coefficient of Consolidation mvi = (2.1xAc)/(λXt100) m²/years
Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/6/1.8 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test (pore pressure coefficient 'A' and stress path parameters)
Test method BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL7 BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL8 ASTM: D4767-11

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Deviator Stress
Major Effective Principle Effective Pore Pressure
Membrane & Stress Path Parameters
Principal Stresses Principal Sress Coefficient 'A'
Measured Side-drain Corrected Ratio
Corrections Stresses
Major Minor
(σ1-σ3) = A=
σ1 = S' = (σ1'+σ3')/2 t' = (σ1'+σ3')/2
(σ3-σ3)m =P/As (σmb+σdr) σ1'= σ1-U σ3'= σ3-U σ1'=/σ3' (U-Uo)/(σ1-σ3)
(σ1-σ3)m (σ1-σ3)+σ3
-(σmb+σdr)

kN/m² kN/m² kN/m² kN/m² kN/m² kN/m² - -

Remarks:

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Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/6/1.9 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test (membrane correction graph)
Test method BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL7 BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL8 ASTM: D4767-11

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of Specimen Undisturbed Compacted Remoulded
Specimen Diameter 38mm 100mm Other (state)

Correction curve for 38mm diameter specimens fitted with membrane 0.2mm thick

2
Membrane correction for barrelling (kN/m2)

1.5

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Axial Strain (%)

Figure 1 Membrane Correction Graph

Corrections for speciemns of any other diameters and latex rubber membranes of any other thickness
Follow the following steps:-
1 Multiply the correction derived from Figure 1 by a factor equal to
38 x t
D 0.2
Where D = Diameter of the specimen in mm
t = Thickness of latex rubber membrane in mm
2 Subtract the membrane correction from the calculated maxium deviator stress ( σ1-σ3)max to give the corrected deviator stress (σ 1-
σ3)f

Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/6/1.10 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test (side drain corrections)
Test method BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL7 BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL8 ASTM: D4767-11

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description

Table
Corrections for vertical side drains
Specimen Diameter Drain correction
mm kN/m²
38 10
50 7
70 5
100 3.5
150 2.5
Note: Corrections for specimens of
intermediate diameters may be obtained by
interpolation

Side Drain Corrections:

When vertical side drains are fitted, an additional correction, σdr shall be applied for strains exceeding 0.02 (2%). The value for
1
σdr shall be taken from the above table
The combined behaviour of membranes and side-drains during axial compression is complex and there is no consensus of
2 opinion on the precise corrections to apply. Those corrections given in table above are based on simplifying assumptions and
represent compromise values
Corrected Deviator stress:
Corrected deviator stress (σ1-σ3)=(σ1-σ3)m - σmb - σdr kN/m²
Where (σ1 - σ3 ) = measured deviator stress in kN/m²
σmb = measured back - pressure in kN/m² and
σdr = vertical side-drain correction in kN/m²
Remarks:

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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/6/1.11 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test (barrelling correction for multistage loading)
Test method BS1377:Part8: 1990 Other (state)

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of
Undisturbed Compacted Remoulded
specimen
(N)
Axial Force, p

Cumulative Axial Strain (%)

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/6/1.12 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test (stress-strain Curve)
Test method BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL7 BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL8 ASTM: D4767-11

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of
Undisturbed Compacted Remoulded
specimen
(kN/m2) σ1 − σ3 )
Deviator Stress(σ

Axial Strain (%)

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/6/1.13 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test (pore pressure versus axial strain curve)
Test method BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL7 BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL8 ASTM: D4767-11

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of
Undisturbed Compacted Remoulded
specimen
(kN/m2)
Pore Pressure

Axial Strain (%)

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/6/1.14 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test (volume change versus axial strain curve)
Test method BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL7 BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL8 ASTM: D4767-11

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
(kN/m2)
Volume change

Axial Strain (%)

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/1/1.15 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test (effective principal stress ratio ( σ1'/σ3') versus axial strain curve)

Test method BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL7 BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL8 ASTM: D4767-11

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
(σ1'/σ3')
Effective Principal Stress ratio

Axial Strain (%)

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
 Consultant's logo to be placed here Client's logo to be placed here Contractor's logo to be placed here

Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/6/1.16 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test (Mohr stress circle)
Test method BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL7 BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL8 ASTM: D4767-11

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
Type of
Un-disturbed Compacted Remoulded
specimen
Shear Stress, (kN/m²)

Normal Stress (kN/m²)

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
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Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/6/1.17 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test (volume change - square root time curve for consolidation)
Test method BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL7 BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL8 ASTM: D4767-11

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
(∆Vc)
Volume change (cm³)

Square root time minutes (√t)

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
 Consultant's logo to be placed here Client's logo to be placed here Contractor's logo to be placed here

Land Transport Main Roads Division GI/GD Laboratory Form

Form GI/GD-SL/6/1.18 Rev 0 Modifications
Project
Type of test Triaxial Compression Test (pore pressure coefficient versus cell pressure curve)
Test method BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL7 BS1377:Part8: 1990:CL8 ASTM: D4767-11

Contract No
PMC Consultant
Contractor Supplier
Date Laboratory name
Sample No Borehole No Depth (m)
Material
description
(B=δU/δσ3)
Pore Pressure Coefficient

Cell Pressure (kN/m²)

Remarks:

Test performed by Contractor QA/QC Eng Consultant QA/QC Eng

Name Name Name
Signature Signature Signature
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
PART-2: GROUND INVESTIGATION AND GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

APPENDIX K: EXAMPLE GEOLOGICAL PROFILES

APPENDIX K Page305 First Edition December-2016

 CURRENT GROUND PROFILE

GEOLOGICAL BOUNDARIES

ROCKHEAD

MAXIMUM RECORDED
GROUNDWATER LEVEL

WATER STRIKE IN BOREHOLE

BH22 Projected 30m perpendicular to section Line

SAND/ GYPSLFEROUS SAND

BH23 Projected 10m perpendicular to section Line

SANDY CLAY/ SANDY SILT

SILTSTONE

BH06 on section Line

BH10 on section Line

MAXIMUM RECORDED
5.00 5.00 WATER LEVEL

BH40 on section Line

BH50 on section Line

BH48 on section Line
MINIMUM RECORDED
WATER LEVEL
4.00 4.00

SPT (N)
SPT (N)
PIEZOMETER AND
3.00 10
3.00 SAND FILTER
8
SPT (N)

SPT (N)
22
11 CORE RUN

95/80/70
2.00 2.00
SPT (N)

SPT (N)
4 TCR 95%

SPT (N)
8 18 14
SCR 80%
3 12
RQD 70%
3
11 14
1.00 2 2 10 8
1.00
SABKHA SABKHA 4 TCR TOTAL CORE RECOVERY
9

7
SCR SOLID CORE RECOVERY
5 4
2 8 5 9
0.00 7 1 4 1 0.00 RQD ROCK QUALITY DESIGNATION
7 1
19
? ?
SILTY SAND/
5 SANDY CLAY/ 4 2 TEST RESULTS
GYPSLFEROUS SAND 6 8 8 8
-1.00 SANDY SILT -1.00
4 10 21 8 4 16 9
? ? 14

23 18
SILTY SAND/ GYPSLFEROUS SAND 4
5 46 20 7
-2.00 -2.00 UCS UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE
23 28 8 13 STRENGTH
50 6
50
SPT STANDARD PENETRATION
TEST
ELEVATION (m AoD)

0.4

ELEVATION (m AoD)
33 24 10 12 14
-3.00 26 6 15
-3.00
41 8

?
39
80/50/45

33 8 15 16
-4.00 50 1.1 3.1
30
-4.00
21
80/70/50

19
50
SANDY CLAY/
4.1 7
2.1 SANDY SILT 30 37
-5.00 -5.00
0.5 37 9
?
UCS(MPa)

50 50
95/80/45
90/60/50

3.1 8
2.1 0.5
-6.00 0.7 0.4 -6.00
UCS(MPa)

15
SILTSTONE
95/70/35

6.5 50

85/60/30
-7.00 2.0 3.7 -7.00
2.5
50
95/80/50

1.5
-8.00 7.0
4.2
2.3 -8.00 CONSULTANT
Name
3.1
95/80/70

90/80/70
Address
UCS(MPa)

90/80/80

95/85/80

2.8
-9.00 5.0
1.7 -9.00
UCS(MPa)

UCS(MPa)

4.2
-10.00 4.0 -10.00 PROJECT TITLE
UCS(MPa)

100/95/90
-11.00 3.1 -11.00
GEOLOGICAL PROFILE
8.1
1-1
-12.00 -12.00

UCS(MPa)
-200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300
DISTANCE (m )
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
PART-2: GROUND INVESTIGATION AND GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

APPENDIX L: INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS - LIMIT STATE

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

APPENDIX L Page307 First Edition December-2016

 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
PART-2: GROUND INVESTIGATION AND GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN

Table L1: International Standards – Limit state geotechnical design

Structure/earthwork Geotechnical design issue Limit state geotechnical design standards Comments
(with use of partial factors of safety)
BS EN 1997-1:2004(156)

Bridge Spread footings Sizing/bearing capacity BS EN 1997-1:2004 Section 6, Annex D,

(including Annex F, Annex G for foundations on rock
abutments and Settlement (components, total, and Annex H
piers), gantry differential and rate)
signs BS EN 1997-1:2004 Section 11
Stability (engulfing failure of
foundations on slopes)

Pile foundations Carrying capacity (axial and lateral) , BS EN 1997-1:2004 Section 7

downdrag/ negative skin friction
Settlement/ deflection of laterally
loaded piles

Retaining walls Gravity wall Wall stability BS EN 1997-1:2004 Section 9, Annex C,

Annex H
Bearing capacity
BS EN 1997-1:2004 Section 11 for slope
Sliding resistance stability aspects
Settlement (components, total,
differential and rate)
Stability (engulfing failures)

Cantilever/anch Wall stability BS EN 1997-1:2004 Section 9 & Annex C

ored embedded
wall Anchorage design BS EN 1997-1:2004 Section 8 for anchorage
design
Stability (engulfing failures)
BS EN 1997-1:2004 Section 11 for slope
stability aspects.

Soil cuttings - Stability BS EN 1997-1:2004 Section 11 & BS

6031:2009 (166)

Rock cutting - Stability BS EN 1997-1:2004 Section 11

Embankments - Stability (including internal and BS EN 1997-1:2004 Section 11, BS EN

surface erosion) 1997-1:2004 Section 12, Annex F & BS
6031:2009 (166)
Settlement (components, total,
differential and rate)

APPENDIX L Page308 First Edition December-2016