4.
Early Modern Period
Renaissance: A cultural revival in Europe spurred by rediscovery
of classical texts and advancements in art, science, and
exploration.
Colonial Expansion: European powers like Spain, Portugal, Britain,
and France began overseas empires, often at the expense of
indigenous peoples.
Asia: The Ming and Qing dynasties in China, Mughal Empire in
India, and Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan were dominant powers.
Africa: The transatlantic slave trade profoundly impacted
societies.
5. Modern Era
Revolutions: The American (1776), French (1789), and later Latin
American revolutions shaped modern democratic ideals.
Industrial Revolution: Beginning in Britain, it transformed
economies and societies worldwide.
Imperialism: European powers carved up Africa and Asia in the
19th century.
World Wars: The 20th century was defined by two global conflicts,
World War I and II, reshaping borders and geopolitics.
Decolonization: After WWII, many African, Asian, and Caribbean
nations gained independence.
6. Contemporary History
Cold War: A period of ideological conflict between the US and
USSR influenced global alliances and conflicts.
Globalization: Trade, technology, and communication have
interconnected the world.
Modern Challenges: Nations today address climate change,
inequality, and geopolitical tensions.
