SEMICONDUCTOR cGHA PTER-14)

CONDUCTOR SEMI-CONDUCTOR INSULATOR

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4 haAs pestine temp 4t has negatine temp st has neyatiuetenp

CLASSIFICATION

)ELEMENTAL SEMICONDUCTORS.- Si Ge a
ON THE BASIS OF THEIR, CHEMICL
OF SEMICONpUCTORS cOMP0sITION'

COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS:
(is TNORAANIC Cas, Ga As,Tn P te:

is ORGANIC - Polypymele, peyaniline, palythiephene tt

VALENCE BAND:- 44 & the enevgy bud, unih

y valen eletens
nude the eneryy Lenels
cONDTION BAND 4t centans yeeee
valene bund
ai + i the eegy band ascue

beteen the uppe leneley

valne band ang Law

Clauiliatton e candtes, semi couduuteus an Tnlats an te basis

cONDUCTORS

campletly lined cendutten band e

partiauy led valenLw band.
 SEMIKONPuCTORS
Ce

VE Cempetey jled ve
[T-OK
INSULTORS:

Ce
Campekely empty co
VE

n tee bauis cy pwrity seicandurs are ct tue typs:

Trtiiu Senicnduutens

(b) p-type semiccndueto rs

; INTRINSIC/ PURE SEMICONDUCTORS:

So, intrinsiu cain cenentraticn

ni=ne= nh

n² nenh

Ve Y
T=OK T7OK
 JORUNa ke þuoLes ok aeubnate additien aa deinate inpity
to a pe Menicontuter co as to inveae iti cengutiuity is catled deping
Jhe ünpwnity atenu ane cauegdopants
FXTRINSIC O8 DOPED SEMICONDUCTORS: Jhe semicendutens deped uith impwniy
otema ae
caeg extnu Semicendeters

(0) n-type:- his semiconduuto atained tydaping the totramlent emicondutes

is

esbo qup
0
Si

table
Ge with pentawalent impwitier suh as As, P
Whe
As patiipate
pentavaltnt
on band
Umpuity
(AS)

ormatian 1e em
Vo tte periediu
atom adde4 to pne semicanduter then4cs
extTa an it Aaditlan oß (ange
ains
,
no-of As adam tage no- at Suuh e ae abialned andthey ie in a level cauled as
Donar cavad which u veycae to canqutien band.

So, mayerity change aniens ane yee eltrens ang minenity chanye canniens
ae holes.

Ge Ge

Ge As

Ge Gqe

donovlevel

(ne77nn)
Ve

bCos 6
p-typei- his semicanduto is abaineg by dopig he tetravlent
eoih lent inputie uch as Ta
semicondut
B Al 0rEa twnen valan npasstiy
atom () s
agayto pure samiconq uuto C4)3es
og In payiipatt is bayd
f01matten -The laek of en it 1e i
caileq hou
AdditHon o lange no 0 Tn atm
prDdues large no-of helu in V-B
ne ovu is teated 4ust abeve tihe VB called as auepter level
So, majity chye caiesaeholes any minoity change
ae uetrans
 Ge Ge
Ge Ge
Ge

CB
Acepto%
tavcl T0-O1-00Sev)
VO

P-N TUNCTI ON DIODE

uhen p-tpe smicanduute comes in n-type semicanduto, tue preeenes
happei
DIFFUSION:- Due to ceneenthatien differcne, heles frenm p-de and e
{om n-se maue tewards eahether Lhe went cenutltuttd s called
as disfuten went petential dilkoe is lbuilt at th yunetien

DRIFTINE:- Dne to a pettia dieeee, mine

Cwnent entittey is caley dri cwrent
cheye mene and Hu cais
ae w cppeste dinetien
putwmg and dnit
Eaibiwm is TuheA uhn isusien cwrent is ea
wed wt
diult uwnent th layer led
at the jwten
is caey depleticn lay
tp
ang te
Petntial citeene is caley as baiun petental
4The deuie foad is caed as p-n juncaicn iode;
Ten Danorcan

He electen

'.. Hel.

Ptype n-type
Depleton
Cayu
 WORKINA FA HTUNCTION

OFORARD BIASINE
Psae u ennet t0 tve and n s ide eccneetd to -ve Appticd patential diHexnte
s eppeitt diutien to bamie potenial baicnSo e4ctiue paential (Vg)
in

Vy- Vb-V By ineneaing atpied petential

CAiw
.
vg q1agually deereases majenity chare
meves ang dicae canguts So dicde behavs ike a Ccw Yuutue denle
.
OREVERSE BUSING:
Pside iu cenneted to-ve and n siae cannte t0 tve petentil auffeenea in
APPlied
Same dietten to banien pettatul So etteetiue bannien petential cv> v=VptV.
Byineawy utue die
appiA petential, Vy qradualy inereaves So dicde behaves like a
high

st4RACTERSTICS YE u g &typs
(2) Fed chanatutu
The quaphi cal tepneucntattcn ct vaniatecH ct toruan current and Lcruvand
vetnge u caled Bcrwand chanat enstus

L
when owand vetayu
petential Ata
te
pentiulan
uand I

foary etage.
tsseuly
fed an
due to cmistene
cueut
c baUh
nesTapldty
that veltnge is kneun as khce vetage /threheld vetnyeJ ut-in vete
(2)Rewe chetetie i he gHaphia! kepueicntaticn c4 vaniatcan ck

Breakden

(uA)
 buauce il is due minenity change cannier At a panticulaneuene neungt

RECTIFIER- 4 & an letrenu denie whi cenmetu nC to DC

TRINUPLE:- un icAe is leuLAnd
bas.it eeenct cenqet
ius t ceduta, wehen dicde iu nee
T4 is tue ypes
of

OALE- AVE RECTIFIER

trauuemer an a lead
'4 canit at ngle diade Conett
Yuitanue tnpwt iu qinen to 1° 47fee
to step daun

B
Pin

Fer
ve,yue o nput AC
Ihis duuf
A i tve
yle apfLasin tke
pü -ve, diede u ferorg biascd at
Fen -ve hall yue c
p ut AC. 1u-ve

docsn't candut- So, thu all cylu deen

cutpnt
Du tve diede u biaud 7uee and t
appcar in the entpnt

In tis Way ayo} AC cenwerts to DG Sothiu ú caled haf Dave vetifin

E!tdenyi- s+ the atie e autput Do pewu to input ACpeuo
n= Pant =40-6/.
Pon
nput

Cntput

OEULAYE SECTIELER 3t ensit ef a jcdes, D, and Da cannuked

to a cente taped tep dewn hanener uy Lead euiitanie
 tu thanemen
RL

fed
:
WORKUNG fer
biued
he
aund
tve
D
ha yue
neue
a input
biaued
tve,E u-Ve
Ac, A ü
Da cenuts and went

pawes ú the ye ABCFA

For -e hay yue oy input nc. A ü-ve, E u tve Da is ferwara biaud and
D, u eveue biaed Da condueti and wt pases in te ye EDCFE

Jwtis Dy wu yle ay Ao canert to Dc So t u caled ful Jave Yetifieu

Snput

Dutput

44 u t rao at entput DC pwto wnpt AC pew

n Peu
P in

ZENER PIODE
Draw he symbef of xene diade

Drauw he V-T charautenistics T(mA)

Rwe
bias bias

O V
 Hew xe ncn dicde is fableated 8
Kenen aicde à atricatd bony heanity aoring pang n tidet of the juneton
Ohad is ttu advantange of heavily depug?
Due to htanily doping depletten egien fermed veny thin and the uehiu
fied to he juneticn i exYtmely high cuen fen a
s
venene blal mal
Veltage
Hew xenen dicde is wwca as vetage qulatc ?

umeguated
vettage ()
Reguattd wolunge

Jhe wguatg de weltnge cenneteA to a xeeh dicae thueyh a seies

s
Yiitne Ro sh tat Xenee diede is eMensc bace T nput
veltage weaes, the wet trcugh Rs ana ene ücde alo
e

nccs Jhis
iwens the vetaye duep aes Rs uthet ny change un the neutagc
weltaye nemains constat eun theuyh the cuent tueus He xcnA
dindo chanpes Sunilnly the nput veltnge dreees,the umutthiauals
Re and xendiode ao
cleeascshe neltage deep rcs Rs olercasc
withut anyy change n vetage uCIS te te Kre
dicde thuk. aMu.

Vostaye dhep aes wtheut ny change

Rs nvelkage aeus thu Keun dicd, .
Thusi the nene diede aut as a
vettage gutates
PHOTODIODE:
(G);- Praww ite symbal
 u fabi ated wh a transpaent wndcro 4o allow itt tofat en t

dliode

( Please sefey
181)
NCERTPg no
P-Side n-side

(6)- Draw the chanateniu tis cuNe

Raveue bas The magnitude af thepketoernett

in det liqht
MA

WORKING:
withigit Lphcton) eth eneugy
hnthe phetadiade š lunminated
He etc d Yen-hele
than the eneyy gap o the senucandutton
qMeate
cye qeatey dua to dbsenptian ot phat ns Thee chane cannles
pai
Cantbute to the ywouecent

In caie ot naa
(0) wwy phetodicde, ts aluays DeNeHIe tiased

caien
semicanjuter
he

denet ty
minonity
?

the majanity cviier

hale dencty
denity(")

n majeity
An,excs,e 9neated
1.P Ap
miney nee deindy
exLes hales generated
n'n t An whee an AP 77p
p'= ptAp n

Jhe anad chasge due to he pheto ettets an the minenity casi

frauti
dominated
n
ree
bus cwent a
he foard b as
eAsy measwreble thnmae
cwe
tence.phetodiodes are
te
rautiana chn heyeyeie bius canoitian f meassiny ight inieni
pefraby
 Ll4T EMITTING DiODE:

(-Draw the cineuit catbot of LED

heCan
ciade u fab catecg wih atYnspaent cave O that the anitted ugut
coMe aut
(9:Wte the advantaqes of LED'
de epratlanal wetnge and leu peuweh

Fat vd no wM-up tme nuie

autien
Jhe banduh emttey ligut s004 to SDo4°
af u

ang uye and vnggedess

Caut an-ctksuitehing capabi lity

(Q: Fn vuibe LED band qap shoud be munimum 18cv

Beaue the minmm neAY tphotan o,4e nisbe Yane u 18ev
()- hy elenmental eemicondutoc is not wse4 in LED ?
Beeauie umew o hage cains is veyLeas
(9):- Druo the ciTLuit cymo oß solan ccu

I
()-prauothe ethanatestiu w oß satancell

(O)- wttc the citefa to thacvc a natesfal foy

shet ruut
Uement
gap (~Ito:9 ew)
band cat leumal canduetfufty
D uaabiity ay vaw aterial G high apttal asenpttan:

(0)-wite tue 3 preene

Gentiew ot e-h pains
Sepanati an et
o salan cell
due
let Dns and heles due to
to iyht (hvYEg) lese
eete fi etd
to ttu juntien
es tte
:
depletienYegien
She euben hiy he n-sde ane celeuted by teent centat
1 hees Teaehin the p-siae' are ceetsby bak entat husP
Siae bueme tvee 2 n cide beemes Ve qivng vuc to photoveltage