MA123 Lab Report 9 Notes
1. (General) Matrix Transformations:
3 2
x1
6 7
A transformation TA is de…ned by TA (!
x ) = A! x = 4 ... 5 is a column vector and A is called the standard matrix.
x where !
xn
Notes:
(a) TA essentially transforms a vector into another vector through the matrix A:
(b) The initial (or starting) vector is the called the "pre-image" and the resulting (or …nal) vector is called the image.
1 2 5
Example: Suppose transformation TA has standard matrix A = : Find the image of vector !
x =
3 4 1
5 1 2 5 1(5) + 2( 1) 3
TA = = =
1 3 4 1 3(5) + 4( 1) 11
(c) To …nd the standard matrix A given a speci…c function for TA (! x):
2 3 2 3 2 3
1 0 0
6 0 7 6 1 7 6 0 7
6 7 6 7 6 7
i. Evaluate TA (!
e 1 ); TA (!
e 2 ); :::; TA (! e 1 = 6 . 7, !
e n ) where ! e2=6 .. 7 ; :::; !
en=6 .. 7 are each of length n:
4 .. 5 4 . 5 4 . 5
0 0 1
ii. The standard matrix A = [TA (!
e 1 ) TA (!
e 2) TA (!
e n )] (i.e. columns are transformed vectors found in (a)).
5x1 + 7x2 x1
Example: Consider the transformation TB (!
x)= for any !
x = 2 R2 :
9x1 6x2 x2
1 5(1) + 7(0) 5
Then: TB (!
e 1 ) = TB = =
0 9(1) 6(0) 9
0 5(0) + 7(1) 7
TB (!
e 2 ) = TB = =
1 9(0) 6(1) 6
5 7
and the standard matrix B = [TA (!
e 1 ) TA (!
e 2 )] =
9 6
Note: Example above results in same standard matrix as the …rst example.
2. Composition of Transformations:
Consider two transformations TA and TB with standard matrices A and B, respectively. To perform multiple transformations
on a vector, determine the composition of the matrix transformations.
Noting that order is important, if transformation TB is …rst applied to a vector followed by TA ; then this is denoted by
(TA TB ) (!
x ) = TA (TB (!
x )) and the standard matrix representing the composition of transformations is AB:
Example: Suppose TA and TB are the transformations from the examples above. Then:
1 2 5 7
The standard matrix for "TB followed by TA " is (TA TB ) (!
x ) with standard matrix AB =
3 4 9 6
23 5
=
51 3
5 7 1 2
The standard matrix for "TA followed by TB " is (TB TA ) (!
x ) with standard matrix BA =
9 6 3 4
16 18
=
27 42
Note that the results are not the same. That is, TA and TB don’t necessarily commute (i.e. order is important).
3. Geometrical Matrix Transformations:
x1
Consider transformation TA (!
x ) where !
x = 2 R2 :
x2
cos sin
(a) TA is counter-clockwise rotation about origin at angle has standard matrix A =
sin cos
Note: Use for a clockwise rotation.
t 0
(b) TA is horizontal stretch by a factor of t > 0 has standard matrix A =
0 1
1 0
(c) TA is vertical stretch by a factor of t > 0 has standard matrix A =
0 t
t 0
(d) TA is scaling (or stretch in both directions) by a factor of t has standard matrix A =
0 t
Note: Also called a dilation if t > 1 and a contraction if 0 < t < 1
1 s
(e) TA is horizontal shear by s has standard matrix A =
0 1
1 0
(f) TA is vertical shear by s has standard matrix A =
s 1
1 0
(g) TA is re‡ection over x-axis has standard matrix A =
0 1
1 0
(h) TA is ref lection over y-axis has standard matrix A =
0 1
0 1
(i) TA is ref lection over y = x has standard matrix A =
1 0
