Example 1: Singly Rectangular Section (DESIGN) page 1 /1
Ref. Calculations Output
Specification
Size, b x d = 250 x 500 mm
Chac. strength of concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm2
Chac. strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Bending Moment, M = 175 kNm
b
Determine the area of reinforcement required
Solution
2
K = M / f ckbd
6 2
= 175 x 10 / ( 25 x 250 x 500 )
= 0.112
< K bal (0.167)
→ Compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K /1.134) ]
= 0.89 d < 0.95 d
Area of tension reinforcement
As = M / 0.87 f yk z
6
= 175 x 10 (0.87 x 500 x 0.89 x 500 )
= 905 mm2 Use : 3H 20
2
( 943 mm )
Example 2: Singly Rectangular Section (CHECK) page 1 /2
Ref. Calculations Output
Specification
Size, b x d = 250 x 435 mm
d
Chac. strength of concrete, f ck = 30 N/mm2
Chac. strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Reinforcement:
2
b Tension: 6 H25 As = 2946 mm
Determine the following from the given beam
a) Stress and strain diagram of the section
b) Depth of neutral axis (x ) and the expected failure mode
c) Calculate the moment of resistance of the beam section
Solution
a) Stress and strain distribution diagram
Assuming initially that the steel stresses f st reaches the
design yield values 0.87f yk
εcc= 0.0035
x 0.8x Fcc
d
Fst
εst
bw
Section Strain Stress
b) Determination of x and failure mode
Internal forces:
F cc = 0.567f ckb (0.8x ) ==0.567 x 30 x 250 x 0.8 x
= 3402 x N
F st = 0.87 f yk A s = 0.87 x 500 x 2946
= 1,281,510 N
Equilibrium of forces
F cc = F st
3402 x = 1281510
x = 1E+06 / 3402
= 376.7 mm
> 0.617d = 268.4 mm
→ Over-reinforced failure
Example 2: Singly Rectangular Section (CHECK) page 2 /2
Ref. Calculations Output
d) Moment of resistance
Lever arm
z = d - 0.4x
= 435 - (0.4 x 376.7 ) = 284 mm
Moment of resistance
M = F st . z
-6
= 1281510 x 284 x 10
= 364.4 kNm
Example 3: Doubly Rectangular Section (DESIGN) page 1 /1
Ref. Calculations Output
Specification
d' = 50 mm
Size, b x d = 250 x 500 mm
d
Chac. strength of concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm2
Chac. strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Bending Moment, M = 300 kNm
b
Determine the area of reinforcement required
Solution
K = M / f ckbd 2
6 2
= 300 x 10 / ( 25 x 250 x 500 )
= 0.192
> K bal (0.167)
→ Compression reinforcement is required
z = d [ 0.5 + 0.25 - K bal /1.134) ] = 0.82 d < 0.95 d
x = (d - z ) / 0.4 = 0.45 d
d '/x = 50 ( 0.45 x 500 )
= 0.22 < 0.38
→ Compression steel has yielded
→ f sc = 0.87f yk
Area of tcompression reinforcement
A s' = (K - K bal) f ckbd 2 / 0.87f yk(d - d ')
2
(0.192 -0.167) x (25 x 250 x 500 )
=
0.87 x 500 x (500 - 50 )
= 200 mm2 Use : 2H 12
2
( 226 mm )
Area of tension reinforcement
As = K bal f ckbd 2 / 0.87f yk z bal + A s'
2
0.167 x (25 x 250 x 500 )
= + 200
0.87 x 500 x 0.82 x 500
= 1662 mm2 Use : 6H 20
2
( 1885 mm )
Example 4: Doubly Rectangular Section (CHECK) page 1 /2
Ref. Calculations Output
Specification
d' = 50 mm
Size, b x d = 250 x 450 mm
d
Chac. strength of concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm2
Chac. strength of steel, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Reinforcement:
b Compression: 2 H12 As = 226 mm2
Tension: 3 H25 A s = 1473 mm2
Determine the following from the given beam
a) Stress and strain diagram of the section
b) Depth of neutral axis (x ) and the expected failure mode
c) Calculate the moment of resistance of the beam section
Solution
a) Stress and strain distribution diagram
Assuming initially that the steel stresses f st and f sc reach the
design yield values 0.87f yk
d' εcc= 0.0035
Fsc
x εsc 0.8x Fcc
d
z1 z
Fst
εst
bw
Section Strain Stress
b) Determination of x and failure mode
Internal forces:
F cc = 0.567f ckb (0.8x ) ==0.567 x 25 x 250 x 0.8 x
= 2835 x N
F sc = 0.87 f yk A s = 0.87 x 500 x 226
= 98310 N
F st = 0.87 f yk A s = 0.87 x 500 x 1473
= 640755 N
Example 4: Doubly Rectangular Section (CHECK) page 2 /2
Ref. Calculations Output
Equilibrium of forces
F st = F cc + F sc
640755 = 2835 x + 98310
x = (640755 - 98310) / 2835
= 191 mm
< 0.617d = 278 mm 0.43
→ Tension steel has yielded
d '/x = 50 191
= 0.26 < 0.38
→ Compression steel has yielded
→ Under-reinforced failure
c) Moment of resistance
Lever arm:
z = d - 0.4x
= 450 - (0.4 x 191 ) = 373 mm
z1 = d - d'
= 450 - 50 = 400 mm
Moment of resistance:
M = F cc . z + F sc . z 1
-6
= 2835 x 191 x 373) +( 98310 x 400) ] x 10
= 242 kNm
