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O Level PHYSICS ATP NOTES

atp notes physics

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131 views26 pages

O Level PHYSICS ATP NOTES

atp notes physics

Uploaded by

folktalesreddit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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EXPERIMENTS WRITING IGCSE PHYSICS PAPER 6 EXPERIMENT: 1 ‘A student is investigating whether using a lid reduces the time taken to heat a beaker of wpier to boiling point These has ihe following apparans avaiable: oy thermometer 250 end glass beaker X 250m messing cylinder aoe BN lid to fit the heaker CS ee & Plan an experiment to instigate whether sng lid reduces eho die ‘You should “bth adtonl pprats that you wuld wie & plain briefly how you would carry out the investing sisi vantie ba youedeonl eae ee gS dy yournatngs: you a rouse cls any sags ee ss ee a eg cin A diagram is not required but you may os if it helps your explanation. ANSWER, XA Ss loc stopwatch \ source of heat heat to bo a ‘without id measure ime tken to reach bailing point boil same volume / mi unt of water same starting temperature EXPERIMENT: ‘A student is investigating how the material ofa spring affects its behaviour when stretched The following apparatus is available to the student wires of different thickness, length and material a set of 10 g masses and a set of 100 g masses, both with hangers a wooden rod approximately 1 em in diameter other standard laboratory equipment. Plan n experiment which wil enable yu ote the extension of pings made rom sem types of wire In your plan, you should include: S + instructions for making a spring from the wire that is provided, SW + what you will measure, x + instnictions for carrying out the experiment, x + the variables you will keep the same to ensire the compatison is Fi ) + any precaution which should be taken or dificulty which might o + how you will present your results. XS You may daw diagram ii helps wo expin your plan, QQ. MP3 repeat for additional layers MPd relly sutble ble raph oo MPS contrl variables any pir ors same intial temperature, Ne Sain value oat ‘ame szomateral tikoess saune thickness of each bas wneanoner SS. additional points, how cool: jatSd/how to compare cooling curves, read therm ndicularly, thermomes depth (for repeat) thermometer not touching beaker, stir ‘thermometer, K éperiment with different sized beakers/different amount of water, sensible amount of water (50 em’ to 500 m3) EXPERIMENT: 5 QUESTION A student ‘container. ‘The student can choose from the following apparatus: thermometer Some Seber & 250 cm3 plastic beaker & nvestigating the effect of insulation on the rate of cooling of hot water in a250 em3 250 em3 copper can w& 250 em3 measuring cylinder three different insulating materials X ‘clamp, boss and stand <> stopwatch. Plan an experiment to investigate the effectiveness of the three ima rials You should Ee etmrertin, GN + state the key variables that you would control, + draw a table, or tables, with column headings, to sho Sey would display your readings. ‘You are not required to enter any readings in the tab) + explain how you would use your readings to re A diagram is not required but you may draw a ANSWER Ss MPI Uses same container through MP2 Hot water in container (any) time OR Hot water in container, takes time for a fixed temperature fall. MP3 Repeats with different iyslators (all three used) sus Rot we Constant room Same starting 18s (clearly stated) Same volum ater (clearly stated) ttom of container it helps your explanation. temperatures at intervals or at start and after a fixed MP6 Table or tables as appropriate to method: Temperatures with unit °C and time with unit s (or min) and different insulators shown MP7 Use of readings: graph of temperature against time EXPERIMENT: 6 ‘A student is investigating how the resistance of @ wire depends on the length of the wire. The student aims to plot a graph. The following, apparatus is available tothe student: ammeter ‘voltmeter power supply’ “9 © ‘esstnoy ites of diferent ents metre rule ie mmcnnetonmncanectrang oui You should * draw digram ofthe ict you could use to determine theres ch wire + expan bret how you would cary cut the investigation | NX + tgs suitable lngts of wie x “Sate the key variables that you would contol “ra 2 table, o tables, wih colar headings to showakSwgSod would splay your eaings Yor are not required to enter any readings he ANSWER eo MPI Sample of wire must be clearly RS label on the diagram or by letters on the dares eae MP? All eiccuit symbols ores :acuit is incorrect) we Mis Tac eaingsorV gS MP4 For S or more leng ce Mesa a nti ening ante we Tai toe MP6 1/im, UNM RO win Ne sty! conduc type of wie 5° radius / thickness / cross sectional area ture of wire EXPERIMENT: 7 A student notices that he size of th image produced by a converging lens changes when the ens SS moved father avay fom an objet Pian an experiment osneestzate how he sizeof he image varies with he objet itance fora converging km suitable for schol expeinents ‘Wate pla er the experiment cing salabeled diagram of te apparatus nedod “nots fe ea'ying ou te expement © “he oar a wil im he ange o objet stances AN {ihe graph you wil plot SO + one precaution you will take to ensure reliable results, explaining what mig He fect of noting tis reauton < Anower & apparatus: diagram lens, (illuminated) object, sereen in suitable order f iment in fine on flat surface was S a image virtual / 00 big for sereen, image to dim / too small to measure, Ss “i oe ww. onan ana Noe fee ny one suitable precaut * dark room (bright light ‘Tons and object ats uence of not taking it, eg ‘might not be distinc, ~ image might not appear on screen, Tons, object and sndicular ~ image might be distorted, + fix rule may gndye ynd give incorrect distances + mark posit ‘on holder ~ cannot judge correct measurements / owtte ‘Sbtaining a sharp image ~ might not be correctly focused ring image height accurately - might be obscured EXPERIMENT: 8 A student is investigating resistors connected in parallel ‘The following apparatus is available to the student: ammeter voltmeter power supply Variable resistor fon of entra exis 3S 2 Haat mesigeoy eons ssa othe ssa parallel, depends on the numberof resistors x You should + draw a diagram of the circuit you could use to determine the sesame tors connected in parallel (show only two resistors in your diagram), + explain briefly how you would carry out the investigation, + draw a table or tables, with column incadings, to show how display your readings. _ eget colma eng ot ANSWER << ‘MP3 Circuit diagram: Correct symbol Mier, voltmeter and fixed resistor Resistance calculated (may in table) Use low current (to stop tesishs) getting too hot)/switeh off between readings Use at least 5 diffe inStions Repeat with differgng clepni or voltage or variable resistor setting Drawing a HU er of resistors against combined resistance ew S EXPERIMENT: 9 A student has noticed that diferent types of paper ave diferent strengths Plan an experiment which wil enabloyou tcompere the sngia of eifirent sample of thin Paper ‘Wie plan forthe experiment, including "Nhe ational apparatus needed cae Mi apse hag ny pation te (Sy “that you will easre NG ‘how you will present your results S + how You wil determine which paper isthe tongs “vate you wl kip ane cas compan tog ‘You may daw a diagram ii helps to explain your lan < ANSWER S apparatus — workable arrangement tow applied forces measured ss suable able for results /plota bar graph how to conclude which strongest tn sulable contol vanable Co fame with of sample XS sche ecge iaghofowe ke all samples fined m same Way QS toy tom S control variable, ~ fove applied stool /19 er cnoure no teats belore apply repeat foreach type ot with samples of diferent widths soft mat under weight (i Nop al) lamp tan to bench aad weight of ower Ng ur of oad any other suitable eS EXPERIMENT: 10 ‘A student suggests thatthe area ofthe water surface will affect the rte of cooling of hot water in container. Plan an experiment to investigate the relationship between surface arca nd rate of cooling ‘White a plan forthe experiment, including + the apparas needed ‘+ how you will obtain a range of surface areas Cy + instructions for carrying out the experiment S “+ the measurements you will take S + the precautions you wil take to ensure thatthe results areas reliable as poss + the graph you wil plo fom your results ~ you should sketch the axes, w ate labels axswra CS app: (et of) different sized beakers / containers, thermometer x kJ wateh methods erin nt ocnane en slw ocn) aN End measure temperature an ime epee scan container wih a itleeat precaution ‘any two from: Sane volume ofhot water Same inal hot water temperature Sy same room temperature or other al condition ‘graph: temperature change / rate ‘against surface area, temperature against tim ‘cool between gypheemPperatures against surface area Face areas, fontainer si Ih of water stated, insulating material for container walls, ‘of container face area may be calculated given, EXPERIMENT: 1 A student is investigating whether the resistance of a wire depends on the material from whieh the wire is made Resistance 2 is given by the equation R = V/The following apparatus is available to the student ammeter voltmeter Inctomoter stew gauge S wer supply (0-3 V) egal S&S svvtch Sw omcing at x wires of different materials. ‘You should SS + draw a diagram of the circuit you would use to. comet “¢ of cach wire would take x + draw a suitable table, with column headings, to bo hdw you would display your readings ‘deg nl wih alam hosing ANSWER, x MEI Diagram showing power supp we ‘vollmeter and resistance wite correctly moon MP2 Corsect symbols for 1d voltmeter. Variable resistor symbol correct if included, MP3 Measure potent (voltage) and current and calculate resistance. MP4 Repeat w (types of) wires MPS Ke length AND diameter stated MP6 tient vohages (6 ue) wee take average (voltage and caret) readings. ate exponen wih siren engi or diferent ameter Use ow curen prevent wie eating ep Keep tmperaue at wire constant sich off between readings Usetmicomater screw paige messue diameter bickness of wie MP7 Table with columns for type of wit, voltage, current, resistance with correct units (V, A ‘and (2) EXPERIMENTAL PRECAUTION AND IMPROVEMENT Balancing Experiment mass m a \ aol 4 50.0¢m mark I Leak Spree metre rule bench Difficulty Way to overcome Balancing the ruler above the pivot Tepeat several times until it Balances The mass slips over the ruler: ‘Stick the mass with the ruler The center of mass of the cylinder may not ~~ Measure the diameter of the cylinder. above the correct mark (X) ‘Adjust the cylinder above the correct ‘mark (X) so that one side of cylinder at mark X-r and the other at mark K+r = i Ocm | xem | 100m ‘Repeat and take average ‘Look perpendicular to the scale ofthe ruler while taking the reading to avoid parallax error Range of masses, Mass of the ruler Position of center of mass From 100 gto 2008 The point at which the meter rule is balanced above the pivot. EXPERIMENTAL PRECAUTION AND IMPROVEMENT Pendulum Experiment 1 i one complete ‘oscillation, [Wo air carent nthe wae Take the time for umber of swings then divide the time measured by the number of Precaution sings = Repest and take average ‘took perpendicular tothe ruler while measuring the height ‘ame stopuratch. iti © Release the bob rom the same height. Conditions kept constant to | = felase hot (oth fair comparison 1 Same shape of bob, Same size of bob, EXPERIMENTAL PRECAUTION AND IMPROVEMENT. Spring Experiment {ioryp = Same diameter. Same Thickness of spring To make a fair comparison Same range of loads. between springs of different = Same Length of wire nateri Same thickness of wie ials = Same number of coils Same col spacing = Took petpendicular to the sale of Precautions ruler while taking readings. = Waite until the spring stops vibrating, om Position of meter rule 2000! EXPERIMENTAL PRECAUTION AND IMPROVEMENT Displacement Met! hod Experiment © Inaccuracy 1. Parallax error 2. Stucient didnt look from the law ee Precautions Thin string use. = Look perpendicular tothe scale of the oflinder. Look from the meniscus, ur the rock gently. Thick svn ‘Turns aren tangent Thick marking. Spading between tur Inaceuracy Thin string used. | Precautions spaces. ‘Thin marks. Look perpendicular scale of ruler. Tangent tuins without othe Take more number of turns. EXPERIMENTAL PRECAUTION AND IMPROVEMENT. Thermal Experiment Precautions Look perpendicular to the scale of the thermometer while taking the reading to void parallax error Conditions that should be kept Room temperate ve euperinncen is Starting temperate. constant when this experiment is | _ Sw the temperature repeated. ‘Same beaker Same thermometer Air curret Tnaccuracy of this type of | Heatostto surrounds experiments Tag container wih salto. , » orerthecotainer thd Overcoming heat lost iil temperate neato com temperature. EXPERIMENTAL PRECAUTION AND IMPROVEMENT Optical Experiment I iuminated ‘ y cone screen TILT: 7 Darkroom = Object ancien same eight from bench Mak on lens holder to show postion of tens center = Take more readings. Repeat and take sverage took perpendicular wie taking readings. vere = Mg it Image distance > object distance. Precautions Image formed = Smaller: Objete distance > Image distance. Optics Experiment I IT Suggest possible causes of this inaccuracy Thickness of ies Thickness of protractor ‘Thickness of pins. Pin hales ‘Thickness of mirror. Glass infront of mirror causes double refraction. Precaution lace the pins as far apart as possible, Draw the ines so that they are as thin as possible ‘Look perpendicular vile taking readings to avoid parallax err. ‘Look from the base of the pins: a. Noconcetn about pins being vertical 1b. Base of the pin lie on the rays. (&_ Base is ahvays perpendicular to the plane. EXPERIMENTAL PRECAUTION AND IMPROVEMENT Inaccuracy esting rec Fe Cana = Battery used up. ~_ Bad connection of siding contact € Precautions to overcome heat in the wire Use abattery of lower electromotive foue. ‘Switch on and off between readings. Precautions in General {ook perpendicular whe taking readings. EXPERIMENTAL PRECAUTION AND IMPROVEMENT Graphs Graph Condition: 1 Correct abels on the aes. 2 Suitable scale (you don't have to start with gn. 3 Graph should be at east more thanthe “9 haf ofthe worksheet. 4 Plot points conte (x) oF 2 Stet O Most ofthe points placed on the lie tate points are’ locate onthe tne draw asymmetric line (make the number ‘of points above te ine equal tothe ‘number of pints below the fie) asin figure ~ {6 Thin continuous ine, 2 prison Gradient calculatior i 1 Choose two point rom the fine dean so thatthe distance between them atleast equal to half the distance of ine 2 Show the taken point with dashed ines or langle method, 3 Use the equation: %-% G The direct proportional between the two variables if: A. The raph | Graph shows straight-line with postive gradient. 2 Thelin passing through the origin point. 8, The ato between the two vaiable Is constant within the experimental accuracy. The inverse proportional between the two variables i ‘The multiplication between the two variables constant within the experimental accuracy. EXPERIMENTAL PRECAUTION AND IMPROVEMENT Measuring the diameter of a ball Blocks Ball Meter Rule How to check that the ruler is vertical to the bench? By set square TOTTI Banh EXPERIMENTAL PRECAUTION AND IMPROVEMENT How to check that the ruler is Horizontal to the bench? ‘Measure the height ofthe meter rule above the bench from both sides 100m Meter Rule How to compare between two results to know the experimental limit? {Live the greater number by the smaller One 2. Multiply the decimal of the result by 1006 the percentage error. Ifthe percentage is below 10%: The results are equal within the experimental accuracy. Ifthe percentage is beyond 1096: The results ae not equal within the experimental accuracy. . Example ‘An experiment is preformed to know the focal length of a lens by two methods and the results are: oe ee Apply the rule: sent et un sine 421002 So the results are equal within experimental accuracy as the difference between the results is 2% hich is below the experimental limit. EXPERIMENTS: 1) A student uses a pendulum to determine a value for the acceleration of free fall g. (a) The student adjusts the pendulum unti its length | = 50.0 em. The length /is measured to the centre of the bob. Explain briefly how the student avoids a parallax (line of sight). when measuring length / > Or holding rule close to pendulum Oo > Either suitable use of a horizontal straight edge,, Sou > Orline of sight perpendicular (to rule) S S {b) The student checks the value oft! SDieration of free fall gina text book. The value in the book is 2:8 /'s2. (i) Suggest a practical reason esult obtained from the ‘experiment may be differe > Explanation of cause of igtbracy in measurement of tor > eg, student did not kly enough when starting/stopping stopwatch OR di > measuring ‘centre of bob si angproverente to the experiment, length(s) ing a ductal mark number of oscilations t a graph using length and time or time2 (c) Explain why measuring the time for 20 oscillations, rather than for 1 oscillation, gives a more accurate value > (reaction time) inaccuracy ~ smaller part of total time measured EXPERIMENTAL PRECAUTION AND IMPROVEMENT 2) Asstudent is investigating the cooling of water. ‘a) Suggest conditions that should be kept constant for > Room temperature (or other environmental condition) > Temperature of cold water 6 > Temperature of hot water G > Volumes of water oS > Size/shape/material/surface area of beaker WW b) State precaution that you would take to ensi he temperature readings are as reliable as le, Perpendicular viewing of scale OR stirring > OR wait until temperature stops risin. > OR avoid delay (between adding ech taking temperature) > Allow thermometer not touching bee DW temperature > heat loss to surrour temperature by ¢ > delays in taki > reference to’ CN c) Give reason why “ae Tnixture is not equal to average ea ker OR heat loss / drop in fon gs inty in volume measurements EXPERIMENTAL PRECAUTION AND IMPROVEMENT 3) A student is determining the weight of a metre rule using a balancing method, 1a) Suggest one practical reason why itis difficult to obtain exact results with this experiment. > Difficulty of achieving balance or other sensible suggestion > difficulty in achieving balance OR difficulty in positioning load exactly, e.g. load ‘covers rule markings or uncertainty about position of ag mass of load & b) This type of balancing experiment is difficult to ‘Suggest one practical difficulty and one way to the whgr@tulé) balances on pivot Describe how uli modify the experiment if the centre of mass was at the 49.7 AY fe readings from 49.7 a EXPERIMENTAL PRECAUTION AND IMPROVEMENT 4) A student is investigating the resistance of a lamp filament. a) A student suggests that the resistance R of the lamp filament should be constant ‘Suggest, referring to the observations, a reason why the resistance R may not be constant in this experiment. > filament changes brightness, owtte > increase / decrease / change in temperature offiament 5) A student determines the focal length of a | SS 2 See er te ani order to obtain reliable results. ‘SS Use of darkened room / brighter laap -\. Mark position of centre of lens on nat Place metre rule on bench (or cl ‘position) Ensure object and (centre fe same height (from the bench) Object and lens and s: ndicular to bench Move sereen (slowly) nd forth to obtain best image (owtte) Ensure rule is touchit ject / lens / holder / screen or look perpendicular tor e b) Su actical difficulties that may cause inaccuracy in the value I Tength obtained. deciding exact position of lens for best image / image clear ity in measuring to centre of lens too bright / lamp too dim vvvvvvyy

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