Unit 2_Cells
A2.2 cell structure
B2.2 organelles and compartmentalization
B2.3 cell specialization
B2.1 membrane and membrane transport
A2.2 cell structure
1. Define unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms.
2. State the cell theory.
3. Explain why fungal hyphae considerate as an atypical cell.
4. Explain why skeletal muscle is considered as an atypical cell.
5. Explain why red blood cells are considered as an atypical cell.
6. Sort the following biological materials from the smallest to biggest: cells, organelle, virus, bacteria,
membrane, molecules.
7. Define resolution.
8. Outline the resolution between resolution and magnification
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9. Calculate the magnification and actual size.
10. Compare the images collected by electron microscopy and light microscopy.
11. State the function of the following microscopy:
Transmission electron microscope:
Scanning electron microscope:
Cryogenic electron microscopy:
Freeze fracture electron microscopy:
Fluorescence microscopy:
12. Compare the differences between prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell.
13. Draw a labelled diagram to show a typical prokaryotic cell.
14. Outline the functions of the following structures:
Capsule:
Cell wall:
Cytoplasm:
Plasma membrane:
Ribosome:
Nucleoid:
Pili:
Flagella:
15. State the name of the process on asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction in bacteria.
16. Outline the process of asexual reproduction in bacteria.
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17. Draw a labelled diagram to show an active liver cell.
18. Draw a labelled diagram to show a typical plant cell.
19. Outline the functions of the following structures:
Nucleolus:
Nucleoplasm:
rER:
sER:
Golgi apparatus:
Lysosome:
Mitochondria:
Peroxisome:
Cytoskeleton:
Centrosome:
Chloroplast:
Large central vacuole:
20. State three key features that all typical cells have:
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21. Compare the differences between animals, fungi and plants.
22. Compare the differences between animal cells and plant cells.
23. State seven life processes.
B2.2 organelles and compartmentalization
1. Define organelles and compartmentalization.
2. State three types of structures that are not considered as organelles and explain the reasons.
3. Describe the process of cell fractionation and explain how it can be used to study organelles.
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4. Why is post-transcriptional modification possible in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?
5. Explain the advantages of compartmentalization in lysosome.
6. Explain the process of phagocytosis.
B2.3 cell specialization
1. State the roles of morphogens.
2. Define the stem cell.
3. State where embryonic stem cells can be found.
4. Define apical meristem and lateral meristem in plant tissue.
5. Compare the differences between adult and embryonic stem cells.
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6. Compare and contrast totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent stem cells.
7. Define stem cell niches in adult humans and state the role of it.
8. List two stem cell niches can be found in adult humans.
9. Explain how the surface area-to-volume ratio influences cell sizes.
B2.1 membrane and membrane transport
1. Draw the structure of plasma membrane.
2. State six functions of membranous proteins.
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