Polyphase Synchronous Machines types of Rotor fa) Salient Pole Rotor A three-phase synchronous machine is @ doubly excited ac machine beca, its field winding is energized from a de source and its armature windin, connected 10 an ac source. it rotates with speed of revolving field i.e. synchron| speed, Remember: + Insynchron2us machine, windings are always connected in star. * Armature winding is placed in stator and field winding is in rotor. Synchronous speed pro where, Frequency of armature current P = Number of field poles Q RMS induced emf per phase Ey = oda tNye, where, N, = Effective tus per phase 4, = Total flux linking a full-pitch coit Q Effective number of turns Ne =N, Kp Ry where, N, = Coil turns kg = Distribution factor k, = Pitch factor 1 Winding factor Keka denis Salient pole series, d-axis and q-axis are 96° electrical to each other. Air gap is minimum along d-axis and maximum along q-axis. Salient pole machine drives at low speed and hence is called as low speed alternator or hydiro alternator. Salient pole rotor has large diameter and small axiai length indings are concentrated winding and connected in jemember: Safient pole alternator also called as hydro alternator, b)Cylindrical Rotor Field winding is distributed and all coils are connected in series, Air gap is uniform. It can be driven at high speed so it is also known as high speed aiternator or turbo generator. Cylindrical rotor nas smaller diameter and larger axial tength. Inatteenator, main field mmfleads the air-gap mmf and air-gap mmf leads ‘the armature mmf. Therefore, in alternator main field mmf is mostleading. In motor, main field rnmf lags the air-gap mmf and air-qap mmflags the armature mmf. Therefore, in motor main field mmfis most lagging. For unidirection torque production, number of rotor poles must be equal to number of stator poles and they must be stationary with respect to. eachother.Armature Reaction ‘The effect of armature tux (@,) on main field flux (6,,) is known as armature reaction. Armature reaction depends upon the magnitude of load arg load power factor. Pe ‘Alternator Motor T Unity | Purely cross magnetizing | Purely cross magnetizing 2. ZPFlag |Purely demagnetizing | Purely magnetizing 3, ZPF lead | Purely magnetizing Purely demagnetizing 4. 0.8 lag | Partly demagnetizing Party magnetizing+ + Partly cross magnetizing | Partly cross magnetizing 8. OBlead | Partly magnetizing + Party demagnetizing + Partly cross magnetizing | Panty cross magnetizing Synchronous Generator Model E,=V, +R, SE, Ey Ey = Vat TaRa tite Xe + aXe where, E, = Excitation voltage or internal voage = Armature reaction voltage E, R, = Armature resistance Armature leakage flux vollage X, = Armature leakage reactance X, = Armature reaction reactance T, = Armature current = Terminal voltage Ay mo. E,=V, + [a Ag File Xs synchronous reactance E, T= Vas lgZy synohronous impedance Drop in Voltage + Drop due to armature resistance ie. |, Ry. + Drop due to armature leakage reactance 1.2. |, x, (due te armature loakage flux). + Drop due to armature reaction i.e. 1%, Remember: + The terminal voltage of ana.c. generator depends upon the load and may be larger or smaller than the generated voltage. + The terminal voltage may actually be higher than the generated voltage when the power factoris leading, + Forunity and lagging power factor, the terminal voltage is smaller than the generated voltage. Phasor diagram Leading poNote: * When cos8 = V, normal excitation (unity pf) * When cos5 > V, Over excited machine (lagging pf) * When Ecos < V, ——_ Underexcited machine (leading pf) Synchronous generator tests and characteristics Resistance test Q Per phase resistance for star connected generator R= 05R, for delta connected generator R= 1 5A, A, = measured value of resistance and Short circuit characteristics + Find the vaiue of the field current (i,) that gives the rated per phase voltage (V,,,) fram the OCC of the generator. * Find the value of the short-circuit current (I,.) from the SCC for the sare value of the field current I, Asrgap line Fey x i & Ie ie Field current (4) 1 Synchronous impedance Field coven) ‘Open circuit terminal voltage for_a certain field current ‘Short-circuit current for the same field current zoe External characteristics g ve $21 pi escing By ores & a 2 5). op E #2) lod «Ted 2 A, te Armature current Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) SCR is defined as ratic of field current required to produce rated vollage ‘on open circuit to the fieldl current required to produce rated armature current on short circuit, SCR = 110" tated open circuit voltage. * Ifor rated short circuit current I. SCR= Tas Ise (pay 7 SCR= Ss X(saturatodd puRemember: © Forhydro generator SCRis high. ‘© Forturbo generator SCRis low. = Asynchronous machine with high value of SCR has a better voltage regulation and Improved steady-state stability limit but short circuit fault, currentin armatureis high. © Amachine with low SCR is less stable when operating in parallel with other generators. But the armature current under short circuit conditions Voltage Regulation Voltage regulation is defined as, rise In voltage expressed as a fraction of full load rated voltage when fult load is thrown off, while keeping the excitation constant Bd-Mal Wal Regulation Regulation Remember: at et eetceeaenein ee + Order of voltage regulation in alternators 30 10.40%. For minimum voltage regulation Zero voltage reguiation is possible only for leading p.t. !oad. Re For zero regulation: or = [8+ e= 80F) Impedance angle Power factor angle eos(e + 6) where, @ oF Maximum voltage regulation Maximum regulation is possibie only for lagging pf load. For maximum regulation Toad p.f. angie (6) = Impedance angie (6) Remember: senna - * Voltage regulation is always positive for resistive toad or U.PF load or lagging pt. load. * Voltage regulation could be positive (ior high leading pf ), 2610 and negative for leading pt. load, Voltage Regulation Method 1. Synchronous Impedance Method (EMF Method) Here we assume drop due to armature reaction is considered drop due to leakage reactance. It gives regulation more then the actual value and hence itis called as pessimistic method. 2, M.M.F, Method (Amp-turn method) Here, we assume drop due to leakage reactance is considered as drop due to armature reaction, This method gives regulation less than actuat value therefor it is called as optimistic method. 3. Z.P.F. Method Plot of V, versus l, corresponding to different field current. For maintaining fated armature current at zero pt. lag called ZPF characteristic or potier triangle characteristic 4. A.S.A. Method Here effect of saturation is aiso considered. This method is combination of ZRF and M.M.F. method, Note: Voltage regutstion {EMF = ASRS ZPE > MMFTwo Reaction Theory This theory is applicable to salient pole machines only. 4g Snr ipcosw where, ly = Direct axis armature current |, = Quadrature axis armature current Es Vycos 8408, XG rene wasn EI Xe 0M = Ves +1, Ry yoses| hore, + sign for lagging p.f. and sign for !eading pt. internal pt angle by which |, lags E. &= Load angle between & and 0 = Power factor angle between V, and i, @ ITR, neglected as R, << X,. ETV, cosé Yq sind = E=¥4 cod iu ve Xe ana [Is C Per Phase Power EV, vi(1 4 Pp la fs i Hsin +B (x sana Elecwortagnetic | Renictence poner Fa) Remember: Bose + In cylindrical roter, P., is zero since it does not have saliency and Xy = Ka =X * Reluctance power is generated only when machine is connected to or operating on infinite bus bar. Slip Test From slip test, the direct and quadrature axis synchronous reactances ie. X4and X, can be determines. Maximui armature terminal voltage per phase Minimum alinature current per phase. Minimurn armature terminal yoltage per phase : Maximum armature: current per phase: Power Flow in Alternator Eee veo‘Complex power output S = P+iO=V,1, EY, ve = Ses cos(o ~ 8) — Ye P= cos(0 - 8) Fecos0 a= Gesin(o-a)-Zsing It R, = 0 then Z, «x, ande@ = 90° sin’. Ye lEeoss =v] Q Condition for maximum power output i.e. npedance angle (8) = Note: cece Always replace & by @. EA [Pace - Secose Powerrelationship Q Mechanical power input to the generator D.C. power input to a wound rotor Vin Q Total power input Po =To, + Yh @ Power output of a synchronous generator [Pa = 3V, 1, cond 2 Copper loss in armature winding Pou = 3G R, 3E t, cosw Mech. Power Input Electical power Output, 3¥,1, cose F&W Opencieuit Flea ckou Arm siigut Stray load less “sore lose ass 888,310, tose No-load rotational loee Sood vii Seas Q Total power input to synchronous generator [Pa = 3 Vain 6058 + SER, +P, + Pa + VL] Rotational losses of synchronous generator Stray load losces Q Constant losses Since the rolor revolves at a constant speed, the rotational loss constant, The field-winding ioss is constant. Assuming the stray- load loss to be a constant. Pos Pa Pat Vil where, Efficiency Efficiency of the generator Te SV, cose BV gj, 6089 +P, + 3B, a For the maximum effictency SER, oP Condition that must be satisfied for parallel operation * Terminal voltage of incoming alternator should be equal to existing system and that can be done by varying excitation. + Frequency of incoming alternator should be equal to existing system. Frequency is maintained same by adjusting primover speed * Phase sequency of incoming alternator must be same as that of existing systern.Constant powerloci ofarmature current with generated voltage POWSE HOW MAgFOm locus of & SE |, cosy loetical power Mech Power leet, Bly 2080 O Guiput, Te, Arm. cireuit Stray load Field circuit Open circul FAW loss 3IgFy ese tons yy oreloss ss ‘Shori ewoult load lose Noveaa relations! oes 0 Average power input Fi, = 3 Vil, COS 6+ Vi Leading pt~ v curves @ Total copper loss P, Ry 0 Power developed Py = 3V,l, 0089 - 32R, — Vl ~ stray load loss Leading ph Fagaing pt salient-pole synchronous motor Under excited ‘Over exeit ‘ ] Overenoited * Va Eo *aRa tila Xo tila Xa] or Normal excitation Round-Rotor synchronous motors Ea Equivalent circuit Va —TeRta ~ i1aXq~ Ha(Xo - Xq) R, ia Phasor diagrams —T Ne lets f “6 ‘ Ra +t Xe Phasor diagram “A a jing pf — ¥ (Lagging eh ° ‘ ~ i, Pes ieangieg vty *Q Power developed i al yy = BVO SB, 32 nag) Xa Xa x 2 aX Power developed owing to field excitation SVE, Pa = Eis G Power developed due to the saliency of rotor ra =avi(® =H Jena DXa%e Condition for maximum power tang, =X Ry @ Per-phase maximum power developed Pl uE ER, ana = a ESR : E,, Locus tor constant power V curves Epillload Partial ioad Lsgang pt Under excited | Over excited Normat excited 1 (Fiekd-wincing current) starting of Synchronous Motors Asynchronous motor is not self-starting. It can be started by the following womethods + Starting with the help of an external prime mover Starting with the help of damper windings. Hunting or Phase Swinging ‘he phenomenon of oscillation of rotor about its final equilibrium position s called hunting. Since during rotor oscillations, the phase of the phasor E; changes ‘elation to phasor V hunting is known as phase swinging Hunting occurs not only in the synchronous motors but also in synchronous, generators upon the abrupt change in loading synchronous Condenser itis @ synchronous moter running without a mechanical load which can generate on absorb reactive VAr by varying the excitation of is field winding. Remember: cose + Since, asynchronous condenser behaves like variable inductorora variable «capacitor. itis used in power transmission systems toregulate line voltage. + Theyarealso usedin constant speed applications.