DEFINE RTL, TTL, DTL, CMOS, MOS, ECL,

CHARACTERISTICS AND ADVANTAGES AND WORKINGS

ALONG WITH THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

RTL (Resistor-Transistor Logic):

Definition:
Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL) is a historical digital logic family that
employs resistors and transistors to construct logic gates. It
represents an early approach to digital circuit design, predating more
advanced families like TTL and CMOS.

Characteristics:

RTL circuits use resistors for current limiting and transistors for
amplification and switching.
Logical operations are implemented using diode-transistor logic (DTL)
gates.
RTL circuits are characterized by higher power consumption and
slower switching speeds compared to later logic families.

Advantages:
Simplicity in circuit design.
Ease of understanding and implementation with basic electronic
components.
Can be constructed using discrete components.

CIRCUIT OF 2-input RTL NOR gate:

The following figure shows the circuit diagram of 2-input RTL NOR
gate. Q1 and Q2 are the two transistors. A and B are the two inputs,
given to the base of two transistors and Y is the output.
When both the inputs A and B are at 0V or logic 0, it is not enough to
turn on the gates of both the transistor. So the transistors will not
conduct. Due to this, the voltage +VCC will appear at the output Y.
Hence the output is logic 1 or logic HIGH at terminal Y.

When any one of the inputs, either A or B is given HIGH voltage or

logic 1, then the transistor with HIGH gate input will be turned on.
This will make a path for the supply voltage to go to the ground
through the resistor RC and transistor. Thus there will be 0 v at the
output terminal Y.

When both the inputs are HIGH, it will drive both the transistor to
turn on. It will make a path for the supply voltage to flow to the
ground through resistor RC and transistor. Therefore, there will be 0 v
at the output terminal Y.
CIRCUIT AND WORKING OF 3-input RTL
NOR gate:

The above discussed 2-input RTL NOR gate is the basis for all the logic
circuits built with resistors and transistors. The 3-input Resistor-
Transistor Logic NOR gate can also be constructed as shown below.
The operation is similar to the 2-input RTL NOR gate.

TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic):

Definition:
Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) is a widely used digital logic family
that employs bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) to construct logic
gates. TTL was prevalent in the mid-to-late 20th century.

Characteristics:
TTL circuits operate with a supply voltage typically around 5 volts.
Logic gates are constructed using bipolar transistors, diodes, and
resistors.
TTL logic levels are standardized, with low voltage representing logic
0 and high voltage representing logic 1.

Advantages:

Fast switching speeds.

High noise immunity.
Compatibility with a wide range of input/output devices.

CIRCUIT AND WORKING:

It has four transistors Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4. Transistor Q1 has 2-inputs
on the emitter side. Transistor Q3 and Q4 form the output side,
called Totem pole output.
The circuit of a 2-input TTL NAND gate may look complex. We can
simplify its operation by considering the diode equivalent of the 2-
input NPN transistor, as shown in the below figure.

[In the figure, diodes, DA and DB represent the 2-input emitter

junction of transistor Q1. Diode DC represents the collector-base
junction of transistor Q2.]
When both inputs A and B are low, both the diodes are forward
biased. So, the current due to the supply voltage +VCC = 5 V will go to
the ground through R1 and the two diodes DA and DB.

The supply voltage gets dropped in the resistor R1 and it will not be
sufficient to turn ON the transistor Q2. With Q2 open, the transistor
Q4 will also cut off. But the transistor Q3 is pulled high. Since Q3 is an
emitter follower, the output at the terminal will also be HIGH, which
is at logic 1.

When any one input, either A or B is low, the diode with low input
will be forward biased. The same operation will take place as
explained above. In this case, the output will be HIGH.

DTL (Diode-Transistor Logic):

Definition:
Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL) is a digital logic family that combines
diodes and transistors to implement logic gates. It represents an
evolutionary step between RTL and TTL.

Characteristics:
DTL circuits use diodes for input coupling and transistors for logic
gating.
Diodes are employed to steer currents through the circuit, while
transistors amplify and control these currents.

Advantages:

Simple circuit design.

Relatively low cost, utilizing basic diodes and transistors.
Suitable for low-speed applications and early digital systems

CIRCUIT AND WORKING:

When both the inputs A and B are LOW, the diodes DA and DB
become forward biased and so both diodes will conduct in the
forward direction. So, the current due to the supply voltage +VCC = 5
V will go to the ground through R1 and the two diodes DA and DB.
The supply voltage gets dropped in the resistor R1 and it will not be
sufficient to turn ON the transistor. So the transistor will be in cut off
mode.

Therefore, the output at the terminal Y will have HIGH value, that is
Logic 1. The operation of the gate with the current flow path is
shown in the below figure.

Now, if anyone of the input, either A or B is given LOW, which makes

the corresponding diode to be forward biased. In this case, the same
operation will take place.
Since any one of the diodes is forward biased, the current will go the
ground through the forward-biased diode and so the transistor will
be in cut off mode. The output at the terminal Y will also be at logic
1.

When both the inputs A and B are HIGH, which will reverse bias both
the diode. So, both diodes will not conduct. In this case, the voltage
from the supply +VCC, will be enough to drive the transistor into
conduction mode.

Thus, the transistor will conduct through collector and emitter. The
entire voltage gets dropped in the resistor R2 and the output at the
terminal Y will have LOW output, which is considered as logic 0. This
operation is shown in the below figure.
CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor):

Definition:
Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) is a modern
and widely used digital logic family that employs both p-channel and
n-channel MOSFETs (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect
Transistors) to implement logic functions.

Characteristics:

CMOS circuits operate with low power consumption and are suitable
for battery-operated devices.
Logic gates are constructed using complementary pairs of p-channel
and n-channel MOSFETs.
CMOS circuits operate over a wide voltage range and have high noise
immunity.

Advantages:

Low power consumption in steady state.

High noise immunity.
High integration density, enabling complex circuits on a single chip.

Working AND CIRCUIT OF CMOS inverter

In CMOS inverter, both the n-channel and p-channel devices are
connected in series. The source terminal of the P-channel device is
connected to source voltage +VDD.

The source terminal of the N-channel device is connected to the

ground. The gate of both the devices are connected together and a
common input is given to both the MOSFET device. The drain
terminals are connected together as a common output.

For a HIGH input at VIN, the P-channel MOSFET(Q1) gets turned OFF,
but the N-channel device(Q2) will be turned ON. This will drive the
output Vo to be at Logic LOW.
If LOW input is given at the input terminal VIN, it will turn ON on Q1
and turn OFF Q2, making the output to be HIGH.

WORKING AND CIRCUIT OF CMOS NAND gate:

The circuit shown below shows the circuit of the 2-input CMOS NAND
gate. It has two p-channel MOSFETs (Q1, Q2) and two n-channel
MOSFETs (Q3 and Q4).
A and B are two inputs. The input A is given to the gate terminal of
Q1 and Q3. The input B is given to the gate terminal of Q2 and Q4. The
output is obtained from the terminal VO.

When both the inputs are given LOW input, it will turn ON Q1, Q2
and turn OFF the MOSFETs Q3 and Q4. The output terminal is
connected to the supply voltage VDD and the output will be HIGH. It
is shown in the below diagram(a).
When either one of the input is high, for eg., Let us consider A is
given HIGH input and B is given LOW input. In this case, MOSFETs Q1
and Q4 get turned ON, whereas Q2 and Q3 are turned OFF as shown
in the diagram(b) below. This will make a path for the supply voltage
to be connected to the load, making the output to be HIGH.

If both the inputs A and B are HIGH inputs, which make the MOSFETs
Q3, Q4 to be turned ON and Q1, Q2 to be turned OFF. Thus the
output is connected to the ground alone as shown below(c). Thereby,
the output will be at LOW value.

WORKING AND CIRCUIT OF CMOS NOR

gate:
Similar to other logic family, CMOS NOR gate circuit also has two
NMOS and two PMOS devices and the input and output are connected
as shown in the below figure.
For the LOW inputs at A and B, PMOS devices Q1 and Q2 will
conduct, making the output to be at logic HIGH. When any one of the
input is LOW, it will produce a LOW output as shown in the below
figure(b).

If both A and B are given HIGH input, it will turn ON the PMOS
devices Q3 and Q4, making the output voltage to be logic LOW. It is
shown in figure(c).
MOS (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor):

Definition:
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) is a broad term referring to a
family of digital logic circuits that use metal-oxide-semiconductor
technology. CMOS is a specific subtype of MOS logic.

Characteristics:

MOS circuits can encompass various implementations, including

NMOS (N-type MOS), PMOS (P-type MOS), and CMOS.
MOS circuits are based on MOSFETs, which can be either n-channel
or p-channel.

Advantages:
Versatility in implementation, leading to various MOS subtypes.
MOSFETs are the basic building blocks of CMOS, providing high
integration density.

Working:
MOS circuits leverage MOSFETs for logical operations. For example,
NMOS logic uses n-channel MOSFETs for low-to-high voltage
transitions, while PMOS logic uses p-channel MOSFETs for high-to-
low voltage transitions. CMOS, a subtype of MOS, combines both
NMOS and PMOS to achieve low power consumption and high noise
immunity.

ECL (Emitter-Coupled Logic):

Definition:
Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) is a high-speed digital logic family known
for its fast operation and superior performance at high frequencies.
Unlike other logic families like TTL, CMOS, and RTL, ECL utilizes
bipolar transistors and operates in a unique manner that allows for
extremely fast switching speeds. you will learn about the operation of
basic emitter-coupled logic implemented for inverter circuits and
OR/NOR gate.

Characteristics:
Bipolar Transistors: ECL circuits primarily use bipolar junction
transistors (BJTs) rather than MOSFETs, which are common in other
logic families like CMOS. These transistors are capable of switching
very quickly, enabling high-speed operation.

Differential Signaling: ECL uses differential signaling, where signals

are represented by voltage differences between two complementary
signals rather than absolute voltage levels. This differential approach
enhances noise immunity and allows for faster data transmission
rates.

Current Steering: In ECL, logical operations are performed by steering

currents rather than voltages, which is different from the voltage-
based operation in many other logic families. This current-steering
technique contributes to the fast operation of ECL circuits.

Low Output Voltage: ECL logic gates typically have a lower output
voltage swing compared to other logic families. This low output
voltage minimizes signal propagation delays and enhances the overall
speed of the circuit.

Advantages:

High Speed: ECL is renowned for its exceptionally fast switching

speeds, making it ideal for applications requiring high-performance,
high-frequency operation.
Low Skew: ECL circuits exhibit low skew, meaning that signal
transitions across multiple devices occur nearly simultaneously. This
characteristic is critical in synchronous systems where timing
accuracy is paramount.

High Fanout: ECL gates can drive multiple outputs without significant
degradation in performance, allowing for the construction of
complex logic networks with many interconnected components.

Temperature Stability: ECL circuits offer excellent temperature

stability, making them suitable for use in environments with varying
temperature conditions without compromising performance.

Noise Immunity: The differential signaling scheme employed by ECL

provides inherent noise immunity, ensuring reliable operation even in
noisy electrical environments.

WORKING OF Inverter circuit of emitter-coupled

logic AND CIRCUIT:
The circuit shown below represents the emitter-coupled logic circuit
of an inverter. It has two NPN transistors connected in differential
single-ended input mode.

Both the emitters are connected together with common resistance RE.
It is a current limiting resistance, used to prevent the transistor from
entering into saturation.
It has two outputs: inverting output(VOUT1) and non-inverting
output(VOUT12). VIN is the input terminal, where LOW or HIGH input
is given.

When the input is HIGH, it will turn ON the transistor Q1 but not
saturated and the transistor Q2 is turned OFF. This will pull the
output VOUT2 to HIGH but due to the drop in resistant R1, the
output at terminal VOUT1 will be at LOW value.

On the other side, when the input VIN is given LOW value, it will turn
OFF the transistor Q1 and the transistor is turned ON. The transistor
Q2 will not enter into saturation.
It will make the output at terminal VOUT1 to be pulled HIGH value.
Due to the drop in resistance R2, the output at terminal VOUT2 will
have LOW value.

WORKING OF Two input ECL OR/NOR gate

AND CIRCUIT:
The following circuit is the Emitter-coupled logic circuit of the 2-input
OR/NOR gate. It is the slight modification of the inverter circuit given
above. In this, an additional transistor is used at the input side.

The operation is simple as explained above. If the input at both the

transistors Q1 and Q2 are LOW, it will make VOUT1 to HIGH value. It
corresponds to the NOR gate output. At the same time, transistor Q3 is
turned ON, which will make the VOUT2 to be LOW. It corresponds to
the OR gate output.

Similarly, if both the input of transistors Q1 and Q2 are HIGH, it will

turn on both the transistors. It will drive the output at terminal
VOUT1 to be LOW. The transistor Q3 is turned OFF during this operation.
It will drive the output at terminal VOUT2 to be HIGH.