Radius of nucleus
Bohr Model
It is a quantum mechanical model.
Some. Important Formulae
1. Columbic force = kq1q2 / r2
2. Centrifugal force = mv2 / r
3. Angular momentum = mvr
Bohr Model
n2
R= 0.529 × 10–8 × Z cm
n2
= 0.529 × 10–10 m
Z
The formula is applicable for hydrogen and hydrogen like species
i.e. species containing single electron.
Bohr Model
Velocity of an electron
Bohr Model
Energy of an electron :
21.69 10 –19 Z2
– J / atom
n2
Z2
E = –13.6 2 ev / atom
n
on increasing r, total E increases.
P.E. = – 2kE
KE = – E
P.E. = 2E
Bohr Model
Energy difference between two energy levels
1 1
E n 2 – E n1 = –13.6 Z2 2 – 2
n 2 n1
For H:
E2 – E1 = – 3.4 + 13.6 = 10.2 eV
E3 – E2 = – 1.51 + 3.4 = 1.89 eV
E4 – E3 = – 0.85 + 1.51 = 0.66 eV
E5 – E4 = – 0.54 + 0.85 = 0.16 eV
i.e. (E2 – E1) > (E3 – E2) > (E4 – E3) > (E5 – E4)…..
Spectrum
Wavenumber
The Swedish spectroscopist, Johannes Rydberg, noted that all series of lines in
the hydrogen spectrum could be described by the following expression :
1 1
v = 109,677 2 – 2 cm –1
n1 n 2
where n1 = 1, 2………
n2 = n1 + 1, n1 + 2 …………
The value 109677 cm–1 is called the Rydberg Constant for hydrogen.
Frequency
The frequency (v) associated with the absorption and emission of the photon
can be evaluated by using equations.
1 1
v = 3.29 1015 2 – 2 Hz
ni nf
Energy
The radiation (energy) is emitted if the electron moves from higher
orbit to lower [Link] energy gap between the two orbits is given by
equation,
1 1
= –18 J 2 – 2
ni nf
Energy EM waves
Total amount of energy transmited from one body to another will be some
integral multiple of energy of a quantum.
E= nhv where n is an integer and n = number of quantum
Photoelectric effect
Photoelectric Effect
● According to him ejection of e–s occurs on fall of light it the freq. of light is above
a certain min value called as photoelectric work function.
● Above this minimum value the
● (a) no of e–s produced intensity of light.
● (b) K.E. is linearly related to its frequency.
● Formulas of Photoelectric Effect
●
de-Broglie’s hypothesis
Heisenberg uncertainity principle
It is impossible to measure simultaneously both the position and velocity
of a microscopic particle with absolute accuracy or certainty.
h h
x m or x v
or 4 4 m
Where, x = uncertainty in position
p = uncertainty in momentum
h = Planck’s constant
m = mass of the particles
v = uncertainty in velocity
Quantum numbers
THE PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER (n)
THE ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM QUANTUM NUMBER OR
AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER (I )
Azimuthal Quantum numbers
Value of l -------> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Designation of s p d f g h i
sub-shell -------->
THE MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER (mI)
Sub-shell s p d f g
Value of l 0 1 2 3 4
No. of orbitals (2I + 1) 1 3 5 7 9
THE MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER (mI)
THE SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER (ms)
This quantum number determines the orientation of spin.
The spin quantum number can have only two values which are + ½ and – ½.
n+l rule
Principle of (n + l) rule:
The subshell with lowest (n + l) value is filled up first.
When two or more subshell have same (n + l) value then the subshell
with lowest value of n is filled up first.
n l (n+l)
1s
2s
2p
Radial nodes
Angular nodes
Angular nodes 2p
Angular nodes 3d
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