UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

S E T K 3 4 1 3 : Po l l u t i o n C o n t r o l E n g i n e e r i n g

AIR POLLUTION
The second part covers the source and effect of air pollution,
regulations requirement for air pollution control and
technologies to control air pollution emission from industries.

L e c t u r e r : T s . D r. N u r u l H u d a B i n t i B a h a r u d d i n
 Content
•Origin and fate of air pollutants
•Micro and macro air pollution
•Effects of air pollutants
•Air pollution standards
•Physical & chemical fundamentals
•Air pollution meteorology
•Atmospheric dispersion
•Design of air pollution control devices
MICRO, MESO AND MACRO AIR
POLLUTION
• MICRO
Indoor air pollution

• MESO
air pollution surround us outdoor

• MACRO
Transport of ambient air pollutant over large distance
Ø Example:
Haze
Acid rain
Ozone depletion Photochemical smog
Global warming
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Cause of Air Pollution
Air pollution is waste remaining from
human activities. Activities that contribute
to air pollution are
•Production of goods
•Heat generation
•Transportation (vehicles)

•The major cause of all air pollution is

combustion.
Cause of Air Pollution cont.
• Perfect combustion -Hydrogen and carbon in the fuel combine with
oxygen from air to produce heat, light, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.

• Impurities in the fuel, poor fuel-to-air ratio, or too high or too low
combustion temperatures cause the formation of such side products
such as

•Carbon monoxide
•Sulphur oxides
•Nitrogen oxides

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•Fly ash
•Unburned hydrocarbons-all air pollutants
Effects of Air Pollutants
•Air pollution has a direct effect on human health.

•Exposure to air pollution can cause both acute and chronic health
effects.

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 Effects on health
•The primary effect of air pollution is on the respiratory system

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Effects on health cont.

• Both gaseous and particulate air pollutants can have negative effects on
the lungs.

• Solid particles can settle on the walls of the trachea, bronchi, and
bronchioles.

• Most of these particles are removed from lungs through the cleansing
action of “cilia”.

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• Cilia is small hair like outgrowths of cells, located on the walls of the lung.
Effects on health cont.

• Continuous breathing of polluted air can

Øslow the normal cleansing action of the lungs
Øresult in more particles reaching the lower portions of the lung.

• Damage to the lungs from air pollution can

Øinhibit the function of lungs
Øcontribute to the occurrence of respiratory diseases such as bronchitis,

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emphysema, and cancer.
OZONE DEPLETION PROCESS
1.The ozone depletion process begins when CFCs and
other ozone-depleting substances (ODS) leak from
equipment.

2. Winds efficiently mix the troposphere and evenly

distribute the gases. CFCs are extremely stable, and
they do not dissolve in rain. After a period of several
years, ODS molecules reach the stratosphere, about 10
kilometers above the Earth's surface.

3.Strong UV light breaks apart the ODS molecule. CFCs

release chlorine atoms, and halons release bromine
atoms.

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4. It is these atoms that actually destroy ozone, not the
intact ODS molecule. It is estimated that one chlorine
atom can destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules before
finally being removed from the stratosphere.
 OZONE DEPLETION PROCESS
CONT.
5. Destruction mechanism of ozone by Clradical from CFC compound is
given below :
• Initiation : CFC will spilt up by UV radiation
qCCl3F CCl2F + Cl•
• Propagation
qCl• + O3 O2 + Cl•
qClO• + O • O2 + Cl•
6. Since ozone filters out harmful UVB radiation, less ozone means higher
UVB levels at the surface. The more depletion, the larger the increase in
incoming UVB.

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7. UVB has been linked to skin cancer, cataracts, damage to materials like
plastics, and harm to certain crops and marine organisms.
ACID RAIN

1.The term "acid rain" is used to mean any

precipitation made acidic by the dissolution
of atmospheric acids with water, and can
include fog, dew, sleet, and snow.

2.The term "acid deposition" is used to mean

the striking of Earth by any acidic solution,
acidic gas, or acidic salt.

3.Acid rain is generally a combination of the

products of sulfur and nitrogen oxides,
converted to sulfuric and nitric acids.

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 ACID RAIN CONT.
4.Typical reaction mechanisms of acid rain are as follows:
qSO2+ 1/2O2+ H2O2H++ SO42-(aq)
q2NO2+ 1/2O2+ H2O2H++ NO3-(aq)

5.Wet deposition
• Acidic rain, fog, and snow.
• As this acidic water flows over and through the ground, it affects a variety of plants and
animals.

6.Dry deposition
• Acidic gases and particles.
• The wind blows these acidic particles and gases onto buildings, cars, homes, and trees.

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• Dry deposited gases and particles can also be washed from trees and other surfaces by
rainstorms.
• When this happens, the runoff water adds those acids to the acid rain, making the
combination more acidic than the falling rain alone.
 ACID RAIN CONT.

Effects of acid rain

• Buildings and outdoor monuments made of marble and limestone are now
being gradually eroded away by acid rain.
• Many lakes have become so acidic that fish cannot live in them anymore.
• Degradation of many soil minerals produces metal ions that are then
washed away in the runoff, causing several effects:
ØThe release of toxic ions, such as Al3+, into the water supply.
ØThe loss of important minerals, such as Ca2+,from the soil, killing trees
and damaging crops.

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GLOBAL WARMING
1.Air pollution contributes to global
warming or the “greenhouse effect”.

2.The existence of greenhouse gasses

such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide and hydrofluorocarbons forms a
“blanket” over the earths surface and traps
heat reflected from the ground.

3.The effect is similar to that experienced

in a closed automobile or a greenhouse.

4.Global warming could result in

temperatures 3-9 degrees higher than

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current averages over the next 50 years.

5.This would dramatically affect the climate

of the entire world.
PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG

1.Develops when primary pollutants

(oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic
compounds created from fossil fuel
combustion) interact under the
influence of sunlight to produce a
mixture of hundreds of different and
hazardous chemicals known as
secondary pollutants.

2.Major toxic constituents of

photochemical smog are NOx, VOCs,

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O3, and peroxyacetyl nitrates (PAN).
 PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG
3. The formation of two most dominant toxic components.
Ø Ozone (O3) and peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN).
• Note the symbol R represents a hydrocarbon)
• No acts to remove ozone from the atmosphere
q O3 + NO → NO2+ O2
q NO + RO2 → NO2+ other products

• Sunlight can break down NO2back into NO.

q NO2+ sunlight → NO + O
• O formed in the above reaction then reacts with one of the abundant oxygen molecules producing ozone.
q O + O2 → O3

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• NO2 can also react with radicals produced from VOCs to form toxic products such as PAN.
q NO2+ R → products such as PAN (general)
q NO2+ CH3C(O)OO → CH3C-OONO2

O
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 Effects of photochemical smog
1. Short Term Exposure (1-2 hours) may lead to:
• Lung inflammation
• Decreased ability to breathe, resulting in short shallow breaths, reduced
athletic performance, pain upon breathing deeply, coughing, chest
tightness and discomfort
• Increased susceptibility to respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and
bronchitis
• Increased sensitivity to allergens
• Exacerbation of respiratory diseases such as asthma and emphysema

2. Long Term Exposure may lead to:

• High risk of lung disease
• Fibrosis: leads to less elastic lung and loss of functional tissue

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• Premature lung aging
• Risk of permanent decrease in lung capacity
 Physical & chemical fundamentals

RELATIVITY
Figure 9-2: Characteristics
of particles and particles
dispersoids

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 Ideal gas law
• For an ideal gas (ambient air approximates an ideal gas), volume percent
is the same as mole percent. Ideal gas is one that satisfies the ideal gas
law
PV= nRT (1)
Where:
P=absolute pressure (atm)
V=volume (liter)
n=number of moles (gmol)
R=ideal gas law constant (0.08206atm/gmolK)

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T=absolute temperature (K)
 Ideal gas law cont.

• The ideal gas law can also be written as

PV = MRT (2)

M.W
where
M = mass of the sample
M.W = molecular weight of the gas

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 Gas Density

• Equation (2) can be rearranged to give the mass density of an ideal gas as
Equation (3):

•  M  PMW (3)
V RT

• ρ has units of g/liter.

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Standard Conditions
• Standard Condition
• Temperature = 0oC
• Pressure = 1 atm

• Normal Condition
• Temperature = 25oC
• Pressure = 1 atm

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Unit of Measurements
• The two basic units of measure used in reporting air
pollution data are:
• micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3)
• parts per million (ppm)

• Micrograms per cubic meter and ppm are measures of

concentrations.

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 Unit of Measurements Cont.
• Both μg/m3 and ppm are used to indicate the
concentration of gaseous pollutant.

• The concentration of particulate matter may be

reported only as μg/m3.

• There is an advantage to the unit ppm that makes it

the frequent unit of choice.

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Unit of Measurements Cont.
• ppm is a volume-to-volume ratio.

• Changes in T and P do not change the ratio of

the volume of pollutant gas to volume of air that
contains it.

• Thus, it is possible to compare ppm readings from

different places without further conversion.

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Conversion of μg/m3 to μg/Sm3
• To convert μg/m3 to μg/Sm3, equation below can
be applied:
T  101.325ka
g / Sm  g / m 
3 3 2

273 P2
where
T2 = Temperature at actual condition
P2 = Pressure at actual condition

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Conversion of μg/Sm3 to ppm
• The conversion between mg/Sm 3 to ppm is
based on the fact that at standard conditions
(0oC and 101.325 kPa), one mole of an ideal
gas occupies 22.414 L.
Y
 22.414 Lmol 1
ppm 
Vp ppm  GMW
Va V a1000L / m 3
where,

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GMW = gram molecular weight of pollutant
Y = concentration of pollutant in μg at STP
Example
A one-cubic-meter sample of air was found to contain 80 μg/m3 of SO2. The
temperature and pressure were 25 ºC and 103.193 kPa when the air sample was taken.
What was the SO2 concentration in ppm?

Step 1: determine MW of SO2: 32.07 + 2(16) = 64.07 g/mol Step 2:

Determine concentration in standard condition

T  101.325ka
g / Sm  g / m 
3 2 3
273 P2
g/Sm3 = 80 μg/m3 x (293/273) x (101.326/103.193)
= 84.307 μg/Sm3

Y
 22.414 Lmol 1
ppm  GMW

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V a1000L / m 3
ppm = (84.307*22.414/(64.07))/(1x1000) = 0.003 ppm
Tutorial
Convert 1950 μg/m3 of SO2 to ppm at 25 °C and 101.325 kPa pressure.

MWso2 = 64.07 g/mol

Ans: 0.745 ppm

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 Emission Standards

Environmental Quality
(Clean Air) Regulations 2014
Click here:
https://www.doe.gov.my/en/environmental-quality-clean-air-regulations-2014/
AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY
• Atmospheric Pressure
• Turbulence
- Mechanical Turbulence
- Thermal Turbulence
• Stability
- Neutral Stability
- Unstable Atmosphere
- Stable Atmosphere

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Atmospheric pressure
•Pressure is an important variable in
meteorological phenomena. Because air has weight,
the whole atmosphere presses down upon the
earth beneath it.

• On the average, the atmosphere at latitude 45o and at a

temperature of 0 o C (32 o F) is equivalent to a column of
mercury 760 mm (29.9 in) high. By international
agreement, it is called one standard atmosphere, or one
bar.

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 Turbulence
• Turbulence is addition of random fluctuations of wind velocity
(speed and direction) to the overall average wind velocity.

• Turbulence consists of circular whirls or eddies of all possible

orientations, horizontal eddies, vertical eddies and all
orientations in between.

• These turbulent eddies serve to disperse pollutants by mixing

with air having lower pollutant concentrations.

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• The causes of these eddies or whirls are primarily due to
mechanical or thermal generation of turbulence.
Mechanical Turbulence
• Wind moving past vegetation or structures creates
mechanical turbulence.

• The stronger the wind and the larger the roughness

elements on the surface, the greater the degree of
turbulence generated.

• Mechanical turbulence can also be created by wind shear, a

slower moving air stream next to a faster moving current.

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Mechanical Turbulence Cont.
• This occurs in the vertical as the wind is slowed near
the earth’s surface by the friction of the surface.

• At higher heights above the ground the wind speeds

are higher.

• The shearing action between the variation of these two

air streams produces mechanical turbulence.

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Thermal turbulence
• Thermal turbulence is rising thermals of air generated by
surface heating
• During day light, earth’s surface is heated strongly
and heats the air above it resulting in thermal
turbulence
• Thermal turbulence is maximum during mid afternoon
• At night, ground radiates its heat away to the cold
night sky. The cold ground cools the air above it

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 Stability
• Stability is the tendency of atmosphere to resist or
enhance vertical motion.

• It is related to both wind speed and the change of air

temperature with height (lapse rate).

• There are 3 stability categories and they are

• Neutral
• Unstable
• Stable

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Neutral Stability
• A neutral atmosphere is one in which the thermal
structure neither enhances nor resists mechanical
turbulence.

• The lapse rate for neutral atmosphere is defined by

the rate of temperature increase (or decrease)
experienced by a parcel of air that expands (or
contracts) adiabatically as it is raised through the
atmosphere.

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Neutral Stability

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Unstable Atmosphere
• When the atmosphere is classified as unstable,
mechanical turbulence is enhanced by the thermal
structure.

• If the T of the atmosphere falls at a rate greater than

(for example, -1.01oC/100m), the lapse rate is said to
be superadiabatic and atmosphere is unstable.

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Unstable Atmosphere

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 Stable Atmosphere
• When the thermal structure inhibits mechanical
turbulence, the atmosphere is said to be stable.

• If the temperature of the atmosphere falls at a rate less

than Γ, it is called subadiabatic, and the atmosphere is
stable.

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Stable atmosphere

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Terrain Effects
• There are two main terrain effects that affects air
pollutant dispersion and they are:
• Land-sea breeze
• Mountain-valley breeze

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Land-Sea Breeze
• Land-Sea Breeze
• At night, land area cools more rapidly than sea.
• The cooler air will flow towards the sea and it is called land breeze.
• At daytime, land heats faster than sea.
• The air over the land becomes warm and begins to rise.
• The rising air will be replaced by air from over the sea and it is called sea
breeze.

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Land-Sea Breeze

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Land-Sea Breeze cont.
• As air moves from the sea over warm ground, it is
heated from below.

• Thus, for stack plumes originating near shoreline, the

stable lapse rate causes a fanning plume close to the
stack.

• The lapse condition grows to the height of the stack as

the air moves inland and at some point inland, a
fumigation plume results.

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Effect of lake breeze on plume dispersion

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Mountain-Valley Breeze
• Mountain-valley breeze
• During daytime, the air adjacent to the mountain slope
heats rapidly and rises.
• This air then settles over the cooler valley, producing an
up-slope wind during the day.
• At night, the cooler air on the mountain slope flows
down into the valley.

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Mountain-Valley Breeze (Daytime)

Mountain

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Valley
Mountain-Valley Breeze (Night)

Mountain

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Valley
• Valleys are prone to problems arising from emissions
fairly close to the ground.

• The incidents of low level or ground based temperature

inversions can be greater,

• This can be either because solar heating of the ground

is somewhat delayed in the morning or because during
the night cold air drains down the valley sides thus
creating a “pool” of cold air on the valley floor.

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• Any low level emissions will therefore disperse very
slowly and may even accumulate to some extent.

• The undiluted emissions can also drift along and across

the valley thus affecting areas other than the immediate
surroundings of the source.

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• Emissions from high chimneys located on the valley
floor may not be detected at all on the valley floor
while the ground based inversion persists.

• However, horizontal spreading of the plume aloft can

occur and during the morning fumigation period large
parts of the valley may experience relatively high
concentrations at much the same time.

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Atmospheric Dispersion
• A continuous stream of pollutants released into a
steady wind in the open atmosphere first will rise, then
bend over and travel with the mean wind, which will
dilute the pollutants and carry them away from source.

• This plume of pollutants will also spread out or

disperse both in the horizontal and vertical directions

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 Factors Affecting Dispersion of Air
Pollutants
• The factors that affect dispersion of pollutants can be
categorized in terms of:
• Emission point characteristics
• Nature of the pollutant material
• Meteorological condition
• Effects of terrain
• Anthropogenic structures

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Meteorological Conditions
• Wind speed and direction are two meteorological
condition that affect dispersion.
• Wind direction determines the direction in which the
contaminated gas stream will move across local terrain.
• Wind speed affects the plume rise and the rate of
mixing or dilution of pollutant.

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• It also affects the distance downwind of the source at
which the maximum ground level will occur.

• An increase in wind speed will:

• decrease plume rise and this will increase the
pollutant’s
ground level concentration, and
• increase the rate of dilution of the effluent plume,
tending to lower the downwind concentrations.

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Modeling of Air Pollution Dispersion
• The Gaussian Model
• Atmospheric Stability Classes
• Estimating the Maximum Downwind Ground-level
Concentration
• Stack Height

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The Gaussian Model
• The Gaussian or normal distribution is used to describe
the crosswind and vertical distributions that result from
turbulent mixing that causes dispersion.

• The double Gaussian equation models the dispersion of a

nonreactive gaseous pollutant from an elevated source.

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Assumptions of Gaussian Dispersion Model:

1)Atmospheric stability is uniform throughout the

layer into which the contaminated gas stream is
discharged

2)Turbulent diffusion is a random activity. Dilution of

the contaminated gas stream in both the horizontal
and vertical direction can be described by the
Gaussian or normal equation.

3)Contaminated gas stream is released into the

atmosphere at a distance above ground level that is
equal to the physical stack height plus the plume

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rise
Assumptions of Gaussian Dispersion Model Cont. :
4) Degree of dilution of the effluent plume is
inversely proportional to the wind speed
(u)

5) Pollutant material that reaches ground level is

totally reflected back into the atmosphere like a
beam of light striking a mirror at an angle

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Plume dispersion coordinate system
(Turner, 1967)

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• The model equation based on the form presented by
D.B. Turner (1967) is as follow:

Effective stack height

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h = stack height
H = plume rise
Holland Formula
vs d   Ts  Ta  
H  2
1.5  (2.68 x 10 (P)   d(7)
u   Ts  
where
vs = stack velocity, m/s
d = stack diameter, m
u = wind speed, m/s
P = pressure, kPa

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Ts = stack temperature, K
Ta = air temperature, K
Horizontal
dispersion
coefficient

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Vertical
dispersion
coefficient

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 A = Very unstable
B = Moderately unstable
C = Slightly unstable
D = Neutral
E = Slightly stable
F = Stable

• Regardless of wind speed, Class D should be

assumed for overcast conditions, day or night.

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Atmospheric Stability Classes
• Air is termed unstable when there is good vertical
mixing.

• This happens when there are:

• strong solar insolation
• heating of the earth’s surface
• consequent heating of the layers of air near the ground

• Stable air results when the surface of the earth is cooler

than the air above it.

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• sy and sz are functions of atmospheric stability and
downwind distance.

• Atmospheric stability has been broken into 6

categories, arbitrarily labeled A through F, with A being
the most unstable.

• Stability is estimated based on angle of the sun, the

extent of cloud cover and the surface wind speed.

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• After determining stability class, plume standard
deviations can be calculated using the equations given
below:
 sz  cxd  f
sy a x 0.894
where a, c, d, and f are constants as defined in Table 9-14
 Yield s y and s z in meters for downwind distance x in
kilometers

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 Estimation of wind speed at different
height
• Wind speed varies with height
• Use power law expression to estimate wind speed:

p
 z2 
u2  u1 
 z1 
• u2 is the windspeed at elevation z2, u1 is the windspeed at
elevation z1
• Exponent p is a function of the terrain roughness and the

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stability (Refer Table 9-15)
Example 9-5
It has been estimated that the emission of SO2 from a coal-
fired power plant is 1656.2 g/s. At 3 km downwind on an
overcast summer afternoon, what is the centerline
concentration of SO 2 if the wind speed is 4.50 m/s?
(Note: 'centerline implies y=0')

Given stack parameters:

Height= 120m
Diameter= 1.2m
Exit velocity= 10m/s
Temperature= 315℃

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Atmospheric Conditions:
Pressure=95 kPa
Temperature= 25℃
Solution:
• We begin by determining the effective stack height (H):
△H = (10)(1.2) [ 1.5+ (2.68x 10-12 (95) 588-298 (120)]
4.5 588
△H = 8 m
H = 120 + 8 = 128m

Next, we must determine the atmospheric stability class.The footnote to Table 7-8 indicates that the D
class should be used for overcast conditions.

From equations 7-22 and 7-23 we can determine that, at 3km downwind with a D stability, the plume
standard deviations are as follow:

Sy= 68 (3)0.894 = 181.6 m

Sz= 44.5 (3)0.516 + (-13) = 65.4 m

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Thus, X = [ 1656.2 ] { exp [ -1 ( 0 )2]} { exp -1 (128 )2 ]}
∏(181.6)(65.4)(4.5) 2 181.5 2 65.4
= 1.45 x 10-3 g/m3, or 1.5 x 10-3 g/m3 of SO2
Exercise 1
It has been estimated that the emission of Carbon monoxide
(CO) from a coal- fired power plant is 1325.4 g/s. At 4 km
downwind on an overcast summer afternoon, what is the
centerline concentration of CO if the wind speed is 3.80 m/s?
(note: “centerline implies y=0)

Given stack parameters:

Height = 120m
Diameter=1.2m
Exit velocity= 10 m/s
Temperature= 315℃

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Atmospheric conditions:
Pressure = 95 kPa
Temperature = 25℃
Exercise 2
It has been estimated that the emission of NOx from an
incineration plant is 83 g/s. The wind speed is 5 m/s.
Assume the effective stack height is 5 m. What is the center
line concentration of NOx at 5 km away downwind if stability
class D is used.

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Estimating the Maximum Downwind
Ground-level Concentration

E  H2    y2 
X (x, y,0)  exp  exp   (1)
sy sz 2s
 z 
2
 2s 2 
 y 

By setting y = 0 and double differentiate the above

equation with respect to x, the following expression is
obtained:
H
sz   0.707H
2
1/ 2 (2)

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Substitution of H 2= 2s 2 into
z equation (1) and y = 0,
the maximum concentration downwind on the center
line and at ground level is approximately given by

 0.1171E 
Xmax    (3)
 s s 
 y z 

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Stack Height

Combination of the relation H = (2)1/2 sz with equation (3)

results in the following expression:

0.117E  2s z2   2(0.117)E  1  sz 

X max   
sy s z  H   H  s y 
2
 2

Thus, the maximum concentration downwind is

roughly inversely proportional to the square of
the effective stack height

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Air Pollution Control of Stationary
Sources

• Gas & Vapour Pollutants

• Particulate Pollutants

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Control of Gas & Vapour Pollutants

• Absorption - transfer to liquid

• Adsorption - transfer to solid
• Combustion- destruction by high T

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 Absorption
• Diffusion process for molecular transfer from gas to
liquid due to concentration gradient
• Removal of pollutant gas involves 3 steps
1. Diffusion of the pollutant gas to the surface of the
liquid
2. Transfer across the gas/liquid interface (dissolution)
3. Diffusion of the dissolved gas away from the interface
into the liquid

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 Adsorption
• The capture and retention of components from gas
phase by total surface of adsorbing solids
• Saturated adsorbent regenerated by contact with low
pressure steam, decanting or distillation
• Used to concentrate (30 – 50 fold) or store contaminants
until they are recovered or destroyed in most economical
manner

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Combustion
• High temperature gas phase oxidation
• Ultimate goal to oxidise organic compounds to water
and carbon dioxide
• Used to control odours, reduce opacity (visibility) of plume
and reduce emissions of reactive hydrocarbons
• Main advantage  very high  if held for sufficient
length of time and high T

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Control of Particulate Pollutants
• Cyclones
• Filters
• Liquid scrubber
• Electrostatic Precipitation (ESP)

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Cyclone
• Suitable if particles size greater than 10 μm
• Gas stream enters tangentially, causing it to flow in a
spiral pattern
• Due to higher momentum, larger particles tend to
move outward and collide with wall
• Particles then slide down the wall and fall to the
bottom
• Cleaned gas flows out from the top

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Bag Filters
• Suitable if particles smaller than 5 μm
• Same basic principle as vacuum cleaner
• Particle-laden air stream passed through cloth bag
• Particles accumulate on cloth, resulting in cleaned gas
stream
• Filtering performed primarily by dust layer
accumulated on fabric

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Liquid Scrubbing

• Principle : impaction and interception of dust particles

by water droplets
• Two types : spray chamber scrubber and venturi
scrubber
• Efficiency dependent on relative velocity between
liquid droplet and suspended particles

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Electrostatic Precipitation
• Can remove certain particles in the form of dry dusts or
liquid droplets
• Apply electrical force to separate particles from gas
stream
• Passing particles acquire a charge, then attracted to
and collected on oppositely charged plate
• Cleaned gas flows through the ESP

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 Cooling System
1) The exhaust gases to be treated are sometimes too hot for the control
equipment, and must first be cooled.

2) Cooling may also drop the temperature below the condensation point of
some pollutants, so that they may be collected as liquids.

3) Dilution, quenching and heat exchange, shown in Fig. 20-2, are all
acceptable cooling methods.

4) Quenching has the added advantage of scrubbing out some gases and
particulate matter, but may yield a dirty, hot liquid that itself requires disposal.

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5) Cooling coils are probably the most widely used cooling method and are
especially appropriate where heat can be conserved
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Reference: Environmental Enginnering (4th Edition) Ruth F. Weiner and Robin Matthews : Updated edition of Environmental
Engineering, previousIy co – authored by J. Jeffrey Peirce and P. Aarne Vesilind.
 Link for gas cooling system:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nPcwI3uyv-c

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 Additional information - cooling system:

The cooling system for gas processing industries is a critical component to

ensure the efficient and safe operation of gas processing facilities. Some
common problems that can occur in gas processing industries and their
corresponding cooling solutions:

Cooling Problems:

Heat exchanger fouling: Corrosion, scaling, and fouling of heat exchangers can
reduce their efficiency and increase the risk of overheating.
Gas processing unit (GPU) overheating: GPUs process high-pressure gases,
which can lead to overheating if not properly cooled.
Cooling water scarcity: Limited water availability can make it challenging to
maintain adequate cooling systems.
Corrosion: Corrosion can occur in cooling systems due to the presence of acidic or

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corrosive gases.
Ice formation: Low temperatures in gas processing facilities can lead to ice
formation, which can cause equipment damage and disruptions.
Additional info- cooling system cont.:

Cooling Solutions:

Heat exchangers with enhanced heat transfer surfaces: Use of heat exchangers with
improved surface areas (spiral wound tubes or plate heat exchangers) can enhance heat
transfer efficiency.
Cooling towers with indirect cooling: help reduce the risk of corrosion and scaling.
Air-cooled condensers: to cool high-pressure gases, reducing the need for water-based
cooling systems.
Water treatment systems: to prevent corrosion and scaling can help maintain efficient
cooling systems.
Chillers and air-cooled condensers with corrosion-resistant materials: Using
corrosion-resistant materials (stainless steel or titanium, in chillers and air-cooled
condensers) can minimize the risk of corrosion.
Ice prevention measures: Implementing ice prevention measures (insulation and heating
systems) can help prevent ice formation in gas processing facilities.

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Heat recovery systems: can help recover heat energy from process streams and use it for
other purposes, reducing the need for additional cooling systems.
Additional info- cooling system:

Some examples of cooling systems used in gas processing

industries include:

Air-cooled condensers (ACCs)

1) Cooling towers
2) Chilled water systems
3) Brine chilling systems
4) Refrigeration systems
5) Gas-cooled heat exchangers

In summary, effective cooling systems are essential for maintaining

efficient and safe operation in gas processing industries.
By understanding the common problems that can occur and
implementing appropriate cooling solutions, industries can minimize

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downtime, reduce energy consumption, and ensure a reliable
supply of processed gas products.
Additional info- cooling system cont.

Brine chilling systems

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Refrigeration systems Gas Cooler Heat Exchanger Manufacturer
THANK YOU
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