NETWORK PROTOCOL 9/20/2022

WHAT IS A NETWORK
PROTOCOL
Network Protocol is defined as a set of rules and regulations to
build a reliable network for a sub-system or complex embedded
system and accomplishing communication between computers,
servers, routers and, any other network-enabled devices.
Network protocol error occurs when the internet connection is
poor. Some of the international networking standards are
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), American
National Standards Institute (ANSI), European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), International
Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization
Sector, etc.
TYPES OF NETWORK PROTOCOLS

There are three types of network protocols they are

1. Internet protocol
2. Wireless network protocols
3. Network routing protocols.
1. THE INTERNET PROTOCOL
The internet protocol : A protocol that contains some set of protocols they
are such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol
(UDP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• TCP :The standard form of TCP is Transmission Control Protocol is the
backbone of all internet
communication. It defines how to establish communications so that the
programs can extend data. It works along with the IP defining how
computer sends and receives packets of data over a network. This TCP
protocol exists at layer four of the OSI model which is the transport layer.
• UDP : The standard form of UDP is User Datagram Protocol is used when
the small size of data is involved. It is commonly used in gaming, video
conferencing and the packets of data used in UDP are datagrams and it is
sent along with IP protocol as UDP-IP. This UDP protocol also exists at layer
four of the OSI model.
CONTINUE…
• HTTP : The standard form of HTTP is the HyperText Transfer Protocol.
The webpages are made in hypertext markup language and these
webpages are transmitted by the HTTP protocol. It also uses DCP-IP
protocol for web page transmission and the other form of HTTP known
as hypertext transfer protocol secure, which provides transmission of
data in encrypted form to prevent leakage of sensitive data.
• FTP : he standard form of FTP is File Transfer Protocol, which provides a
method to copy files over the network from one computer to another
computer. It is widely used for downloading and uploading files over a
website. All the above protocols integrate with Internet Protocol to provide
additional capabilities.
2. WIRELESS NETWORK
PROTOCOL
2. Wireless Work Protocol : There are three types of wireless networks
they are WAN (Wide Area Network), LAN (Local Area Network), and MAN
(Metropolitan Area Network) and the wireless network protocols are Wi-
Fi, Bluetooth, and Long term evolution.
• Wi-Fi : The standard form of Wi-Fi is Wireless Fidelity, it is a type of
wireless network used to transfer data and receive the data over high-
speed internet. Dr. John Osullivan invented the first Wi-Fi and this
technology released in the year 1997.
• Bluetooth : Bluetooth is one type of wireless network technology
invented by Jaap Haartsen in 1994. It is used to transfer images,
movies, files, music and, any other information’s between the paired
devices only. If the devices are not paired, then data transmission
doesn’t occur.
CONTINUE…
• TTE : The LTE stands for Long term evolution and it provides
high-speed mobile data, broadband data, telephone service
(Voice Over LTE) supports multimedia video and secure database
access, and mapping and RMS. All smartphones support LTE and
use LTE for data access and it is a global open interoperable
standard for wireless high-speed data. The current version of LTE
is 4G and the future version is 5G, for every three to four years
the new versions of LTE are released.
•
3. NETWORK ROUTING PROTOCOLS
• Network routing protocols : A special-purpose protocols, which are
designed especially for use by network routers on the internet. The
common routing protocols include EIGRP, BGP, and OSPF. The standard
form of EIGRP is Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol. It
supports multiple upper-layer protocol stacks and supports VLSM and its
operation is similar to that of OSPF. The standard form of OSPF is Open
Shortest Path First. Some OSPF terminologies are Link State
Advertisement (LSA), Link State Update (LSU), Link State Request (LSR)
and are Link State Acknowledgement (LSAck). The standard form of BGP
is the Border Gateway Protocol.
NETWORK PROTOCOL
LAYERS
• There are seven network protocol layers they are discussed
below
1. Physical Layer
2. Data Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer
6. Presentation Layer
7. Application layer
LINE CONFIGURATION

• Line configuration refers to the way two or more

communication devices attached to a link. Line configuration is
also referred to as connection. A Link is the physical
communication pathway that transfers data from one device to
another. For communication to occur, two devices must be
connected in same way to the same link at the same time.
• There are two possible line configurations.
1. Point-to-Point.
2. Multipoint.
1. POINT-TO-POINT
• A Point to Point Line Configuration Provide dedicated link
between two devices use actual length of wire or cable to
connect the two end including microwave & satellite link. Infrared
remote control & tvs remote [Link] entire capacity of the
channel is reserved for transmission between those two devices.
Most point-to-point line configurations use an actual length of
wire or cable to connect the two ends, but other options, such as
microwave or satellite links, are also possible.
• Point to point network topology is considered to be one of the
easiest and most conventional network topologies. It is also the
simplest to establish and understand. To visualize, one can
consider point to point network topology as two phones
connected end to end for a two way communication
CONTINUE…
2. MULTIPOINT
CONFIGURATION
• Multipoint Configuration also known as Multidrop line
configuration one or more than two specific devices share a
single link capacity of the channel is shared.
• More than two devices share the Link that is the capacity of the
channel is shared now. With shared capacity, there can be two
possibilities in a Multipoint Line Config:
(i) Spatial Sharing : If several devices can share the link
simultaneously, its called Spatially shared line configuration.
(ii) Temporal (Time) Sharing: If users must take turns using the
link , then its called Temporally shared or Time Shared Line
Configuration
CONTINUE…
TOPOLOGY
• The term “Topology” refers to the way in which the end points
or stations/computer systems, attached to the networks, are
interconnected. We have seen that a topology is essentially a
stable geometric arrangement of computers in a network. If you
want to select a topology for doing networking. You have
attention to the following points.
• Application S/W and protocols.
• Types of data communicating devices.
• Geographic scope of the network.
• Cost.
• Reliability.
CONTINUE…
• Depending on the requirement there are different Topologies to
construct a network.
1. Mesh topology.
2. Star topology.
3. Tree (Hierarchical) topology.
4. Bus topology.
5. Ring topology.
CONTINUE…
1. Mesh topology : A mesh topology is a network setup where
each computer and network device is interconnected with one
another. This topology setup allows for most transmissions to be
distributed even if one of the connections goes down. It is a
topology commonly used for wireless networks. Below is a visual
example of a simple computer setup on a network using a mesh
topology.
• The number of connections in a full mesh = n(n - 1) / 2
2. STAR TOPOLOGY
• A star network, star topology is one of the most common
network setups. Every node connects to a central network device in
this configuration, like a hub, switch, or computer. The central
network device acts as a server, and the peripheral devices act as
clients. In a star topology setup, either a coaxial or RJ-45 network
cable is used, depending on each computer's type of network card.
The image shows how this network setup gets its name, as it is
shaped like a star.
• There technically is no limit to how many computers can
connect in a star topology. However, network performance can
decrease as more computers are connected, resulting in slower
network speeds.
CONTINUE…
ADVANTAGE
• Centralized management of the network through the use of the
central computer, hub, or switch.
• Easy to add another computer to the network.
• If one computer on the network fails, the rest of the network
continues to function normally.
DISADVANTAGE
• It may have a higher cost to implement, especially when using
a switch or router as the central network device.
• The central network device determines the performance and
number of nodes the network can handle.
• If the central computer, hub, or switch fails, the entire network
goes down, and all computers are disconnected from the
network.
TREE TOPOLOGY
• A tree topology is a special type of structure where many
connected elements are arranged like the branches of a tree. For
example, tree topologies are frequently used to organize the
computers in a corporate network, or the information in a database.
• In a tree topology, there can be only one connection between
any two connected nodes. Because any two nodes can have only
one mutual connection, tree topologies create a natural parent and
child hierarchy.
BUS TOPOLOGY
• Bus topology is a network setup where each computer and
network device is connected to a single cable or backbone.
Depending on the type of computer network card, a coaxial cable or an
RJ-45 network cable is used to connect them together.
ADVANTAGES OF BUS
TOPOLOGY
• It works well when you have a small network.
• It's the easiest network topology for connecting computers or
peripherals in a linear fashion.
• It requires less cable length than a star topology.
DISADVANTAGES OF BUS
TOPOLOGY
• It can be difficult to identify the problems if the whole network
goes down.
• It can be hard to troubleshoot individual device issues.
• Bus topology is not great for large networks.
• Additional devices slow the network down.
• If a main cable is damaged, the network fails or splits into two.
RING TOPOLOGY
• A ring topology is a network configuration where device
connections create a circular data path. Each networked device is
connected to two others, like points on a circle. Together, devices
in a ring topology are referred to as a ring network.
• In a ring network, packets of data travel from one device to the
next until they reach their destination. Most ring topologies allow
packets to travel only in one direction, called
a unidirectional ring network. Others permit data to move in
either direction, called bidirectional.
ADVANTAGES OF A RING
TOPOLOGY
• All data flows in one direction, reducing the chance of packet
collisions.
•A network server is not needed to control network connectivity
between each workstation.
• Data can transfer between workstations at high speeds.
• Additional workstations can be added without impacting
performance of the network.
DISADVANTAGES OF A RING
TOPOLOGY
• All data being transferred over the network must pass through
each workstation on the network, which can make it slower than
a star topology.
• The entire network will be impacted if one workstation shuts
down.
• The hardware needed to connect each workstation to the
network is more expensive than Ethernet cards and
hubs/switches.
TRANSMISSION MODES IN COMPUTER NETWORKS
• Transmission mode means transferring data between two
devices. It is also known as a communication mode. Buses and
networks are designed to allow communication to occur between
individual devices that are interconnected.
• There are three types of transmission mode:-
CONTINUE…
1. Simplex Mode – In Simplex mode, the communication is
unidirectional, as on a one-way street. Only one of the two
devices on a link can transmit, the other can only receive. The
simplex mode can use the entire capacity of the channel to send
data in one direction.
• Example: Keyboard and traditional monitors. The keyboard can
only introduce input, the monitor can only give the output.
2. HALF-DUPLEX MODE –
• In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and
receive, but not at the same time. When one device is sending,
the other can only receive, and vice versa.
• The half-duplex mode is used in cases where there is no need
for communication in both directions at the same time. The entire
capacity of the channel can be utilized for each direction.
• Example: Walkie-talkie in which message is sent one at a time
and messages are sent in both directions.
• Channel capacity=Bandwidth * Propagation Delay
CONTINUE…
3. FULL-DUPLEX MODE –
• In full-duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive
simultaneously.
• In full_duplex mode, signals going in one direction share the
capacity of the link with signals going in another direction, this
sharing can occur in two ways:
• Either the link must contain two physically separate transmission
paths, one for sending and the other for receiving.
• Or the capacity is divided between signals traveling in both
directions.
• Full-duplex mode is used when communication in both directions
is required all the time. The capacity of the channel, however,
must be divided between the two directions.
CONTINUE…
• Example: Telephone Network in which there is communication
between two persons by a telephone line, through which both
can talk and listen at the same time.
• Channel Capacity=2* Bandwidth*propagation Delay
 SERIAL & PARALLEL
TRANSMISSIONS
• There are two ways to transfer data between computers: Serial
Transmission and Parallel Transmission.
• Serial Transmission
• Data is sent bit by bit from one computer to another in two
directions. Each bit has a clock pulse rate. Eight bits are
transmitted at a time, with a start and stop bit known as a parity
bit, which is 0 and 1, respectively. Data cables are used when
transmitting data over a longer distance. The data cable has D-shaped
9 pin cable that connects the data in series.
CONTINUE…
CONTINUE…
• Categories of Serial Transmission
• Asynchronous transmission – an extra bit is added to each byte to alert
the receiver to the arrival of new data. 0 is used as a start bit,
while 1 is used as a stop bit.
• Synchronous transmission – no extra bit is added to each byte. Data is
transferred in batches, each of which contains multiple bytes.
• Examples : One example of serial mode transmission is a
connection established between a computer and a modem using
the RS-232 protocol. An RS-232 cable can accommodate 25
wires, but only two of these wires are for data transmission; the
rest are designated for overhead control signaling. The two data
wires run using the simple serial transmission in either direction.
CONTINUE…
• In this example, a computer may be far from the modem,
making parallel transmission very expensive. With this in mind,
the speed of transmission is considered less important when
compared to the economic advantage of serial transmission.
PARALLEL TRANSMISSION
• Several bits are transmitted simultaneously with one clock
pulse rate. It transmits quickly as it utilises several input and
output lines for sending the data.
• It uses a 25-pin port with 17 signal lines and 8 ground lines.
The 17 signal lines are divided as.
• 4 lines – initiate handshaking, 5 lines – communicate and notify
errors, 8 lines – transfer data.
Example : An example of parallel mode transmission is a
connection established between a computer and a printer. Most
printers are within 6 meters (about 20 feet) from the transmitting
computer, and the slight cost for extra wires is offset by the
added speed gained through the parallel transmission of data.
CONTINUE…
•
APPLICATIONS
• Serial transmission occurs between two computers, or from a
computer to an external device located far away.
• Parallel transmission can take place within a computer system,
through a computer bus, or to an external device located nearby.
 COMPARISON BETWEEN SERIAL
AND PARALLEL TRANSMISSION
Basis for Comparison Serial Transmission Parallel Transmission
Data flows in multiple
Data flows in 2 directions, bit
Definition directions, 8 bits (1 byte) at a
by bit
time
Cost Economical Expensive

Number of bits transferred

1 bit 8 bits or 1 byte
per clock pulse

Speed Slow Fast

Used for long-distance Used for short-distance
Applications
communication communication
Example Computer to computer Computer to printer
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SERIAL
AND PARALLEL TRANSMISSION
• Serial transmission requires a single line to send data. Parallel
transmission requires multiple lines to send data.
•There are fewer errors and less noise in serial transmission, since the
transmission is done one bit at a time. There are more errors and noise in
parallel transmission, since the transmission is done multiple bits at a time.
•Serial transmission is slower since data flows through a single line;
conversely, parallel transmission is faster since data flows through multiple
lines.
•Serial transmission is ‘full duplex’ since the sender can send and receive
data at the same time. Parallel transmission is ‘half duplex’ since the data can
be sent or received at any given time.
•The cables used in serial transmission are thinner, longer, and more
economical compared to the cables used in parallel transmission.
•Serial transmission is reliable and straightforward. Parallel transmission is
unreliable and complicated.
CONTINUE…
• Note : Both serial and parallel transmissions have advantages and
disadvantages. Parallel transmission is used for shorter distances and provides
greater speed, while serial transmission is reliable for transferring data over
longer distances. Both serial and parallel transmissions are individually
essential for transferring data.