Faculty of Engineering

Ain Shams university

Types Of Grouting
Prepared by: Kareem Magdy Moheb Elfadaly
Code: 2401233
 outlines
Abstract
Introduction
Grouting
Types Of Grouting Methods
Applications Of Grouting
Soil Improvement
 outlines
The Objectives Of Grouting
Materials And Properties Of
Grout
Techniques, Technology, and
Control
Conclusion
 Abstract
 Soil is an essential component of what surrounds
us in nature, providing as the basis for our
infrastructure and construction. However, soil is
not always suitable for construction due to a
variety of geotechnical issues such as inadequate
bearing capacity, excessive settlement, and
liquefaction susceptibility.
 Abstract
 Through improving the engineering qualities
of soil, such as strength, permeability, and
stability, ground grouting is a specific
geotechnical method used.
 Introduction
 Soil improvement techniques are critical in the domains
of geotechnical engineering and construction because
they allow for the upgrading of soil qualities to satisfy
the needs of diverse infrastructure projects.
 Grouting is the process of ground improvement
attained by injection of a fluid like material that is
capable of forming a gel and binding the soil
particles
 Introduction
 Ground grouting stands out as a flexible and successful
approach for hardening and stabilizing soil among various
procedures.
 Grouting is the most commonly used method in
underground engineering projects to prevent water inrush
and ensure the stability of the surrounding rock
 Ground grouting is the injection of grout materials into the
ground to change its physical and mechanical properties,
making it more suited for supporting structures, minimizing
settling, and dealing with soil-related issues.
Before Grouting
After Grouting
 Grouting
Contact Repair Chemical
Grouting Grouting Grouting

Cavity Consolidation
Grouting Grouting
Repair Grouting Contact Grouting
Chemical Grouting Cavity Grouting
Consolidation Grouting
 Types Of Grouting Methods

 Conventional (Bulk-Infill) Grouting

 Permeation Grouting
 Compaction Grouting
 Hydro Fracture Grouting
 Jet Grouting
 Rock Grouting
 Compensation Grouting
 Deep Mixing Methods (DMM)
 Permeation Grouting
 The permeation grouting is a commonly used technique to improve
the engineering geology condition of the soft ground
 A popular geotechnical method for enhancing the qualities of soil for
building and infrastructure projects
In Figure 1 shows by injecting a specific grout mixture into the soil, this
technique modifies the soil’s properties and increases its strength,
stability, and durability.
Drilling properly spaced boreholes into the desired soil mass to cover
the whole region of interest is the first step in the procedure.
After the boreholes are drilled, the earth is forced to accept a fluid grout
mixture, usually made of cement, water, and additives.
Figure 1. Diagram showing permeation grouting
Through permeating the soil matrix, the injected grout fills up gaps,
compacts loose particles, and binds soil particles together. As a result,
there is a general increase in the soil’s ability to support weight, which
lowers settlement and boosts ground stability.
 In situations when the current soil is not strong or stable enough to
support structures, permeation grouting is very helpful. Ground
improvement, underpinning, and foundation restoration operations
frequently use it. The method’s versatility for a range of applications
stems from its ability to be customized to fit particular soil
conditions. Permeation grouting is also an adaptable option for a
variety of geological contexts since it may be used in cohesive and
non-cohesive soils. Permeation grouting works by efficiently changes
the soil’s structure, improving its technical qualities and guaranteeing
a strong base for building projects.
 Compaction Grouting
 Compaction grouting as a ground improvement technique involves
the injection of very stiff grout material to densify the treated soils by
radially displacing the soil particles into a closer spacing
 Compaction Grouting
 Figure 2 showing the diagram, compaction grouting is a highly
successful soil improvement method, particularly when the soil lacks
the required density or stability. This procedure entails injecting a
particular grout mixture into the ground at appropriate areas in order
to improve the overall soil structure. The grout employed is usually a
cementitious or polyurethane substance that hardens after being
injected into the soil, resulting in a more compact and stable
subsurface. The grouting pressure compacts the fractured and
bulking rock masses below the key strata in advance, and the
injection fill replaces the potential sinking space
Figure 2. Implementation of compaction grouting
 Compaction Grouting
Compaction grouting is very useful for treating soil settlement difficulties,
reducing the danger of foundation settling, and providing structural support
on soft or loose soils.
 One of the primary benefits of compaction grouting is its ability to
enhance soil density and load-bearing capability. The injected grout
displaces and densifies the underlying soil, filling gaps and making the
foundation more secure. This method is especially useful in places with
loose or unconsolidated soils that are prone to settling. Compaction
grouting is often utilized in structural stabilization projects such as
construction, bridges, and retaining walls. This procedure helps avoid
future settling concerns and assures the long-term stability of the
erected elements by enhancing the compaction and load-bearing
qualities of the soil.
 Compaction Grouting
Furthermore, Compaction grouting is an important soil improvement
and underpinning technique that involves injection of a very stiff grout
material into the soil
 Compaction grouting is a versatile solution that can be tailored to
different soil conditions and project specifications. The injection
process may be precisely managed to target specific areas of
concern, allowing engineers to personalize the treatment to the
site’s individual features. Furthermore, compaction grouting is a
low-impact method that causes little damage to existing
construction and landscapes. This makes it an excellent alternative
for soil improvement in urban areas or areas with restricted access.
 Compaction Grouting
 Overall, compaction grouting stands out as a dependable and
effective approach for improving soil stability, laying a firm
foundation for building projects, and extending the life of structures
erected on difficult soil types.
 Jet-Grouting
Jet-grouting is an effective way to improve the strength and stiffness
of the ground so as to reduce the ground settlement. Also, deep
foundations, such as the rotary grouting pile, are necessary if grouting
in surface layer is unable to sustain the superstructures
 Jet grouting is a creative and successful soil enhancement
technology that helps to stabilize and fortify the ground for a variety
of building projects.
 Jet-Grouting
 This process includes injecting a high pressure stream of grout into
the soil, resulting in a cemented mass that improves the
engineering qualities of the soil. The procedure begins with the
drilling of a borehole into the ground, followed by the injection of a
high-velocity jet of grout as the drill is progressively withdrawn,
resulting in a column or curtain of treated soil. To obtain the
necessary qualities, the grout mixture normally includes of cement,
water, and occasionally extra additives. The resultant treated soil
mass has improved stability, bearing capacity, and permeability,
making it appropriate for a variety of geotechnical applications.
 Jet-Grouting
 The ability of jet grouting to handle a variety of soil conditions is
one of its main benefits. Conditions of development are shown in
Figure 3. Jet grouting may be tailored to the unique demands of the
site, whether it is working with loose, cohesionless soils or cohesive
soils with significant water content.
Figure 3. Conditions of development of columnar soil-improved body by jet grouting type method
 Jet-Grouting
The jet grouting is found to be the most feasible solution for mitigating the
anticipated liquefaction hazard and for an improved bearing support for shallow
foundations considering the locally available technologies and encountered
ground conditions
 Because of its versatility, it is an excellent choice for foundation
improvement, excavation support, and ground reinforcement in difficult
geotechnical situations. Furthermore, when compared to traditional
approaches like as deep foundation systems or soil replacement, jet grouting
is a more cost-effective alternative. It reduces the need for soil extraction
and disposal, lowering total project costs and environmental effect.
 Jet-Grouting
 Jet grouting, with its capacity to generate a continuous, homogeneous
treated soil mass, offers engineers and builders with a dependable
technology for soil improvement that assures the long-term stability
and safety of building projects. Finally, jet grouting is a versatile and
effective technology for improving soil qualities, providing a long-term
solution to a wide range of geotechnical difficulties in building and
infrastructure development.
Applications Of Grouting
 The soft ground may experience great settlement under the load
transferred from the superstructures constructed over it . Grouting is
a flexible and frequently utilized ground modification method in civil
engineering and geotechnical applications. It entails injecting a grout
substance into the ground to increase its characteristics or stability,
which is commonly a combination of cement, water, and occasionally
additives. Grouting has a wide range of uses, the most of which are
targeted at reinforcing and stabilizing soil and rock formations, as well
as alleviating ground-related issues. Grouting is commonly used in the
building and maintenance
Applications Of Grouting
 The soft ground may experience great settlement under the load
transferred from the superstructures constructed over it . Grouting is
a flexible and frequently utilized ground modification method in civil
engineering and geotechnical applications. It entails injecting a grout
substance into the ground to increase its characteristics or stability,
which is commonly a combination of cement, water, and occasionally
additives. Grouting has a wide range of uses, the most of which are
targeted at reinforcing and stabilizing soil and rock formations, as well
as alleviating ground-related issues.
Applications Of Grouting
 Grouting is commonly used in the building and maintenance of tunnels,
subterranean structures, and deep excavations. Engineers can build a
grout curtain or ground improvement zone by injecting grout into the
surrounding soil or rock, which serves to shut off water intrusion and
fortify the surrounding ground. This is critical for preventing ground
subsidence, preventing water penetration, and ensuring the safety and
lifespan of subterranean systems.
Applications Of Grouting
 In mining operations, grouting is used to fortify the ground and manage
water flow. In addition to infrastructure projects, grouting aids in the
prevention of sinkholes and the stabilization of soil or rock slopes, giving
practical solutions to geological dangers. Furthermore, grouting has
environmental implications, such as sealing underground storage tanks or
regulating pollutants’ subsurface movement. Overall, ground modification
by grouting is a flexible technique that may be used in a variety of civil
engineering and geotechnical projects to improve the stability and
performance of the ground and the structures erected on it.
 Soil Improvement
 Grouting is a geotechnical engineering method used to improve
the qualities of soil, making it more stable and appropriate for
construction projects. Grouting is the process of injecting a fluid
ingredient into the soil, often cementitious grout, to fill voids,
promote cohesion, and improve overall strength, in addition to
the effects of natural disasters such as over-level floods and
earthquakes
 Soil Improvement
 This procedure is especially useful for treating soil
characteristics that may provide building issues, such as loose
or poorly compacted soil, floods and earthquakes sinkholes,
and subsurface voids. One of the key advantages of grouting is
its ability to boost the soil’s bearing capacity.
 Soil Improvement
 Grouting is also commonly utilized in soil to restrict groundwater
movement. Water penetration in permeable soils can cause
instability and erosion, posing a hazard to construction. Grouting
contributes to the formation of an impermeable barrier, preventing
water from penetrating the soil. This is especially critical in
tunneling and subterranean construction, where water penetration
can jeopardize excavation structural integrity.
 Grouting is also useful in minimizing the consequences of
subsurface voids and sinkholes. Voids beneath the surface can cause
sudden collapses, putting infrastructure and safety at risk. Grouting
fills these spaces, adding strength and preventing future settling
 Soil Improvement
 Grouting, in addition to its technical benefits, provides a cost-
effective and efficient alternative for soil improvement. Grouting is
less disruptive than traditional procedures such as excavation and
replacement of soil or the use of deep foundations and may be
executed with minimum impact on existing structures and the
environment.
 Soil Improvement
 Grouting is used in a range of applications, from constructing
foundations and bridges to sealing subterranean tunnels and
dams. The procedure normally entails drilling specified holes in
the ground and inserting grout ingredients under pressure.
Different types of grouting procedures, including as cement
grouting, chemical grouting, and compaction grouting, can be
utilized depending on the unique project needs and ground
conditions.
The Objectives Of Grouting
1- Increase Load-Bearing Capacity and Water Infiltration Control
 One of the fundamental purposes of ground alteration via grouting is to enhance
the load-bearing capacity of the soil or rock. Engineers can fill cavities, gaps, and
cracks in the ground by injecting grout material into them, significantly enhancing
the cohesion and friction between soil particles. This results in a stronger and
more solid foundation for structures such as construction, bridges, and retaining
walls.
 Improved load-bearing capacity guarantees that these constructions can endure
the stresses and pressures that they will face during their lifetime.
The Objectives Of Grouting
1- Increase Load-Bearing Capacity and Water Infiltration Control
 Grouting is frequently used to control water infiltration into the ground. Grouting
can reduce the risk of soil erosion, prevent the formation of sinkholes, and
stabilize the groundwater table by sealing underground pathways and voids.
Grouting is the most used method in underground engineering projects to prevent
water inrush and ensure the stability of the surrounding rock
 This is especially important for infrastructure projects that include tunnels, dams,
and underground storage facilities. It aids in the protection of structures and their
surroundings from water-related issues and potential disasters.
The Objectives Of Grouting
2- Settlement Mitigation and Protection of the Environment

 Grouting can be used to reduce soil settlement, particularly in areas

with loose or compressible soils. Injecting grout material into these
soils can fill voids and improve overall density and stability. This
reduces the possibility of settlement, which is critical for avoiding
structural damage and maintaining the functionality of
infrastructure such as roads, pipelines, and industrial facilities.
The Objectives Of Grouting
2- Settlement Mitigation and Protection of the Environment

 In certain circumstances, grouting is used to confine and immobilize

contaminants in the ground, such as toxic chemicals or pollutants.
This approach, known as chemical grouting, aids in the prevention of
toxins from entering groundwater and surrounding ecosystems. It is
critical in environmental cleanup activities.
The Objectives Of Grouting
3- Increase Ground Stability

 Grouting can increase the stability of slopes and embankments,

lowering the danger of landslides and erosion. This is critical for
infrastructure projects in hilly or mountainous areas where ground
stability is an issue.
The Objectives Of Grouting
3- Increase Ground Stability

 ground modification via grouting is a versatile and successful civil

engineering technology utilized to handle a wide variety of
geotechnical difficulties. It is a vital instrument for enhancing the
characteristics and stability of the ground, assuring safe and
sustainable infrastructure building, and environmental protection.
Grouting has become an integral aspect of current construction and
geotechnical engineering procedures by attaining goals such as
greater load-bearing capacity, control of water infiltration,
settlement reduction, and enhanced ground stability.
 Materials and Properties of Grout

 Ground modification via grouting is a frequently used

geotechnical engineering technique for improving the
mechanical and hydraulic qualities of soil or rock formations.
Grouting is the process of injecting a specifically prepared
substance known as grout into the subsurface to change its
characteristics. Grout materials and their qualities are critical to
the success of such undertakings.
 Materials and Properties of Grout

 Grout materials vary greatly and are chosen to meet the

specific goals of the ground alteration project. The grout must
ensure the stability of surrounding strata and the tunnel by
distributing the constraints. Most grouts used are cement-
based as cement is readily available and inexpensive
 Materials and Properties of Grout

 Cement-based grouts, such as Portland cement and microfine

cement, are common grout materials that are used for soil
stabilization and permeation grouting. Curing of concrete is the
process of maintaining proper moisture and temperature conditions
within the concrete after it has been placed and finished
 Chemical grouts such as polyurethane and epoxy resins are also used
because of their ability to enter small cracks and gaps in the ground,
making them excellent for sealing and waterproofing purposes
 Materials and Properties of Grout

 Grout qualities must be considered for the effectiveness of a

ground alteration project. These characteristics include the
compressive strength, permeability, viscosity, and setting time
of the grout.
Materials and Properties of Grout

Figure 4. Grout materials and properties

 Materials and Properties of Grout

 In conclusion, ground modification by grouting is a diverse approach

that is dependent on the precise selection and formulation of grout
ingredients and their qualities. Engineers and geotechnical
professionals must evaluate geology, project goals, and environmental
limitations while selecting the best grout material. Furthermore, the
properties of grout, such as compressive strength, permeability,
viscosity, setting time, and rheological behavior, must be tailored to
the project’s specific requirements in order to successfully improve
soil or rock properties and overall ground modification success.
Techniques, Technology and Control

 Grouting is a flexible and successful geotechnical engineering

method used to enhance the characteristics of soil or rock
masses for a variety of building and infrastructure projects. This
technology is useful to underpinnings of existing foundations,
to support excavations in cohesiveness soils, to control the
groundwater migration and to improve the strength of
liquefiable soil
Techniques, Technology and Control

 Modern technology and equipment are critical to the

effectiveness of grouting ground alteration. Grout pumps,
mixers, and injection tools are common pieces of grouting
equipment that are used to mix grout ingredients and transport
them to injection locations. Computer-controlled system
advancements have increased the precision and efficiency of
grouting operations, enabling real-time monitoring and
modification of grout injection settings.
Techniques, Technology and Control

 This method guarantees that grout is injected at the

appropriate pressure, volume, and pace, therefore improving
the ground modification process. For site inspection and
monitoring, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and other
geophysical methods are used to analyze the efficiency of
grouting, verify the distribution of grout in the ground, and
discover any voids or abnormalities.
Techniques, Technology and Control

 Control and quality assurance are key parts of grouting ground

modification to guarantee that the desired improvements in ground
characteristics are realized. Material testing, grout mix design, and
monitoring of injection pressures and volumes are all examples of
quality control procedures. To measure the efficacy of grouting in
satisfying project objectives, site-specific performance criteria are
devised. Post-grouting evaluation is carried out by geotechnical testing
and inspections to ensure the anticipated ground improvement. In
some circumstances, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) or borehole
cameras may be used to check the inside of grouted columns or
ground voids.
Techniques, Technology and Control

 Finally, Grouting is adaptable and may be customized to individual soil

conditions and project needs.
 Conclusion
 This lecture focused for resolving a range of geotechnical issues
related to soil conditions, ground grouting is a flexible and
effective option. Whether used for permeability reduction,
settlement control, or foundation stabilization, this method
provides an affordable way to improve the subsurface’s
engineering qualities.
 Conclusion
 Ground grouting is a useful technique in infrastructure and
building projects because of its versatility, which allows
engineers to guarantee the long term performance and safety
of structures while also optimizing site conditions. The
efficiency and application of ground grouting are anticipated to
substantially increase as grouting materials and injection
technologies continue to progress, offering dependable and
sustainable solutions for a variety of geotechnical problems.
 References
 Chepurnova, A. (2014). Assessing the Influence of Jet-Grouting Underpinning on the
Nearby Construction. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 6, 105-
112. [Link]
 Chernyakov, A. (2009). Evaluation of Dynamic Loads on Underground Structures during
Horizontal Jet Grouting of a Saturated Soil. Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering,
46, 108-116. [Link]
 Dayakar, P., Raman, K. V., & Raju, K. V. B. (2012). Study on Permeation Grouting Using
Cement Grout in Sandy Soil. Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 4, 5-10.
[Link]
 Patel, A. (2019). Geotechnical Investigations and Improvement of Ground Conditions
(pp. 37-48). Woodhead Publishing. [Link]
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 References
 Welsh .J . P, Burke. G. K, 2002, "Advances In Grouting Technology", Hayward Baker Inc.,
1130 Annapolis Road, Odenton, Maryland, USA.
 FHWA Geotechnical Engineering Circular (GEC) 013 Ground Modification Methods
Reference Manual V. 1 and 2 (2017) (chapter 8)
 Bowen, R. (1975). Grouting in engineering practice. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
 Kazemian, S. and Huat, B.B. . (2009). Assessment and comparison of grouting and
injection methods in geotechnical engineering. European Journal of Scientific
Research, 27(2), 234–247.
Prepared by: Kareem Magdy Moheb Elfadaly
Code: 2401233
Number of Pages : 60
Year of Submission: 2024