Evaporation
Definition:
It’s the removal of large amounts of water from solutions by
boiling the liquor in a suitable vessel, the evaporator, and
withdrawing the vapor.
vapor
evaporator steam
feed
condensate
liquor
Material balance equation:-
Feed = vapor + liquor
Feed + steam = liquor + vapor + condensate.
Heat balance equation:
Amount of heat entering = Amount of heat leaving
QF + QS = QL + QV + QC
Knowing that:
Amount of heat of any current = Weight X specific heat
X temperature
All liquids have sensible heat only i.e. feed,
liquor,condensate.
But vapor and steam have both sensible and latent heat.
Sensible heat can not be used as it is but a datum 32 should to
be subtracted from it.
Specific heat of water, vapor, steam and condensate = 1.
Weight of steam = weight of condensate
Pressure:
Absolute pressure = gauge pressure + Atmospheric pressure
One atmospheric pressure = 76 cm/Hg = 30 inch/Hg = 15
psig.
Vacuum inside the evaporator is required so as to increase t
between steam and boiling liquid, so decrease area of the heating
surface usually it is 26 referred to 30 i.e barometer = 4
inch/Hg.
Heat transfer in evaporators:
The normal rate equation for heat transfer is given in tile form:
Q = U A ∆T
Where:
Q : heat transferred per unit time
A
U : the overall heat transfer coefficient
4/3
A : the heat transfer surface
∆ T : the temperature difference between the two streams
No. of tubes = A/ (4/3π r2(
Problems
1- It is desired to concentrate a solution of organic salt from 10%
to 50% in a single effect evaporator, the steam is available at 15
psig (pressure square inch gauge), the vacuum in the vapor
compartment is 26/30 barometer.
The feed is at a rate of 55,000 lb/hr and enters at 70oF. The specific
heat of the organic matter is 0.6, the condensate leaves at 175oF,
what is the amount of steam consumption, what is the area of the
heating element, it is known that the overall heat transfer
coefficient u = 500.
2- An evaporator is fed by 25% NaCl solution to produce 14670
pound/hr of the dry salt. The salt is removed with 20% of its
weight as a brine [saturated sod chloride solution containing
26.9% NaCl] the specific heat of the dried salt is 0.2; the steam
is available at 15 psig the temperature of the feed is 70oF. The
vacuum at the vapor compartment is 26/30 barometer. The
condensate leaves at [Link] is the amount of steam
consumption/hr?
3- An evaporator is fed by 35% NaCl solution to produce 14670
pound/hr of the dry salt. The salt is removed with 20% of its
weight as a brine [saturated sod chloride solution containing
26.9% NaCl] the specific heat of the dried salt salt is 0.2; the
steam is available at 15 psig the temperature of the feed is 70oF.
The vacuum at the vapor compartment is 26/30 barometer. The
condensate leaves at [Link] is the amount of steam
consumption/hr?
