CHAPTER – 04 : ANIMAL KINGDOM
Level of organization :
Cellular level - organ level.
Tissue level – organ system level (open and closed circulation).
Complete/incomplete digestive system (hydra).
Body symmetry :
Asymmetrical (E.g.- Sponges).
Symmetrical - Bilatral symmetry (Annelids and Arthropods) and Radial symmetry (Ctenophora,
Coelenterate and Echinoderms).
Nature of Coelom (Body cavity) :
Coelomate – body cavity with ecto, endo and mesoderms. E.g.- Annelids, Molluscs, Arthropods,
Echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates.
Pseudocoelomate – no mesoderm, have only ectoderm and endoderm layers. E.g.- Aschelminthes
(round worms).
Acoelomate – no body cavity. E.g.- Platyhelminthes (flat worms).
Body plan :
Cell aggregate plan.
Blind sac body plan.
Embryonic germinal layers (Pattern of development) :
Diploblastic (Coelenterates) – only ectoderm and endoderm.
Triploblastic organization (Platyhelminthes to Chordates) – ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.
Segmentation of the body : Metameric segmentation – true segmentation (metamerism). E.g.– Earthworm.
Notochord :
It is a mesodermal origin.
Rod like structure.
Animals with notochord are chordates and without notochord are non-chordates.
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMAL KINGDOM INTO DIFFERENT PHYLUM :
1. Porifera :
Commonly called Sponges.
Marine, asymmetrical, cellular level of organization.
Have water canal system - Ostia (entry opening), Spongocoel (central canal) and Osculum
exit opening).
Choanocytes/collar cells line in the spongocoel.
Digestion is intracellular.
Skeleton made up of spicules/sponging fibres.
Hermaphrodite (male and female organs present on the same body).
Reproduce asexually by fragmentation.
Sexually by gametes formation.
Fragmentation is internal and development is indirect.
E.g.- Sycon, Spongilla.
2. Coelenterata :
Commonly called Cnidaria.
Aquatic/marine.
Sessile (fixed)/free swimming.
Radially symmetrical.
Have cnidoblasts/cnidocytes (stinging capsule on tentacles).
Used for defence, anchorage and to capture the prey.
Tissue level of organization, diploblastic.
Mouth on hypostome.
Digestion – extracellular and intracellular.
Corals have skeleton made of calcium carbonate.
Exhibit 2 basic forms called polyp and medusa.
Polyp is sessile cylindrical (hydra).
Medusa is umbrella shaped free living (jelly fish).
They show alternation of generation (metagenesis) where polyp forms medusa asexually and
medusa forms polyp sexually. (E.g.- Obelia).
E.g.- Hydra, Physalia, Sea anemone, Sea pen, Sea fan, Brain coral.
3. Ctenophora :
Commonly called sea walnuts/comb jellies.
Marine, radially symmetrical diploblastic.
Tissue level of organization.
Body bears 8 rows ciliated comb plates help in locomotion.
Digestion by intra and extracellular.
Bioluminescence is well developed.
Sexes are not separate (monoecious).
Reproduce by sexual reproduction.
Fertilization is external and indirect development.
E.g.- Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana.
4. Platyhelminthes :
Commonly called flat worms.
Dorso-ventrally flattened body.
Endoparasites, bilaterally symmetrical.
Organ level of organization.
Triploblastic, Acoelomate.
Hooks and suckers are present.
Flame cells for excretions.
Sexes are not separate.
Fertilization is internal and development is through many larval stages.
Have high regeneration capacity.
E.g.- Tape worm, Planaria, Liver fluke.
5. Aschelminthes :
Commonly called round worms.
Free living, aquatic, terrestrial, parasitic.
Organ system level of body organization.
Bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
Pseudocoelomate.
Digestive system is complete (mouth and anus).
Sexes are separate (dioecious).
Fertilization is internal and development is direct.
E.g.- Ascaris, Wuchereria (filarial worm) and Ancylostoma (hookworm).
6. Annelida :
Aquatic/terrestrial.
Free living/parasites.
Organ system level of body organization.
Bilaterally symmetrical.
Triploblastic.
Coelomate.
Body divides into segments/metameres (annulus - little ring).
Marine Nereis possesses parapodia.
Possess longitudinal and circular muscles help in locomotion.
Closed circulatory system.
Nephridia help in osmoregulation and excretion.
Dioecious (sexes are separate).
Earthworm and leeches are monoecious.
Reproduction is sexual.
E.g.- Nereis, Pheretima (earth worm) and Hirudinaria (blood sucking leech).
7. Arthropoda :
Largest phylum 2/3 is insects.
Organ system level of body organization.
Bilaterally symmetrical.
Segmented and coelomate.
Chitinous exoskeleton.
Body has head, thorax and abdomen.
Have jointed appendages (organs for locomotion) respiratory organs are Gills/Book
gills/Book lungs/Tracheal system.
Open circulatory system.
Sense organs are antennae, eye, statocysts (balance organs).
Fertilization is internal.
Excretion by malpighian tubules.
Sexes are separate (dioecious).
Oviparous.
Development may be direct/indirect.
Economic importance – Honey bees (Apis), Silkworm (Bombyx).
Vectors – Mosquito, Housefly.
Aquatic – Crab, Prawn, Lobster.
8. Mollusca :
Second largest phylum.
Terrestrial and aquatic.
Organ system level of body organization.
Bilaterally symmetrical.
Triploblastic and Coelomate.
Calcareous shell and unsegmented body with head muscular foot and visceral hump.
Soft spongy layer of skin forms a mantle over the visceral hump.
Gills for respiration and excretion.
Head has sensory tentacles.
Mouth has file like rasping organ for feeding radula.
Sexes are separate (dioecious).
Oviparous.
Indirect development.
E.g.- Oyster, Snail, Squid, Devil fish.
9. Echinodermata :
Spiny skin has exoskeleton which is calcarious ossicles.
Marine; organ level of body organization.
Radially symmetrical.
Coelomate.
Triploblastic.
Mouth of the lower side and anus on the upper side.
Have water vascular system, help in locomotion, to capture and transport of food and for
respiration.
Excretory system is absent.
Dioecious.
Fertilization is external; development is indirect with free swimming larva.
E.g.- Starfish, Sea urchin, Sea lily, Sea cucumber.
10. Hemichordata :
Under non-chordate.
Worm like marine animals.
Organ system level of organization.
Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic.
Coelomate – body has anterior proboscis, a collar and a long trunk.
Circulatory system is open type.
Respiration is through gills.
Excretory organ is proboscis gland.
Sexes are separate.
Fertilization is external.
Development is indirect.
E.g.- Balanoglossus.
11. Chordata:
Presence of notochord.
Dorsal hollow spinal cord.
Nerve cord and paired pharyngeal gill slits.
Bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
Coelomate.
Organ system level of organization.
Have post anal tail.
Closed circulatory system.
Difference between Chordates and Non-chordates :
Chordates :
Notochord present.
Central nervous system is dorsal, hollow and single.
Gills are present.
Heart is ventral.
Tail is present.
Non-chordates :
Notochord is absent.
Central nervous system is ventral, solid and double.
Gills are absent.
Heart is dorsal.
Tail is absent.
Phylum Chordata is divided into three sub-phylum – Urochordata, Cephalochordata and
Vertebrata.
Urochordata and Cephalochordata are commonly called Protochordates.
Urochordata – notochord is present in larval tail. E.g.- Ascidia, Salpa.
Cephalochordate – notochord extends from head to tail. E.g.- Amphioxus.
(a) Vertebrata :
Possess notochord (replaced by vertebral column).
All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates because all
vertebrates have vertebral column but all chordates do not have vertebral column.
Ventral muscular heart.
Excretion by kidneys.
Fins/limbs for locomotion.
There are two groups – Agnatha and Gnathostomata.
(i) Agnatha :
Jaws are absent.
Includes class Cyclostomata.
Cyclostomata :
Ectoparasites on some fishes.
Elongated body with 6-15 pairs of gill slits.
Sucking circular mouth without jaw.
Body is devoid of scales – paired fins.
Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous.
Circulation is closed – marine but migrate to fresh water for spawning.
After spawning they die.
After metamorphosis of larva it returns to the ocean.
E.g.- Lamprey, Hagfish.
(ii) Gnathostomata :
Jaws are present.
Paired lateral appendages.
There are six classes – Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and
Mammalia.
Chondrichthyes :
Cartilaginous fish, endoskeleton is cartilage.
Body is stream lined.
Pelvic fins in male with claspers.
5-7 pairs of gills.
No operculum.
Mouth in ventral with teeth.
Jaws are powerful.
Air bladder is absent.
Heart is 2 chambered (one auricle and one ventricle).
Some possess electric/poison stings.
Poikilothermous (cold blooded).
Body has placoid scales.
Unisexual.
Viviparous and fertilization is internal.
E.g.- Shark, Sting rays.
Osteichthyes :
Bony fish, endoskeleton is bone.
Skin is covered by cycloid scales.
Four pairs of gill slits with operculum, mouth is terminal, air bladder is present and
help in buoyancy.
Heart is two chambered (one auricle and one ventricle).
Poikilothermous (cold blooded).
Sexes are separate.
Fertilization is external and oviparous.
E.g.- Angel fish, Clown fish, Rohu, Katla, Hippocampus.
Amphibia :
Live on land and move to water for breeding (dual life).
Body has head and trunk.
Tail is in larval stage.
Two pairs of limbs.
Digits without claws.
Poikilothermous.
Eyes are with nictitating membranes.
Skin is smooth and moist with mucous glands.
Ear started with tympanum.
Heart is three chambered (two auricle and one ventricle).
Respiration by gills in larva and by lungs & skin in adults.
Digestive system is complete.
Urinary tract and reproductive tract open into a common cloacal chambers and the
opening is called cloacal aperture.
Sexes are separate.
Oviparous.
Fertilization is external and development is indirect with tadpole larva.
E.g.- Toad, Frog.
Reptilia :
Skin is dry due to absence of glands.
Covered by horny epidermal scales (scutes).
Tympanum is small, no external opening.
12 pairs of cranial nerves.
Trunk bears two pairs of pentadactyl limbs with claws.
Heart with three and half chambered (two auricles and one which is incompletely
partitioned ventricle).
Only Crocodiles have four chambered heart.
Respiration is by lungs.
Fertilization is internal.
Oviparous and egg is covered by hard calcareous shells.
E.g.- Snake, Tortoise, Turtle, Viper, Lizard.
Aves :
Streamlined body and covered with feathers.
Jaws are modified into beaks, teeth absent, various shapes and sizes of beak.
Digestive system has two structures – crop and gizzard (grinding the food).
Forelimbs form wings.
Hind limbs modified for perching, swimming, running, etc.
Voice box (syrinx) is present.
Respiration by lungs.
Skin is dry, oil glands is present at the base of tail.
Bones are pneumatic (air cavities) which helps to make the body light.
Homoiothermous.
Heart is 4 chambered.
Oviparous and egg is covered with calcareous shells.
Fertilization is internal.
E.g.- Pigeon, Crow, Sparrow, Ostrich.
Mammalia :
Aquatic/aerial/terrestrial.
Body has head, neck, trunk and tail.
Have mammary glands (functional in adult female).
External ear (pinna) is present.
Skin has sweat glands and sebaceous glands.
Heart is 4 chambered.
Respiration is by lungs.
Body is covered with hairs.
Excretion by kidneys (ureotelic – urea is the waste material).
Sexes are separate.
Viviparous (give birth of young ones).
Few are ovo-viviparous like marsupials (pouched mammals with brood pouches -
Kangaroo).
Few are oviparous (egg laying mammals - Platypus).
E.g.- Canis, Macaca, Camelus, Dolphin.
