coe) (as) use ‘sasoyjuased ur s! ayt-s1ey jse6U0] 24} UMM adojos! ay) Jo JoquinU sseU a4) ‘sedojos! aIqe}s OU YWIM sjUWIa|= 104 (oom tone) Ce ee Runnsmd Runvow Eure Ludi Lnpeping Hunmeyt f unsse & united EanGaes AlE ONE le ud § ou f sdf WE SHE Ud SHE PE tHE wor? LOE eso , zu0e son som 001 4 wun 2, wor au ad 2 3 ake ug) ¢ some ¢ vouse £ saree zion. nS = unl uza| ee) ec 002) i) 3 ee . eS ee es ee us Po i ou 8 aN uz os ee ere we or oct e639 seg18 Bem pes | ow Se tS se Shy alin RSH wns 29 5 UZs UN 495 AG WL ze : oe E Ze wee ee wz ay E i 8 s g a uMoUyuN Sa 3 2 9 84 3s fof ef 6s a S28 38 5 BES pinb [6H] 2 683 EE EE snouoqu 22 5 (s1eyawuon] 2 | sieve J Pilos| D vation |susfoseyp | sufoons ~ 8b LZb Ok 6G kL EL Gb bh Ob 6 8 Z 9 S v € SLNAW3A14 JO A1EGVL DIGOTYAd ‘eoONY zFundamental constants Na Avogadro’s number 6.0221 x 10% mol + u Atomic mass unit 1.66054 x 10-77 kg ky Boltzmann constant 1.3807 x 10-8 JK —_ Permittivity of vacuum 8.884 x 10 CVtmt e Elementary charge 1.602 x 10°” © F Faraday constant. 96485 Cmol! R Gas constant, 8.314 Jmol! Kt g Standard acceleration of gravity 9.806 ms? e Speed of light in vacuum 2.99795 x 108 ms! me Blectron mass 9.1094 x 10°" kg. m, Proton mass 1.6726 x 10-77 kg h Planck constant 6.6261 x 10 Is a Bohr radi 5.2918 x 10-4 om Ry Rydberg constant 1.097 x 107 mt Ruhe 217987 x10 Conversion factors Temperature 0°C = 273.15K Length 1A=1x 10m nm =1x 10m Pressure 1Nm?=1Pa=1x 10S bar Latm = 101325 Nm“? = 1.01325 bar = 760mm Hg, Energy 1eV = 1.602 x 107 J Leal = 4.184J Dipole moment 1 Debye = 3.3356 x 10-™ Cm Logarithm Ing = 2.303logx Some useful mathematical equations =b+ VP Tac a log(#), elog(a) = log(a*) Quadrie equation ax? + be += 0 with solutions 1.2 Logarithm: log(a) + log(b) = log(a x b), log(a) — log A = dar? (surface), V = 4nr* (volume) e: O = Inr, (circumferenc: Sphere: Cirel , A = ar? (surface) 1Prefices 10"? pico (p) 10° nano (n) 10-6 micro (12) Greek alphabet A @ alpha BB beta Ty gamma A 6 delta Ec. epsilon Z¢ mta Hoy eta © @ th International System of Units (SI) 10-3 milli 10? centi 104 deci I K A Mp Nov zB € 0 0 (m) 10 © 10? (@) 10° iota kappa lambda mi mu xi omicron pi deca (da) 10° Mega (M) hecto (h) 10” Giga (G) Kilo (k) 10 Tera (T) Pp tho Eo sigma Tor tan Tv upsilon ® @ phi Xx chi vow psi 2 w omega SI base units base quantity symbol unit symbol amount of substance mole mol clectrie current I ampere A length 1 metre m Iuminous intensity I candela, cd mass m kilogram, kg temperature Tr kelvin K time t second 5 Some derived quantities in SI units derived quantity symbol unit symbol electric charge Q coulomb clectrie potential v volt force, weight FG newton frequency y hertz, power P watt pressure P ase work, energy W, BorU joule J=Nm=kgm?s?General Chemistry 1, General Chemistry 2 and General Chemistry 2 MLS Energy Work: w / Far Potential energy: By = / Fas, example: B,, = mgh (potential energy due to gravity) Electrical potential energy: By = 8? 1 Kinetic energy: Ey = ym (energy due to motion) Conservation of energy priciple SB, + Ei, = constant cverything Molecular motion and the theory of gases Ideal gas law: pV = nT nike Partial pressure: p= "> Dalton’s law for gases: p mat Yn nM!) _ nN, a 3huT _ 3RT Kinetic molecular theory: pV = m M Root mean square velo Average kinetic energy of a gas molecule: Ey = pnt?) = Sev —l_ 4ar®eNy Mean free path: an /General Chemistry 1, General Chemistry 2 and General Chemistry 2 MLS Entropy, Boltzmann distribution and Equilibrium Boltzmann equation: $= kyInW Criterion for a spontancons process: ASig, = AS + ASwu > 0, ASin = dS + dSour > 0 Entropy production per mole of reaction: AS = 2G Py produetion ofreaction: Tole of reaction : AG=A,H-TA,S, under st Reaction Gibbs ener; andard conditions : A,G° = A,H®—TA,S° Boltzmann distribution law (1): 52 E Boltzmann distribution law (2) p(h) _ elt) (0) (0) Equilibrium constant for the reaction a A +b B= ¢ C+d D: i — CelPley , concentration-based: Ki, = ABE often the subscript eq is not written: K, ley Barometric height formula: _(ckipi! TAPIBE based on partial pressure: K,, D oO pies relation K, and Ky: Ky = K. x (RT) *" c}(DIt [Al*(B"° Reaction quotient: Qe = equilibrium when Q. = Kor Qy = Ky Relation A, and reaction quotient: A,G = A,G* + RTInQ 4General Chemistry 1, General Chemistry 2 and General Chemistry 2 MLS Reaction kinetics 1AIA] _ 1416] ornge reacti 0 for —eC+aD: Average reaction rate for aA +6 B= eC +d D: a Sat Ta = 14a] _ talc] Instantancous reaction rate for @ A+ B= ce C+ D: adic dt Relation instantancous and average reaction rate: 7 = Jim, rae Rate equation: r= (AJ? [B|” Differential and integrated rate equations for the reaction A —» products. order | differential form | integrated form | half-life | unit of & | | 0 [MA | fajataj—ae | Hilo | motn-ts® 1 | ALS ata) | 1A) = fale rk in2 9 aA] _ 1 1 -1 2 “a> HAP tap Tap tM) aay | motes Half-life and reaction order: ty ~ > [Alb Ey Arrhenius equation: k= Ae RE, nk =InA— z= ke 1 L mh RAD DB Reaction rate from the collision theory for the raction A+B —+... _ Ey RT [A[B), where 2 = 7N3 (ra + rp)? [Pla Rate constant and temperature: In z © NaGeneral Chemistry 1, General Chemistry 2 and General Chemistry 2 MLS Acids, bases and buffers Dissociation constant of water: Ky = [H,O*)|OHM] = 1.00 x 10- M? at 25°C pH, pOH, p&q: pH = —log[H1,0*], pOH = —log|OHT], pKy = —log Ky ' Dissociation constant of a weak acid HA: K, = a | [HAJ|OH- Dissociation constant of a weak base A>: Ky = MAUIOM is J PK, pK: pKa = —log Ka, py = —log Ki Buffer formula for a mixture of HA and A~ (Henderson-Hasselbalch equation). pH = pK, + log iat Buffer capacity : § = aH aa torent og 21 dr [AJA] Diferental busier capacity: Bu = Fg] = LOX Gar ta degree of dissociation of a weak acid : a= phe Adsorption mann acksorption i _@ KXwslAl 2 KPulAl Langmuir adsorptionssotherm: Xq =F = FOS, Ta = T= 7 PTR A Relation Xq and Pa: Xq =PAAyp, where Ay = m ¢ surface arca, is the spe X, Ts __KIAl Xie Fane 1+ KIA Relative adsorption: @ = Lincarised adsorption-isoth {Al BP insGeneral Chemistry 1, General Chemistry 2 and General Chemistry 2 MLS Transport: drift en diffusion Drift velocity: 74 = Z Friction coefficient for a spherical object (Stokes’ law): ¢ = 6rqr Not force on a particle settling in a fluid with density py under the influence of gravity: f= mg —pV9=ApV9 Velocity of sedimentation or creaming under the influence of gravity: vy Velocity of a particle in a centrifugal field: vy = _ a Fick’s first law: -pie ne poe Einstein relation: D = 222 ¢ Stokes-Einstein relation: D Blectrie field: € = av Electrical force: fg = 2e€ Drift velocity under the influence of an electrical fore: vy = ze Tonie mobility: w= > jon diffusi Fi joni kyP Relation diffusion coefficient and ionic mobility: D =u Resistance of a solution between two electrodes with surface A at distance £ apart. é ROY, ealn: Conductivity: “a = da = > lesluzes Molar conductivity of an ion: i = F|zilus Molar conductivity of A,,B,: Agu, =mAge+ + Ape Root-mean-square displacement (one dimensional): (2?) = 2Dt, str = W2Dt Root-mean-square displacement: (three dimensional): (2) = 6Dt, tym, = V6Dt 7General Chemistry 1, General Chemistry 2 and General Chemistry 2 MLS Electrochemistry Membrane potential: Eyemeq AS Relation entropy production and cell potential: ——"!* __ = mole of re AG Relation Besieg and AG: Bestoy = — nP AG? under standard conditions: B2y,.4—=—— nF Cell potential: Eee = Bvigis — Be, and Boo = uicator electrode — Ereference electrode = By" Tmg Nernst equation: Ey oq ay nF T at chemical equilibrium (Ezateq = 0): Bon = a nk Nernst equation for the equilibrium electrode potential (Box/tet) of the reaetion p Ox + ne —> q Red. ° RT, [Red|t Boxjnea = KSxyxoa~ p™ if Equilibrium cell potential for a combined electrode to measure pH. Feeea = constant + infer] F Spectroscopy Energy of a photon: B= hv = ne Wave number: 7 I Lambert-Beer’s law: A = —log 7 = —logT = ebe lo Lambert-Beer’s law for mixtures: A = eves aGeneral Chemistry 1, General Chemistry 2 and General Chemistry 2 MLS Atoms and molecules Quantum numbers : M-shell; n = 4: N-shell n=1,2,3 n=1: K-shell; n= 2: L-shell; n =3 1=0,1, 1=0: s-orbital; 1 = 1: p-orbital; orbital; |= 3: f-orbital m= 0, 41,42... m, = 43 The outer shell indicates the shell that has the highest principal quantum number (n) and still contains electrons. All orbitals having the same angular momentum quantum number (2) within a shell together, form a sub-shell. Orbital energy for a one-clectron particle: B, = Orbital energy for a multi-clectron particle: Ey, - 1 1 Line spectrum of hydrogen: = = Ry (—— — ° wings = Pa (3a) h Broglie wavelength of a particle with mass m and velocity v: we no dipole moment: Ar (18) Ad 29) Nii = SRS orbital energy HHeQ) Nei) Ar(8) atomic number 4°GO Orbital energy in a multi-clectron particle in relation to the atomie mumber.General Chemistry 1, General Chemistry 2 and General Chemistry 2 MLS VSEPR formula VSEPR shape ZeN X—A—X AX, |X x bent linear xX |X—A—X] Any AM AX; | x—a’ | x7 N Nx x X ; trigonal trigonal planar T-shaped pyramidal i xX— Xu uX AX, Aum, TAM a“ "xX | i x \ x x |x x tetrahedral seesaw square planar x xX Xen, h AXs xh XY) Xena X trigonal square bipyramidal pyramidal x Xray X AX, ex x octahedral 10General Chemistry 1, General Chemistry 2 and General Chemistry 2 MLS Molecular thermodynamics ny ensl(but) Boltzmann distribution law: “= =, N = ng +-1ny + m2 + Sa N q Molecular partition function: q = > ed ket) — > gy ooh) sate i leeds 5 Relation molecular partition function and internal energy. Sone US. : Eertaten fT Foataten iS Pee U = NkgT? (4) » Um = RT? (CG *) (molar energy) or WN VN Relation molecular partition function and entropy. 7 q nu. a Uw = Nkyln (4) ENku ts Su = rin(2) + R42 (molar entropy) Relation molecular partition function and Gibbs energy. G=-NhgT In (4) + Gy =-RT In ) (molar Gibbs energy) . m hen? Translational energy (1 dimension): By = gr ‘Translational energy (3 dimensions): Ey, nu. ‘Translational partition fimetion: qi, 1