ECS556

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Chapter 1
Analysis of Frame

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 1 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 LEARNING OUTCOMES
(Pulau Pinang)

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

1. Determine the reactions of statically determinate

frames by applying method of section.
2. Find out internal forces such as shear, moment and
axial values in statically determinate frames.
3. Illustrate the shear, moment and axial of a statically
determinate frames with interior hinge in graphically
diagram

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 2 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Definition of Plane Frame
(Pulau Pinang)

A Plane frame structures are composed of structural

members which lie in a single plane. It is connected
either as a rigid joint (moment resisting) or pinned joint
(hinged). When loaded in this plane, they are subjected
to both bending and axial action. Of particular interest are
the shear and moment distributions for the members due
to gravity and lateral loadings.

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 3 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Sign Convention
(Pulau Pinang)

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 4 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Sign Convention
(Pulau Pinang)

N + N
M V M

V
M
N
-ve N
M V

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 5 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Shear and Moment Diagram
(Pulau Pinang)

Relationship Between Loading, Shear and Moment

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 6 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Shear and Moment Diagram
(Pulau Pinang)

Relationship Between Loading, Shear and Moment

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 7 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Refer to figure below, calculate shear force and bending moment at all salient
point, hence draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for the rigid-
jointed frame.
16 kN/m

D C
2m
15 kN

2m
A B
5m

Figure 1

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 8 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 1.
Draw free body diagram and calculate the external reactions (support reactions).
Determine numbers of cutting section required to calculate the internal forces.

MA + = 0
16 kN/m (16)(5)(2.5) + (15)(2) – 5VB = 0
 VB = 46 kN#
2m
FY+ = 0
15 kN (16)(5) = VA + VB
 VA = 34 kN#
2m
HA
FX→+ = 0
VA VB HA – 15 = 0
5m
 HA = 15 kN#

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 9 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.
Calculate the internal forces either consider from left hand sight or right hand sight.

MX
MX

16 kN/m 15 kN
x
HA
2m x
HA
VA
15 kN
VA
2m
HA
x 16 kN/m
VA VB x
5m MX 2m

15 kN 15 kN

2m MX
HA HA

VA VA

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 10 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 3.
Dismember the frame and calculate the internal reactions using equilibrium equation.

Member AD (0<x<2) Member AD (2<x<4)

VX HX VX
HX
MX+ = 0 MX+ = 0
MX MX = 15(X) MX MX = 15(X) – 15(X – 2)
x 15 kN
 MX = 15X #  MX = 30 kNm #
15
 M0 = 0 kNm # x  M2 = 30 kNm #
34  M2 = 30 kNm #
15  M4 = 30 kNm #

34
FY+ = 0 FX→+ = 0
FY+ = 0 FX→+ = 0
VA = VX HA = H X
VA = VX HA = 15 + HX
 VX = 34 kN#  HX = 15 kN#
 VX = 34 kN#  HX = 0 kN#

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 11 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 3.
Dismember the frame and calculate the internal reactions using equilibrium equation. (cont’d)

Member DC (0<x<5)
MX+ = 0
VX MX = 15(4)-15(2)+34(X) – 16(X2)/2
x  MX = 30 + 34X – 8X2 #
HX
 M0 = 30 kNm #
MX  M5 = 0 kNm #
15 kN  Mmax = 66.125 kNm #

FY+ = 0 FX→+ = 0
15
VA = (16)(X) + VX 15 – HA = HX
34
 VX = 34 – 16X  HX = 0 kN#
#

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 12 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 4.
Draw Shear Force Diagram (SFD)

34 kN

34 kN +ve

-ve

46 kN
46 kN

15 kN

+ve

15 kN
15 kN

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 13 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 5.
Draw Bending Moment Diagram (BMD)

-ve
30 kNm

30 kNm

66.125 kNm
66.125 kNm
-ve
+ve

30 kNm
30 kNm

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 14 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Refer to figure below, calculate shear force and bending moment at all salient
point, hence draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for the frame.
40 kN

C
B
D

20 kN/m

600

A
5m 2m 3m

Figure 2

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 15 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 1.
Draw free body diagram and calculate the external reactions (support reactions).
Determine numbers of cutting section required to calculate the internal forces.

40 kN MA + = 0
(20)(8.66)(4.33) + (40)(7) – 10VB = 0
B
C  VB = 103 kN#
VB
20 kN/m FY+ = 0
VA + 40 = VB
60 0
A  VA = 63 kN#
HA
VA FX→+ = 0
5m 2m 3m
HA – (20)(8.66) = 0
 HA = 173.205 kN#

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 16 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.
Resolve the Uniformly distributed load so that its perpendicular to the member AC

173.205 Sin 600 40 kN

173.205 Cos 600
15 kN/m

VB

173.205 kN

60 0 HA

VA

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 17 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 3.
Dismember the frame and calculate the internal reactions using equilibrium equation.

Member BC (0<x<3) Member BC (3<x<5)

VX x MX+ = 0 MX+ = 0
40 kN
HX MX = 103(X) VX x
MX = 103(X) – 40(X – 3)
HX
 MX = 103X#  MX = 63X + 120#
MX MX
103  M0 = 0 kNm #  M3 = 309 kNm #
 M3 = 309 kNm #
VB
 M5 = 435 kNm #

FY+ = 0 FX→+ = 0 FY+ = 0 FX→+ = 0

VB = VX HX = 0 VB =40 + VX HX = 0
 VX = 103 kN#  HX = 0 kN#  VX = 63 kN#  HX = 0 kN#

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 18 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 3.
Dismember the frame and calculate the internal reactions using equilibrium equation. (cont’d)

Member AC (0<x<10)
MX + = 0
VX
15 kN/m - MX + 173.21 (0.866X) – 63(0.5X) – 15 (x)(x/2)= 0
HX  MX = 118.50X - 7.5X2 #
x
MX  M0 = 0 #

 M10 = 435 kNm #

173.205
 Mmax when dy/dx = 0 then x = 7.9 #

63  M7.9 = 468.075 kNm #

8.66kN/m

FY +=0 FX +=0

VX = 173.205(Sin600) – 63(Cos600) – 15(X) HX = 63(Sin600)+173.205(Cos600) – 8.66(X)
 VX = 118.5 – 15X#  HX = 141.162 – 8.66X#

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 19 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 4.
Draw Shear Force Diagram (SFD)

103 kN
63 kN

+ve
31.5 kN

-ve
118.5 kN

+ve

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 20 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 5.
Draw Bending Moment Diagram (BMD)

435kNm
309 kNm

435kNm

468.075 kNm

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 21 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Refer to figure below, calculate shear force and bending moment at all salient
point, hence draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for the frame.
40 kN

C
B
D

Hinge

8m
20 kN/m

A
6m 3m 3m

Figure 4

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 22 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 1.
Draw free body diagram and calculate the external reactions (support reactions).

40 kN
MA + = 0
C B
(20)(8)(4) + (40)(9) – 12VB – 8HB= 0
HB
VB  12VB + 8HB= 1000 kN -------- (1)#
20 kN/m

8m FY+ = 0
VA + VB – 40 = 0
HA  VA + VB = 40 kN -------- (2)#
A VA
FX→+ = 0
6m 3m 3m
(20)(8) – HA – HB = 0
 HA + HB = 160 kN -------- (3)#

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 23 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 2.
Since there are 4 unknowns at support reactions, split the frame at hinge (moment = 0). Consider
member BC only.

VC 40 kN MC + = 0 From Eqn. 2 From Eqn. 3

B (40)(3) – 6VB = 0 VA + VB = 40 HA + HB = 160
HC C HB  VB = 20 kN#  VA = 20 kN#  HA = 65 kN#
VB
3m 3m
Subtitue into Eqn. 1
 HB = 95 kN#

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 24 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 3.
Resolve the Uniformly distributed load so that its perpendicular to the member AC.
Determine numbers of cutting section required to calculate the internal forces.

160 Sin 53.130 40 kN

160 Cos 53.130
HB

12.8 kN/m
VB
160 kN

53.13 0
HA

VA

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 25 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 4.
Dismember the frame and calculate the internal reactions using equilibrium equation.

Member BC (0<x<3) Member BC (3<x<6)

VX x MX+ = 0 MX+ = 0
40 kN
HX 95 MX = 20(X) VX x
95 MX = 20(X) – 40(X – 3)
HX
 MX = 20X#  MX = – 20X + 120#
MX MX
20  M0 = 0 kNm #  M3 = 60 kNm #
 M3 = 60 kNm #
20
 M6 = 0 kNm #

FY+ = 0 FX→+ = 0 FY+ = 0 FX→+ = 0

VB = VX HA = H X VB =40 + VX HA = H X
 VX = 20 kN#  HX = 95 kN#  VX = – 20 kN#  HX = 95 kN#

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 26 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 4.
Dismember the frame and calculate the internal reactions using equilibrium equation. (cont’d)

Member AC (0<x<10)
MX + = 0
VX
12.8 kN/m - MX + 65 (0.8X) + 20(0.6X) – 12.8 (x)(x/2)= 0
HX  MX = 64X – 6.4X2 #
x
MX  M0 = 0 kNm #

 M10 = 0 kNm #
65
 Mmax when dy/dx = 0 then x = 5 m #
20  M5 = 160 kNm #
9.6kN/m

FY +=0 FX +=0

VX = 65(Sin53.130) + 20(Cos53.130) – 12.8(X) HX = – 20(Sin53.130) + 65(Cos53.130) – 9.6(X)
 VX = 64 – 12.8X#  HX = 23 – 9.6X#

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 27 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 5.
Draw Shear Force Diagram (SFD)

20 kN

20 kN

+ve
64 kN

-ve
-ve
64 kN

+ve

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 28 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Step 6.
Draw Bending Moment Diagram (BMD)

60 kNm

160 kNm

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 29 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Example 4
(Pulau Pinang)

Refer to figure below, calculate shear force and bending moment at all salient
point, hence draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for the frame.

B
15 kN
3m

15 kN/m D
3m
A
C Hinge
8m 8m

Figure 2

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 30 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 (Pulau Pinang)

Review
Problem

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 31 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Problem 1
(Pulau Pinang)

Figure P1 shows a rigid-jointed frame. 30 kN/m

The frame is roller supported at D and

32 kN
pinned at support A.
B C
a) Show that the rigid-jointed plane is
statically determinate and compute
the external reactions at supports A 6m

and B.
A
b) Write an expression of equations for D

the bending moment throughout the 8m 4m 4m

whole frame and draw the bending
moment diagram, highlighting all the Figure P1
salient points.
c) Draw the shear force diagram for the
whole frame.

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 32 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Problem 2
(Pulau Pinang)

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for each member of the frame shown in
Figure P2. Assume A is fixed, the joint at B is a pin, and support C is a roller

100 kN

5 kN/m

4m

3m 3m

Figure P2

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 33 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Problem 3
(Pulau Pinang)

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for each member of the frame shown in
Figure P3. The joints at A, B and C are pin connected

5 kN/m

2.4 kN/m
1.5 m 1.5 m

2m

Figure P3

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 34 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Problem 4
(Pulau Pinang)

Figure P4 shows a rigid-jointed frame that is

subjected to wind loads. The wind load is
transferred to the members at the girts and
purlins from the roof segments (AB) and simply 2m
A

supported wall (BC). The frame is roller supported Purlins

at A and pinned at C. 2m
30 0
B
a) Show that the rigid-jointed plane is statically
determinate and compute the external 4m

15 kN/m
reactions at supports A and C.
Girts

b) Write an expression of equations for the 4m

bending moment throughout the whole frame
and draw the bending moment diagram, C
highlighting all the salient points.
c) Draw the shear force diagram for the whole Figure P4
frame.

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 35 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Problem 5
(Pulau Pinang)

Figure P5 shows a rigid-jointed

15 kN/m
frame. The frame is roller supported
C
at A and pinned at support B. D

3m
a) Show that the rigid-jointed plane is
statically determinate and compute
1m
the external reactions at supports
A and B.
4m
b) Write an expression of equations
for the bending moment
throughout the whole frame and A B
draw the bending moment
diagram, highlighting all the salient 3m 3m 6m
points.
c) Draw the shear force diagram for Figure P5
the whole frame.

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 36 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame

 Problem 6
(Pulau Pinang)

Figure P6 shows a frame which is roller

supported at B and fixed supported at A.
B
a) Show that the rigid-jointed plane is statically 15 kN
determinate and compute the external 3m
reactions at supports A and B. 15 kN/m
D
3m
b) Write an expression of equations for the A
bending moment throughout the whole C Hinge
frame and draw the bending moment 8m 8m
diagram, highlighting all the salient points.
c) Draw the shear force diagram for the whole
frame. Figure P6

CES 424 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 37 of 57 Topic 4 – Analysis of Frame