Professional Education:

PED 10: Foundations of Special and Inclusive Education

Special Education: is a type of educating individuals via accommodation, modification and

individualization depending on their individual differences and needs
LSEN: Learner with Special Educational Needs
PWD: Persons with Disability
Gifted: people who have an IQ of more than 120
Accommodation: giving minimal assistance to the LSEN, but using the same task as everyone
else
Modification: changing some parts of the task to help the LSEN
Individualization: completely changing the task according to the ability of the LSEN
Impairment – any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or
function.
Disability – any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the
range considered normal for a human being.
Handicap – the result when an individual with an impairment cannot fulfill a normal life role.

Republic Acts on SPED

RA 3562: an act promoting the education of people with blindness thus, pioneering the
Philippine National School for the Blind
RA 7277: an act providing for the rehabilitation, self-development and self-reliance of disabled
persons and their integration into the mainstream of society and for other purposes
RA 9442: an act amending RA 7277 by adding more privileges to PWD such as discounts
RA 5250: an act promoting a ten-year training program for SPED teachers in the Philippines
and authorizing the appropriation of funds thereof
RA 10754: an act expanding the benefits and privileges of PWD

Types of Disabilities:
1. Intellectual Disability: characterised by someone having an IQ below 70 (the median IQ is
100), as well as significant difficulty with daily living such as self-care, safety, communication,
and socialisation.
● Fragile X Syndrome: is the most common known cause of an inherited intellectual
disability worldwide. It is a genetic condition caused by a mutation (a change in the DNA
structure) in the X chromosome.
● Down Syndrome: is not a disease or illness, it is a genetic disorder which occurs
when someone is born with a full, or partial, extra copy of chromosome 21 in their DNA.
● Developmental Delay: when a child develops at a slower rate compared to other
children of the same age
● Prader-Willi Syndrome: is a rare genetic disorder which affects around 1 in 10,000 –
20,000 people. This disability is quite complex and it’s caused by an abnormality in the
genes of chromosome 15.
● Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: refers to a number of conditions that are caused
when an unborn foetus is exposed to alcohol.
2. Physical Disabilities
● Cerebral Palsy: is a physical disability resulting from injury to the developing brain
during pregnancy, birth, or shortly after birth
● Stroke: is a physical disability resulting from bleeding in the brain or interruption of the
central nervous system's blood supply
● Spina Bifida: is a type of physical disability, which occurs during pregnancy where
there is incomplete closure of the bony encasement of the spinal cord, leaving the spinal
nerves exposed
● Arthritis: is a physical disability that causes inflammation and pain in joints, bones,
and muscles
● Spinal Cord Injury: result from a lack of sufficient blood and oxygen supply to the
spinal cord
● Epilepsy: is a neurological condition where an individual tends to have recurrent
unprovoked seizures
● Muscular Dystrophy: occurs when the muscles responsible for controlling movement
become weak

3. Learning Disabilities
● Dyslexia: a disorder that impacts reading, writing, and comprehension
● Dysgraphia: have trouble converting their thoughts into writing or drawing
● Dyscalculia: disabilities related to mathematical calculations
● Dyspraxia: is a common disorder that affects movement and coordination
● Auditory Processing Disorder: difficulty processing sounds
● Language Processing Disorder: arises when an individual has specific challenges in
processing spoken language, impacting both receptive and expressive language
● Nonverbal Learning Disabilities: refers to difficulties in decoding nonverbal
behaviors or social cues
● Visual Perceptual/Visual Motor Deficit: exhibits poor hand-eye coordination, often
lose their places when reading, and have difficulty with pencils, crayons, glue, scissors,
and other fine motor activities

4. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): is a mental disorder that affects the
brain’s regulation of behavior. The symptoms of ADHD include difficulty paying attention,
hyperactivity, and impulsiveness.

5. Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

● Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): is a common, chronic, and long- lasting
disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and/or
behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over
● Agoraphobia: is the fear of being alone in a public place, generally, in situations in
which it would be difficult or embarrassing to escape in the event of a panic attack
● Adjustment Disorder: difficulty in coping with change
● Acute Stress Reaction: is a short-term response to a traumatic event
● Bipolar Disorder: is a mental health condition marked by intense mood changes
● Conduct Disorder: children with a conduct disorder are selfish, do not relate well to
others, and lack an appropriate sense of guilt
6. Sensory Disabilities
● Blindness and Low Vision: is defined by permanent vision loss, which cannot be
corrected using glasses and affects daily functioning
● Hearing Loss and Deafness: is the loss of the hearing sensory
● Deaf-Blindness: is a type of sensory disability is characterized by loss of both hearing
and seeing
● Sensory Processing Disorder: is a disability where an individual has difficulties
receiving and responding to information coming in via senses

7. Eating Disorders
● Anorexia Nervosa: people with anorexia generally view themselves as overweight,
even if they’re dangerously underweight
● Bulimia Nervosa: people with bulimia frequently eat unusually large amounts of food in
a specific period of time
● Binge Eating Disorder: people who typically eat unusually large amounts of food in
relatively short periods of time and feel a lack of control during binges
● Pica: involves eating things that are not considered food
● Rumination Disorder: describes a condition in which a person regurgitates food they
have previously chewed and swallowed, re-chews it, and then either re-swallows it or
spits it out
● Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake: individuals with this disorder experience disturbed
eating either due to a lack of interest in eating or distaste for certain smells, tastes,
colors, textures, or temperature
● Purging Disorder: individuals with purging disorder often use purging behaviors, such
as vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, or excessive exercising, to control their weight or shape.
However, they do not binge
● Night Eating Syndrome: individuals with this syndrome frequently eat excessively,
often after awakening from sleep

Aptitudes
● Intellectual Quotient (IQ): our ability to comprehend, solve problems, think and express
our thoughts
● Emotional Quotient (EQ): our ability to deal with our emotions and with others’ as well
● Adversity Quotient (AQ): our ability to face problems and pass through them without
losing ourselves
● Social Quotient (SQ): our ability to build, handle and maintain relationships

Formula in computing for the IQ:

Stanford-Binet Fifth Edition (SB5) classification

IQ Range (deviation IQ”) IQ Classification

145-160 Very gifted or highly gifted
130-144 Gifted or very advanced
120-129 Superior
110-119 High Average
90-109 Average
80-89 Low Average
70-79 Borderline impaired or delayed
55-69 Mildly impaired or Delayed
40-54 Moderately impaired or delayed