Fundamentals of

Programming
Week 7 - Tuple, Set, Local&Global
Variables, Introduction to Error Handling

18.11.2024 | DOT 1003 | Mahmut Can Kovan

Agenda
● Tuple
● Set
● Local and Global Variables
● Error Handling

141
Tuple
>my_tuple = (0,1)
>my_tuple[0] = 1

>TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item

assignment
● immutable and regular
parentheses list >my_coordinates = {}
>my_coordinates[(0,0)] = "Center"
● Values of tuple cannot be >my_coordinates[(1,0)] = "Right"
>my_coordinates[(-1,0)] = "Left"
changed after defined. >print(my_coordinates[(0,0)])

● can be used as keys in dictionary >Center

● parentheses not necessary

>def my_fancy_function(fancy_input)
> #do magic
> return ans1, ans2 #return tuples
>my_tuple = my_fancy_function(my_input)

>

142
Programming Task 67
● Create a function named coordinator which takes two arguments as
integer and return tuples

>(5,6) >def coordinator(x,y): #function here

>
>my_coordinates = coordinator(5,6)
>print(my_coordinates)

143
Programming Task 68
● use that function to fill coordinate dictionary. Add these coordinates
as keys and location names as values

>position: (0,0), name: Home >my_coordinates = {}

>position: (1,1), name: Work >def coordinator(x,y): #function here
>position: (-1,-1), name: School >
>my_coordinates[coordinator(0,0)] = "Home"
>my_coordinates[coordinator(1,1)] = "Work"
>my_coordinates[coordinator(-1,-1)] = "School"
>
>for k,v in my_coordinates.items():
> print(f"position: {k} name: {v}")

144
Programming Task 69
● Please create a function named print_best_weapon which takes a list
of tuples as argument and no return parameters
● Your function should find the best meele weapon and print its name

>sword >weapon1 = ("blade", 10)

>weapon2 = ("sabre", 35)
>weapon3 = ("sword", 50)
>meele_weapon = [weapon1, weapon2, weapon3]
>print_best_weapon(meele_weapon)
>
>def best_weapon(weapon_list: list):
>#TODO

145
Programming Task 70
● Ask user for new input or exit. If enter exit, print the board
● Use the function you created at task 67 for creating tuples using user
input.
● add these inputs to the list named user_input
● change the my_table list using user input from _ to * after the exit
command
>_ _ _ >game_table = [[_,_,_],[_,_,_],[_,_,_]]
>_ _ _ >user_inputs = []
>_ _ _ >#Your code here
>please type new or exit: new >
>please enter x: 0 >
>
>please enter y: 0
>
>please type new or exit: exit >
>* _ _
>_ _ _
>_ _ _ 146
Set
>my_set = {0,1}
>print(my_set[1])

>TypeError: 'set' object does not support

indexing
● mutable and unordered.
● Every item is unique. There is no >my_set = set()
>my_set.add("Gauntlet")
duplicate items in set >my_set.add("Sword")
>my_set.add("Bow")
● You can create empty set using >my_set.add("Spear")
>my_set.remove("Gauntlet")
set() function >my_set.add("Sword")

You can’t change the items but

>
● >for item in my_set:

add/remove is possible
print(item)

● Boolean True and integer 1 is the >print("javelin" in my_set)

same thing for set. Thus, they >Spear

treated like duplicate items >Sword
>Bow
>False
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Programming Task 71
● Please create a empty set.
● ask user for unique element until user enters exit
● print these elements after exit command

>Enter an element for set: List >

>Enter an element for set: Dictionary
>Enter an element for set: Tuple
>Enter an element for set: Set
>Enter an element for set: xit
>List
>Dictionary
>Tuple
>Set
148
Programming Task 72
● Please create a empty set.
● ask user for unique element until user enters exit
● if user enter an element which already exists, print a warning message
● print these elements after exit command

>Enter an element for set: List >

>Enter an element for set: Dictionary >
>Enter an element for set: List >
>List is already in our set. >
>Enter an element for set: Set
>Enter an element for set: exit
>List
>Dictionary
>Set
149
Local Variables
>def my_dumb_func():
● Every variable has a scope, which > my_var = "Gandalf"
> print(my_var)
defines where the variable is >

accessible.
>my_dumb_func()
>print(my_var)
● If a variable is only accessible in a
>Gandalf
limited (or defined) section of the >NameError: name 'my_var' is not defined
program, this is a local variable

150
Global Variables >def my_dumb_func():
>
>
>
my_var = "Saruman"
print(my_var)

>my_var = "Gandalf"
● A variable which accessible from >my_dumb_func()
>print(my_var)
everywhere in the program
● Global variables are useful when >Saruman
>Gandalf
we need to have higher level
information >def my_dumb_func():
> #global my_var
>def my_dumb_func(): > print(my_var)
> print(my_var) > my_var = "Saruman"
> >
>my_var = "Gandalf" >my_var = "Gandalf"
>my_dumb_func() >my_dumb_func()
>print(my_var) >print(my_var)

>Gandalf UnboundLocalError: local variable 'my_var'

>Gandalf referenced before assignment
151
Global Variables
● We can use global keywords to >def my_dumb_func():
> global my_var
mean to change the global >
>
my_var = "Saruman"
print(my_var)
variable within a function >
>my_var = "Gandalf"
>my_dumb_func()
>print(my_var)

Saruman
Saruman

152
Programming Task 74
● Which variables global and which variables are local?
>def ask_name():
> my_ans = ""
> return input("Please enter a character from Lord of the Rings")
>
>def ask_age():
> my_ans = int(input(f"How old are {name}: "))
> return my_ans
>
>real_age = 55000
>name = ask_name()
>question = f"Here is the questions about {name}"
>print("")
>user_guess = ask_age()
>if real_age == user_guess:
> my_ans = "You’re Right"
> print(my_ans)
>else:
> print("Nope")
153
 Programming Task 75
● Find the problem and fix it.

>def start_game(): >

> score = 10 >
> print(f"Game started! Current score: {score}") >
> >
>def increase_score(): >
> score += 5 >
> print(f"Score increased! Current score: {score}") >
> >
>def display_score(): >
> print(f"Final score: {score}") >
> >
>score = 0 >
>start_game() >
>increase_score() >
>display_score() >

154
Error Handling
>x,y = 10,0
>print(f"{x} divided by {y} is {x / y}")

>ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

● We should handle runtime errors >my_input = int(input("Please Enter a Number: "))

and keep our program work >print(f"Here is your number: {my_input} ")
○ ZeroDivisionError
○ ValueError >Please Enter a Number: üç
>ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base
○ TypeError 10:'üç'
○ IndexError
○ File Handling Errors
>my_input = int(input("Please Enter a Number: "))
■ PermissionError >print(f"length is {len(my_input)} ")
■ FileNotFoundError
■ UnsupportedOperations >Please Enter a Number: üç
● Most of these errors occurs >TypeError: object of type 'int' has no len()

because of invalid input >print("Half-Life"[9])

>IndexError: string index out of range

155
Error Handling
>#Dumb Divider
>x = int(input("Please enter a number: "))
>flag = True
>while flag:
> try:
> y = int(input("Please enter divider: "))
● We can use try and except > print(f"{x} divided by {y} is {x / y}")

statements to prevent this kind of

> flag = False
> except ZeroDivisionError:

runtime errors
> print("invalid input")

●
try: >Please enter a number: 10
age = int(input("How old is Gandalf: ")) >Please enter a divider: 0
except ValueError: >Invalid Input
age = -1 >Please enter a divider: 1
>10 divided by 1 is 10
if age >= 0 and age <= 55000:
print("Plausible")
else:
print("Invalid Input")

>How old is Gandalf: üç

>Invalid Input

156
Programming Task 76
● Please create a function named age_calc which asks integer input and
return it
● If user enters invalid type of input, send a message and ask again for
proper input

>What is your birthyear? Üç >def age_calc():

>Invalid Input. >#your code
>What is your birthyear? 2000 >
>You are 24 years old >print(f"You are {age_calc()} years old")

157
Error Handling
>#Dumb Divider
>x = int(input("Please enter a number: "))
>flag = True
>while flag:
> try:
> y = int(input("Please enter divider: "))
● We can use multiple except > print(f"{x} divided by {y} is {x / y}")

statements for try statements

> flag = False
> except ZeroDivisionError:

We can use except statements

> print("You can’t enter 0 as divider")
● > except ValueError:
without specifying errors. >
>
print("Invalid Value")
except:
However this could be hiding the print("Some kind of error occured")

actual error. >Please enter a number: 10

>Please enter a divider: sifir
>Invalid Value
>Please enter a divider: 0
>You can’t enter 0 as divider
>Please enter a divider: 1
>10 divided by 1 is 10.0

158
 Programming Task 77
● What would this code throw? Syntax error or runtime error or
something else happen? Please fix this
>#Dumb Divider >
>x = int(input("Please enter a number: ")) >
>flag = True >
>while flag: >
> try: >
> y = int(input("Please enter divider: ")) >
> print(f"{x} divided by {y} is {x / y}") >
> flag = False >
> except: >
> print("Some kind of error occured") >
> except ZeroDivisionError: >
> print("You can’t enter 0 as divider") >
> except ValueError: >
> print("Invalid Value") >
>

159
Programming Task 78
● Please create a function named new_game which ask users for game
name and release date return this values as tuple.
● if parameters are not valid, throw a
ValueError exception for this: >def new_game():
>#TODO
○ empty name >
○ longer than 40char name >game_list = []
>flag = True
○ negative release date >while flag:
○ release date greater than 2024 > user_command = input("add or exit: ")
> if user_command == "exit":
> flag = False
>add or exit: add > elif user_command == "add":
>game name: Half-Life > game_list.append(new_game())
>release year: 1998 >
>add or exit: exit >for game in game_list:
>Game name: Half-Life, Release Year: 1998 > print(f"Name: {game[0]}, Year: {game[1]}")
160
Error Handling
>#Iterative Factorial Calculator
>def factorial(n):
> if n < 0:
> raise ValueError("No negative value")
> k = 1
> for i in range(2,n+1):
● We can also raise an error > k*= i

purposefully using raise

> return k
>

statement.
>print(factorial(5))
>print(factorial(-1))

>120
>ValueError: No negative value

161
 Programming Task 79
● Please add try&catch statements to this code.

>#Iterative Factorial Calculator >

>def factorial(n): >
> if n < 0: >
> raise ValueError("No negative value") >
> k = 1 >
> for i in range(2,n+1): >
> k*= i >
> return k >
> >
>print(factorial(5)) >
>print(factorial(-1)) >
> >
> >
> >
> >

162
End of the Week
Thanks Materials
[email protected]
● Beginning C# Object-Oriented
Programming, Second Edition
● www.freecodecamp.com
● www.geeksforgeeks.com
Assignment ● www.w3schools.com
● Null ● https://learn.microsoft.com/
● https://code.visualstudio.com/
● https://www.bytehide.com/blog/

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