### Define Array and Its Characteristics
An **array** in C is a collection of elements of the same data type stored in contiguous memory
locations.
It allows you to store multiple values in a single variable, accessed using an index.
#### Characteristics of Arrays
1. **Homogeneous Elements**: All elements in an array are of the same data type.
2. **Contiguous Memory Allocation**: Elements are stored in adjacent memory locations.
3. **Fixed Size**: The size of an array must be specified during its declaration and cannot be
changed.
4. **Index-Based Access**: Elements are accessed using zero-based indexing.
5. **Efficient Traversal**: Arrays provide a straightforward mechanism to traverse elements.
6. **Random Access**: Directly access any element using its index.
---
### Nested Structures
Nested structures are structures that contain one or more structures as members. They allow
hierarchical organization of data, representing real-world entities with multiple attributes.
#### Example
```c
#include <stdio.h>
struct Address {
char city[50];
int pincode;
};
struct Person {
char name[50];
int age;
struct Address address;
};
int main() {
struct Person person = {"John", 30, {"New York", 12345}};
printf("Name: %s, Age: %d, City: %s, Pincode: %d\n",
person.name, person.age, person.address.city, person.address.pincode);
return 0;
```
---
### Multidimensional Arrays
Multidimensional arrays are arrays of arrays. The most common is the **two-dimensional array**,
which can be visualized as a table with rows and columns.
#### Syntax:
```c
data_type array_name[size1][size2];
```
#### Example:
```c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int matrix[3][3] = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}};
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
printf("%d ", matrix[i][j]);
printf("\n");
return 0;
```
---
### Strings in C
Strings in C are arrays of characters, terminated by a null character (`\0`). The `string.h` library
provides functions to manipulate strings.
#### Commonly Used String Library Functions
- `strlen()`: Returns string length.
- `strcpy()`: Copies a string.
- `strcat()`: Concatenates strings.
- `strcmp()`: Compares two strings.
- `strchr()`: Finds a character in a string.
- `strstr()`: Finds a substring in a string.
#### Example of `strlen()`:
```c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char str[] = "Hello, World!";
printf("Length of string: %zu\n", strlen(str));
return 0;
```
Refer to the previous sections for a detailed explanation of arrays and the string library.
