Youtube Telegram

Environment

Topic - I
Environment and Ecology
स्‍थलमम्‍‍ लम‍ जीवम्‍‍ लम‍

पययावरण‍:-‍भौतिक‍व‍जैतवक‍दशयऍं‍एवं‍उनके ‍सयथ‍अन्‍ि:‍्रिययय‍
जलमम्‍‍ लम‍

पययावरण‍के ‍घटक‍

भौतिक‍ जैतवक‍ ऊजया‍

 वययुम्‍‍ लम‍ पयदप‍‍ जीव‍ सूक्ष्म

‍ जीव‍ भूम्‍‍ लमीय‍तवकीरण,‍ऊजया
 जलम‍ कय‍अंतिम‍स्‍रषि
स्‍वपषतषि‍
 मृदय‍
(Chlorophyll)
की‍उप.

स्‍वपषतषि परजीवी मृिजीवी‍ प्रयणीसमपषषी‍

Cyanobacteria (Saprophytes (Parasites) (Holozoic)
ई‍-‍क्‍लमषरषकटक‍ )
सरषजयबी‍क्षेर‍
जलमीय‍िंर . वेलमयंचलम‍(Littoral) (Limnetic zone)
स्‍थलम‍

गहरय‍समुद्र
प्रवयलम,‍समुद्री (Abyssal)
घयस‍
पयदपप्‍लमवक‍
घोंघय,‍सूक्ष्‍मजीवी‍

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 1

Youtube Telegram
 Environment

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 2

Youtube Telegram
 Environment






 ↑  ↓

  


 
↓ 
 
 

 
 






ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 3

Youtube Telegram
 Environment
e:LFkyh; ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=

o`{k fo’ks"krk,¡ tho fo’ks"krk HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr

0 0
 >kfM;k¡  rst nkSM+us okys  15 ls 35 v{kka’k
 ifÙk;k¡ jfgr  jkf=pj
 xísnkj rus  xk<+k ew= foltZu
 lqfodflr tM+ra=  yEch Vk¡xas

VqMªk ikfjra=

o`{k fo’ks"krk,¡ thokas dh fo’ks"krk HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr

0 0
 o`{k lhek ls Åij  cM+k vkdkj  60 ls 75 v{kka’k
 ijekÝkLV & o`{k  iw¡N rFkk dku dk NksVk vkdkj
fodflr u gks ikuk  eksVh Ropk o ,ihMeZy jkse
 Eg. – /kzqoh; Hkkyw

tyh; ikfjra=

LoPN ty laØe.k {ks= lkxj ty

 rkykc  Estuaries  leqnz
 >jus  wetland  dksjy fjQ
 ufn;k¡  eSaxzkos  rVjs[kk
 >hy  leqnzh ?kkl
 vkWfyxksVªksfQd
 ehtksVªkfs Qd
 ;wVªkfs Qd

leqnz

QkbVksIySDVu tw&IySaDVu usDVu csUFkl

 lrg ij ik;s tkus  lrgh tho  Lora= rSjus okys  fury ij jgus
okys ikS/ks cM+s tho okys tho
 izdk’k la’ys"k.k  Ogsy] MkWfYQu

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 4

Youtube Telegram
 Environment
Coral Reef

HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr fo’ks"krk,a izdkj

 m".kdfVca/kh; lkxj (30ON – 30OS)  pwuk iz/kku tho  rVh;
 rkieku ≃ 20OC  twtSfUFkyh 'kSoky ds  Barrier
 Hkkjr & lkFk lgksidkfjrk  Atoll
 v.Meku fudksckj  leqnz o"kkZou
 dPN dh [kkM+h  izoky fojtau
 eUukj dh [kkM+h
 y{k}hi
 vfxz;k cSad (MH)
 usrjkuh }hi (Krt.)

vknzZ Hkwfe &

nyny] iadHkwfe] fiVHkwfe] d`f+=e izkd`frd LFkk;h] vLFkk;h] fLFkj ;k xfreku ty] fuEu Tokj tgk¡ ty Lrj 6 ehVj
ls vf/kd ugha gksrkA
Hkkjr es vknzZ Hkwfe & 4-86 % of total area
& buySaM vknzZHkwfe & 70 %
jkelj lEesyu 1971

1971 jkelj ¼bZjku½ esa dk;Z & vknzZHkwfe;ksa dks  Hkkjr esa dqy jkelj ekWUVªsDl fjdkWMZ
vk;ksftr  vknzZHkwfe ds jkelj lkbV dk lkbV & 85  dsoyknso ¼jkt-½
 1975 ls ykxw cpko gsrq ntkZ nsukA  vf/kdre &  yksdVd
 170 lnL;¼Hkkjr oSf’od rfeyukMq ¼18½ ¼ef.kiqj½
lfgr½ iz;kl
 vknzHkwfe fnol %&
2 Qjojh
uohure jkelj lkbV &
1- Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary – Tamilnadu
2- Kazhureli Bird Sanctuary – Tamil Nadu
3- Tawa Reservoir – Madhya Pradesh

jktLFkku jkelj lkbV &

1- dsoyknso
2- lkaHkj

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 5

Youtube Telegram
 Environment
eSaxzkso

m".k@miks".k dfVca/kh; o`{k fo’ks"krk,¡ & Hkkjr dh fLFkfr

 rV] Tokjuneq[kks] Tokjh;  [kkjs ikuh ds izfr  fo’o eSxzkso dk 3
Øhd esa fodflr lgu’khy izfr’kr
 vf/kdka’kr% & [kkjs ikuh esa  U;weV s ksQkslZ tM+s  lqanjou lcls cM+k
fodkl  fØIVksfofoiSjh eSaxzkos {ks=
 eksVh] fpduh ifÙk;k¡  MIS HTI ifj;kstuk

& dPN dh [kkM+h

& [kEHkkr dh [kkMh

& lqUnjou

& ekyou
& HkhÙkjdfudk
& dksfjaxk & fpYdk

& dkjokj
& fipoje
& iqfydV
vU; vo/kkj.kk,¡ &
1- Bio-Rock Tech - dksjy jhQ
2- lqiks"k.k (Eutrophication) & tyh; fudk;ksa esa vR;f/kd iks"kd rRokas ds dkj.k tSo fofo/krk dk àkl
3- 'kSoky & Loiks"kh] tyh; tho
4. Harmful Algal Bloom – rhoz xfr ls 'kSokyksa esa o`f)

Important Previous Year Questions

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 6

Youtube Telegram
 Environment

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 7

Youtube Telegram
 Environment

Ecological Productivity

NPP = GPP
Biomass:-

Tropic Level ( ):-

Food Chain:-

Food Web :- Network of Food Chain

Ecological Pyramid ( )

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 8

Youtube Telegram
 Environment
Ecological Succession
Primary Succession
Secondary Succession – Replacement of initial Community
Biotic Internation

P = Predation C1 = Competition
M = Mutualism N = Neutralism
A = Amensalism C = Commensalism

Ecological Efficacy

1. Phosphorus Cycle

2. Sulphur Cycle (Both gaseous and Sedimentary Cycle)

Biodiversity

Defined in Rio Summit 1992

First time word used by Walter G. Rosen

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 9

Youtube Telegram
 Environment

Biodiversity in India
1. Biodiversities Hotspot In India –
1. Hotspot Word - Norman Myers.
2. Total 4 Hotspot in India.
(i) Indo Burma Region (5.13%)
(ii) Himalaya Region (44%)
(iii) Western Ghat & Srilanka (65%)
(iv) Sundaland Region (1.5% & Andanan & Nicobar)

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 10

Youtube Telegram
 Environment
Red Data Book -
 Published by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
Global Species Program, The species Survival Commission.
 It covers both plant and Animal


Species Conservation Status Region
Bengal Tiger Endangered Sundarbans, Western Ghats, Terai Region
Asian Elephant Endangered Northeast India, Western Chats Central India
India Pangolin Endangered Penninsular India, Srilanka
Great Indian Bustard Critically Endangered Rajasthan, Gujarat, Deccan Plateau
Ganges River Dolphin Endangered Ganges- Brahmaputra - Meghna river Systems
Hoolock Gibbon Endangered Northest India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh)
Indian Star Tortoise Vulnerable Eastern and Southern India
Himalayan Monal Least Concern Western and Eastern Himalayas
Malabar Civet Critically Endangered Western Ghats
Indian Bustard Critically Endangered Rajasthan and Gujarat
Snow Leopard Vulnerable Himalayas (Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim)
One-Horned Rhinoceros Vulnerable Assam (Kaziranga National park) West Bengal
Lion-tailed Macaque Endangered Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu)
Nilgiri Tahr Endangered Nilgiri hills, Western Ghats
Olive Ridley Turtle Vulnerable Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal (Coasts)

In Situ Ex Situ
 National park  Gene Bank
 Wildlife Sanctuary  Zoo
 Biosphere Reserve  Biological Park etc.

1. National Park
 Total – 106


Largest National Park – Hemis National Park (Ladakh)
First National Park – Jim Corbett National Park

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 11

Youtube Telegram
 Environment

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 12

Youtube Telegram
 Environment
2. Wildlife Sanctuaries ( )
 Total – 573
 (WPA – 1972)

3. Biosphere Reserve
 UNESCO Man and Biosphere (MAB)

 MAB (World Network of Biosphere) Network

Biosphere in India
 Total – 18
 Global Biosphere Reserve = 12

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 13

Youtube Telegram
 Environment
"UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site"

Project Tiger 1973

 WPA 1972
 National Tiger Conservation Authority
 M-STrIPES – Tiger
 54th Tiger Reserve – Veerangana Durgawati TR (MP)
 55th Tiger Reserve – Dholpur - Karauli Tiger Reserve (RJ)

 56th Tiger Reserve – Guru Ghasidas Tamor Pingla TR (Chattisgarh)

 57th Tiger Reserve – Ratapani wildlife Sanctuary (MP)
 Largest Tiger Reserve – Nagarjunsagar - Srisailam TR (AP + Telengana)
 Oldest Tiger Reserve – Corbett Tiger Reserve (UK)
 5th All India Tiger Extimation (2022)
By National Tiger Conservation Authority
Tiger - 3682
State Wise Tiger – MP (785) > Karnataka (563) > UK (560) > MH (444)
Tiger Reserve Wise = Corbett > Bandipur > Nagarhole

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 14

Youtube Telegram
 Environment

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 15

Youtube Telegram
 Environment
Project Elephant (1992)
Elephant Reserve
 Monitoring of illegal Killing of Elephant (MIKE)
CITES
 MIKE

Conservation Reserve and Community Reserve

 WPA

 Conservation Reserve – Conservation Reserve Management Committee

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 16

Youtube Telegram
 Environment

1. Convention on Bio Diversity CBD

 Earth Summit Rio 1992  196 Parties including India
 Protocol Under CBD  Earth Summit Rio 1992
1. Cartogena Biodiversity Protocol
 Living Modified Organism ( )
2.
  Alless and Benefit Sharing
3. (Aichi Targets)
  Target to be achieved by 2050
 Total = 20 targets

2. Global Tiger Forum

 

UNEP (United Nation  HQ -

1972
Environment Program) 
IUCN (International Union  HQ - Gland, Switzerland
1948
for Conservation of Nature)  Red Data book Publication
 The convention on International Trade in
CITES 1975
Endangered Species of wild Fauna and flora.
1988  International Panel for Climate change
IPCC
WMO + UIVEP
CMS (Convention on the 
conservation of Migratory 1979
 UIVEP
species of wild Animal)
TRAFFIC (The wildlife IUCN + WWF 
Trade monitoring Network) 1976
World wildlife fund
1961 
NGO
Bombay Natural History  HQ -
1983
Society 
 HQ-
Botanical Survey of India 1890

Zoological survey of India 1916 

Wildlife Institute of India 1982


ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 17

Youtube Telegram
 Environment
 MOEFCC
Forest survey of India 1981
 India state of forest report in published liy FSI
Centre for science and NGO 
Environment (CSE) 1980  Down to Earth
Central Zoo Authority of  WPA Act
India 1992  Ex. Situ Conservation
 WPA Act
Wild Life Crime Control 
Bureau

Animal Wildlife Board of 

1962
India 




Schedule of WPA 1972

Schedule Degree of Protection Other
I Highest Protection  600 Species
 Tiger, Elephant etc.
II Lesser Protection  200 Species
III Protected Plant
IV CITES Species

The Environment Protection Act 1986

 Eco Sensitive Zone

(NGT)
NGT Act 2010
NGT
 The water Act 1972
 Forest Act 1980
 Air Act 1981
 Environment Protection Act 1986
 Public liability Act 1991
 Biological diversity Act 2002

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 18

Youtube Telegram
 Environment
Important Previous Year Questions

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 19

Youtube Telegram
 Environment

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 20

Youtube Telegram
 Environment

⇓ ⇓

⇓ ⇓
 
 
 
 



ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 21

Youtube Telegram
 Environment






ऊँचयई अक्षयंश















ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 22

Youtube Telegram
 Environment and Eco System

 



 

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 23

Youtube Telegram
 Environment and Eco System








ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 24

Youtube Telegram
 Environment and Eco System



fj;ks lEesyu@i`Foh lEesyu@i;kZoj.k ,oa fodkl ij la;qDr jk"Vª lEesyu (UNCED) 1992 =
Three Sisters Rio Convention –
1. United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC)
2. United Nation Convention on Bio-Diversity (UNCCD)
3. United Nation Conference to combat Desertification (UNCCD)
UNFCC

1. First Convention on climate change

2. 1994 ls ykxq
3. Member – 196 (including India)
4. Structure = . COP .

. Secretariat .

Subsidiary body for Subsidiary body for scientific and

implementation Technological Advice.

(1) CoP – 3 (D;ksVks] tkiku )

(a) Kyoto Protocol =
(1) 11 Dec. 1997 dks viuk;k x;kA
(2) fl}kar “Common but differentiated Responsibility (CBDR)
(3) Binding Protocol
(4) Phases ⟹ (I) 2008 – 2012
⟹ (II) 2012 – 2020
(5) Classification of countries
i. Annex I ⟹ OECD country + Economies passing through transition
ii. Annex II ⟹ Other developed countries, passing through transition
iii. Non-Annex –I ⟹ Developing countries.
(6) Flexible market system to reduce carbon emission =
i. International Emission trading
ii. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
iii. Joint Implementation (JI)

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 25

Youtube Telegram
 Environment and Eco System

(2) ckyh lEesyu 2007 (Cop - 13)

(1) Bali Action Plan
(i) nh?kZ vof/k lg;ksx dk;Z
(ii) tyok;q 'keu ds lkFk vuqdwyu ij Qksdl
(iii) Technology Transfer.
(3) (CoP-16) = Cancun climate change conference 2010 =
(1) Green Climate fund dh LFkkiuk
(2) Cancun Adaptation fund
(3) Technology executive committee
(4) CoP – 19 (2013) (Warsa Convention) =
(i) REDD + gsrq okjlk QzseodZ
(ii) 2020 rd 100 vjc vesfjdk MkWyj fodkl'khy ns’kksa dks miyC/k djokukA

(5) CoP 20 yhek lEesyu ¼2014½ %&

(i) Lima Work Program on Gander.

(6) isfjl lEesyu 2015 (Paris Agreement) =

(1) fl}kar & Common but differentiated responsibility and respective capabilities
(CBDR-RD)
(2) Paris Agreement Replaces Kyoto Protocol.
(3) Agreement is binding but failed to make binding target for green house gas
emission reduction.
(4) Provides for voluntary National determined contribution.
(5) Article – 6 = Vountary carbon credit trading provision.
(6) It seeks to limit global warming to well below 2oC. preferably to 1.5oC compared to
pre industry level.
(7) Cop – 29 (Baku, Azerbaijan 2024) Outcomes =
(1) 300 billion per year by 2035 to developing countries (Previous goal 100)
Carbon market agreement (Under Article 6.2 of Paris Agreement)
(3) Declaration on reducing Methane
(8) COP 28 : (Dubai, UAE 2023) outcoms :
1. Operationalization for loss and damage fund.
2. Net zero by 2050
3. India led initiatives
(1) Green Credit Initiative
(2) Global River Cities Alliance

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 26

Youtube Telegram
 Environment and Eco System

Financial Mechanism under UNFCC:








International Solar Alliance (2015)

Other concept related to climate change

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 27

Youtube Telegram
 Environment and Eco System






















ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 28

Youtube Telegram
 Environment and Eco System

Important Previous Year Questions

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 29

Youtube Telegram
 Environment and Eco System

















⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 30

Youtube Telegram
 Environment and Eco System

2011 India Joined in

Target
(जमानी‍+‍IUCN) 2015
2020 िक‍- 150 million Hc
2030 िक - 350 million Hc

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 31

Youtube Telegram
 Environment and Eco System

 Global Drought Framework.

COP - 1 COP - 14 COP - 15 COP - 16 ⇒  USD 12 Billion Financial pledges.
2001 2019 2022 2024  Great green wall Initiative (22 African
(तिवयर्षषक‍) (India) (Abidjan, Côte (Saudi Arab) Country)
d'Ivoire)  Vision for Adapted Crops and Soils
 Bussiness4Land initiative.




Important Previous Year Questions

ONE STOP SOLUTION FOR IAS, RAS, SI 32

Youtube Telegram