Chapt 113. | Nveted Notes i Nodaus_g_otomr :- from Rutherford Acallenry ehuimed , it wos found thet vstate of AVE) hohge awd mest emo of atom 1h toncevinated in deal Atgion at conte f odor called Nuch Nockeows i Nevdleus af ode convisd af Pastors oud meubron hid one combi ved mv deond beri enh jovi rombert Nvenbur of Pastows ae va caked Afric Number (2) odes Alowic cissh svvesbe ta) protons gud metro iil nvhens t a Rapreration of Wet ce ayenbst me ee aS Ze Atwic nowb Ac es mow tr Some Tmportord tu Ui) Lastepd >= Etewerds doving dowel atomic mumbes ba Liffuerd aynsdd mut. on Elements dovig dome numba Pasfovs patie teble . Bent ay tH ; 4 oH ee Ce naturally ) 1 devtesivm Hyduten [abundance 99-935 7.)Note in Tastoh “pe a ——— oy extabit sn . re hd bff sore chedeal pagedy 1 @ Gi) Lastones (- Elerneds whi pases dome sniutbun of revdtors ove called — Lrotones- uy ; He no. af revdrers ! , cate) ae awd 3-2 =) Bs aed ‘e ) () Tabor) - Eleweds atin} cmos pone cabled Tacha. 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Thus whole wos of abe 1 combnaged MA mvelud af atovet- Niles > Pus cansity a mucous | fo olenvi ly ot rudwn Atar- sot) te _which ouster 1s aighly © juodius fF tee moles ALB e divd tha polio. & . oe wos mvwbsr 21 awd ey ep Ce a a iy mg 2 (2) 3 n y ae ju, (64) ° vv Pope ot — 1 pest & >| eek hy YO Ty 4 feta= wos of puto 2 yeotasaio ay Se ].0072TU ovo 5} mgubon = 16749. 107 [100866 noth of eh spon! = HIRO 4 900055 U Note 2 Sisco Nesom te Befoas the. discovely of Nesta Aince nls | trae vactopes of Aydagen = 2S ond each ove leoutain 4. pastor: eon upd soil, thel thhhe wnvst be come moutaol bh os well: , 1> dm 1932, it vor discovend by chod wick , who © ford thot whim — Benyltiom modi wos bowrbared with a= padiclts | than Aowe wntudra} pardites were emitted: (pare mnedrnh pottile Gould proc out pastors from dgid mudd Uke Helin ad carbon) —> fron —comsemetion of anenhy ond momentum , Chod wick dood woit of emithd porticles mootly dome od Pritont - > Than rautol parties woes ented ood a] motte wore named Neudrov- > _frer neuron Like piston is _vustoble. St is Stee only intl Moss Enea Equivabnice i mm bis Special theony ot aebed ivity trooted O04 another foam converted jn otter and vice versa Emstein showed tot mos won be emorgy Mos cenenyy can be fons A erorgy 404 Kinelic egy Ace to THs Terry, Evegy Ee- me gat ce sped f UB Example 13* 2 tery one im vou: cree, Question NcERT = es enerhy equivalent we 14 of Substance Qt g Ez ae cat od A (1s? 4) (3% em y) jo? # aged. = 9A 33 fied errs equivadidnt to a Gy >. Erb Be bates 2 amu in MevSte Smee = lL amu be = [eb 605x 1077" By © Cy ise ace : : ; =e b608 x10 =) (axiet) V6 605% Wo! % gxjol J ee (pelea jor? x AX I0! ney ye x Jor! Mos Defect ; dt va sees teed baton 4 | Tyoteted = mvteons: is greed tas - doord rwchexis mos jnaivised mvdons of ee s of “indivisuad @ distanced WA ohifferers® ound: Teta res &f sartotd rw teas oe combined aviltus S ‘s called PAI ~ Bab whe - oat mvdaus, 14 Fon defied . os aefed z ‘than ts (Ce ~ St tA dkam thet see Boa ons ET emo WS vos olefed Me mow 4 bound mweler (oe xD a fen Hecawse 0 past of z converted, vto enorsy -— to bound a Mes together a Bang energy. Pin ies Sstrodice Question Previow Yeor CBSE GS Coded en mow oO m deed for “Go nucleus. Given mos of Preto ¢ 100727 U ae of mention = le 008864 vras of Cn meals = 34. 962584 @ SH" bon 2 [aor (az) “M4 - . 63 Am \verren) + (oon voesce)| Bae neness © aolusy + 801732 = 34-1675% Seas 2 yogis -30terr® O55 0k 5. 0-356024% Arnswrr - oie Binding Exery > Bwgy equivole.d to ws olefect ‘A called Binding avery oA Erwgy which bids te nwcltors together iw vd 1S colted Birding every vA ga ae the rors paquiaed to rhotede the mvdoows ino hound mvdevs infinite distance formate 4or_ Bird Energy Banding HY 7 arn alae HA zyme) - | wos unit 1 Am amu , pater af ben Be ote then Bindivy emery = Am «9305 MAN.-Chetat a Bidig Qrergy of Ce nocleud Given o™y = 1.007127 UW ‘I mc 1.008664 om (‘ia ) mores = 34-96258 4 oe Sate Gace, wens olfed (os calewteted fn gueton) Am 2 ),0:39602u Bee 2 0°38602° #931 iy Nester Emetgy gocsed durivy eldronic thomsitions [os in Belw Teoohy ) 5 evs —— 3 Av ot oe of ev ABM nt aa Bal snergy relaared dunn nv door tromintiong 14 > ondon Mev Ao pramendous amount a ews As pokeosed wn rweleoh Heo! tows A NceRr Quai Fre rl Apeeroscepy expsmend, orton AS of oxyge - 16 etre ts found to be 1599493 Ue Given mms d Proton = }-ooF214 os neon, \-008664 eedton = 0000554 fred vous olefect oxygen muclas gett, ross 0-16 wd abe : moles = (atomic wos) — (man f © ele dass) = (15-99493 ) — (8% o-00055) = 15. 99053 u mots,roams of Indivisual nucleows (8 pastor kB neutrons . (84 1-00727 ) + (8 1-00g6e) Bi 05816 + B- 06928 16M4 UO Ao rots defect Bers 1612744 ~~ 15-99053 = o0-t36yu Nudear forces ond stobitty of Nuckeus > Since jwinde the mvcleus , Prore one vy ekoorged Protos and medrol ~eutrort - > tf Cladrostatic. forces would be Pomp only forces invidle te mucus, thin Fam tay due to depulvon between protons , Nucleus woud be vurtobde —o put invida the rwelaus, thane TP avottsr Rivd af fone in bdtween te ‘aveloows which iS loo tiny romper toon atuctao wogretic qoaces. hus Force th Stnovs, Nuclaor foace ond 4S strovgut force in anoturt « Graph ot Nedtar force verses — plistavee + between Nockeo Liste 4 Oe awd cevtcdoss) G Pe mocdaent Ws sistersPaopertios af Novlear forces @ D Nucleon forces ate Atrongut forces tm maturg Tease ote oo teed MtAronger than le chromagnet ic fered CG) Nodoor force ore Abort Sovge forces. “These ad ovly on its mggtbourrng mocheon - aud ake wondmum ot listance of 0-8 fn (foes tore =) @D dectoar forced ort athctive os werh ob dapubtive St distue between two vreveloons become tho LSh, then Prtatiol anergy becowt ave avd force become sapultive. Pe ct ve moans Sopulstonn Pec -ve means oittradion. @ Nutech forces one charge jndobevolont + Phare | fohues OAL Adee fon b-b, Pr” awd m-n- (pepaten) (ne mesdon) | G@ Nuckeor forced ot Abin deberdent - : : These forces ore greets for two mucloons with some shin and Aaier for two nodbions with oppoaite. dpi oC Necleoh forces ore rom covdral . ew ae (ct ee shore of cect) vos d Binds energy Per Boley te ete os energy pagpioe. ty eget ead mucleo out of moteurs i inginste olistomce: Binding es gt ss given os BA = re = Be BE/A 18 mone Imbortad tem than Bindivy every od 1 prrpely saben the aiebility of au teus:Groph of Birding En Pur en nveleons (6, ® Versus es numba CA) i se BY oe [rn0x Bella = BTS ev 238 SS (6 MeV ty. Shon ® fa hight nul , Bea vs dos As ons momba A MUO , B-efA obo imvuda ® br goniddle oraows mores mola (306 A 2 ee Be/a is prack cally veanly coustout - ( decane nucleons forces one Abort fovge forces 40 thats effed Aon nat unl vf As fo effect ) t+ pashudy of com tomney of BA with Incneodiny Bnombr of rwcloow 1s : ® Ab amo mumbrr Beeb on morwoses » fe @> 170) moclaar forces fermoins Aart bt de to Matoding ele trostotic popubsive once , Be/A plochaoAed and fer Az 238 6 oe Ct CG) foro temiy Noda (ary Aca) (Ene 6m ) 4f it break ito two muclei of (Acize) each , ther Ege imoeoues ( Ebn 35 mv ) (Tavs mvehtons gt “tigltly boond gmee Eye WE (eve sign show attrod ton J 5 Eats TCE MND, Ein 285 He/n So Yume 1A duSeos © when bear moi abet rn dinie of egy a et on)for two digi meclet (AS 10) griy together to Decome treavien mvcler The Bid ee of fuad Heavier muclet JA amon 0. ' Bela of cigtd moclai (je more —ve ) Aypin trergy witl doe puleourd fn this process giver 44, Epateaed 2 Pista Epinal 7 This team ts cabled »Wectean ferion: @ Nuckoar findon - a An ths heey mules with ArIT? Abut jrto Awedler frogereds with qrsalts Bela (mone eve) raping ato sublease ot trgrrendoud amos af orth: An example 6{ fission is 4 WA ae “y sy a x 3 ere qr qe 6 x YY Note’ The rey paleosed im fission preadion’ Fst obbeor pati Dry of projets (Bo & Ka) and etn’ Bvedvolly tows nine fo surroonding wotty of toot.Nuteor fusion o fy “Tex proces “i which two very Ligtt redai fuse togelbs at exdramedy dig, tempooturt to. fonvn fe eavien Mvchalys witt, gaaocter Binslivg oO Sq a cheon iS cobbled Nedinan , fusion, every fr “The wed a clougiten yvilovs 1S Aiglstdy dus boom ‘toa or of porant nvdled and Rae i mee | Mw nous opulh jbo - ulna 4 obi droge arnovr 4 enohd - Or0 7 “Toxo Aight node, _ Douglter with dos BELA areas with gpraecter BefA axamph a fosion pond ion rH yt > + ere Evergy, Note “Tempered 4 uinad for fusion poochion to OCs iS about axwk. Neceatay condition dia TE @ Extremely high temporoturg of bod BAT K @ tigh pout auwoses the faery of collision of Bt nvelosmon juadion ot son) UY Stellen & (So efosion dracon ott sen) (4) + Eee = uses nen pty jduior af Sun dos tempersdure af about [Bix WK jwtid, (4 dos than tornprrod rt, , ee : “ees re bites paguined aa fusion. But the wordy above the ovenye Qgy , ” tw AUW is) awe ; which anoke dusion possible . Proton parton _cyslt oo, _ 7 : _ ee a Pe ee FOMZMV Vy ae ar WT. ae Ott Vv Sie + ae BITE \ H+ ' yo2 MeV te 4 e@ \ i + \u —_ ; ad \ 4120 = ° ‘ Wat a. th * He + He ile 4 | i 13.30 Calculate and compare the energy released by a) fusion of 1.0 kg of hydrogen deep within Sun and b) the fission of 1.0 kg of *U in a fission reactor. 13.31 Suppose India had a target of producing by 2020 AD, 200,000 MW of electric power, ten percent of which was to be obtained from nuclear power plants. Suppose we are given that, on an average, the efficiency of utilization (i.e. conversion to electric energy) of thermal energy produced in a reactor was 25%. How much amount of fissionable uranium would our country need per year by 2020? Take the heat energy per fission of *°U to be about 200MeV.EXERCISES @) You may find the following data useful in solving the exercises: e = 1.6x107%C N = 6.023x10™ per mole 1/(4ne,) = 9 x 10° N m?/c? ke = 1.881%107 °K? 1 MeV = 16x10? 1 u= 931.5 Mev/2 l year = 3.154x10’ s m, = 1.007825 u m, = 1.008665 u m(?He) = 4.002603 u m, = 0.000548 u 13.1 (a) Two stable {sotopes of lithium $Li and 7Li have respective abundances of 7.5% and 92.5%. These isotopes have masses 6.01512 u and 7.01600 u, respectively. Find the atomic mass of lithium, (b) Boron has two stable isotopes, "3B and ‘JB. Their respective masses are 1001294 u and 11.00931 u, and the atomic mass of boron is 10.811 u. Find the abundances of "9B and !B. 13.2 The three stable isotopes of neon: 7{Ne, ?}Ne and Ne have respective abundances of 90.51%, 0.27% and 9.22%. The atomic masses of the three isotopes are 19.99 u, 20.99 u and 21.99 u, respectively. Obtain the average atomic mass of neon. 13.3 Obtain the binding energy (in MeV) of a nitrogen nucleus ("N), given m ('{N)=14.00307 u 13.4 Obtain the binding energy of the nuclei 53Fe and Bi in units of MeV from the following data: m (38Fe) = 55.934939 u m (*8Bi) = 208.980388 u 13.5 A given coin has a mass of 3.0 g. Calculate the nuclear energy that would be required to separate all the neutrons and protons from each other. For simplicity assume that the coin is entirely made of 39Cu atoms (of mass 62.92960 u). equations for (vii) Electron capture of 122Xe 13.7 A rpatoaetve isoto a half-Jife OT T years. How long wilLit take € activity to-réduce to a) 3.425%, b) 1% oF fis original value? 13.8 The hormal activity of living carbon-containing matter is found to be abut 15 decays ker minute for evroan (6) ite the used‘in arch: activity, ‘approximate age of tion, 13.9 ObtairAfie amount of 99: sign oe of, back strength, 3 years? 13.10 Thetfalf-life of fitegratipn’ raye of 15 mg of this“fsotope?, 13.11 Obtain approximately the ratio of the nuclear radii of the gold isotope 87 au and the silver isotope 1% ag. 13.12 Find the Q-value and the kinetic energy of the emitted a-particle in the a-decay of (a) %Ra and (b) 2°Rn. Given m (%3$Ra) = 226.02540 u, m (74¢Rn ) = 222.01750 u, m(?2Rn) = 220.01137 u, m (238po) = 216.00189 u. 18.13 The radionuclide ''C decays according to UC Bte*+v: T,.=20.3 min ‘The maximum energy of the emitted positron is 0.960 MeV. Given the mass values: m(%C)= 11.011434 u and m(?}B) = 11.009305 u, calculate Q and compare it with the maximum energy of the positron emitted. 13.14 The nucleus ?Ne decays by f emission. Write down the B-decay equation and determine the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons emitted. Given that: m (2Ne) = 22.994466 u m({{Na) = 22.089770 u. 13.15 The Q value of a nuclear reaction A + b > C + dis defined by 13.16 13.17 Q=[m+m,-m.- me where the masses refer to the respective nuclei. Determine from the given data the Q-value of the following reactions and state whether the reactions are exothermic or endothermic. @ HHH} HY (i) 2CH3C 32 Ne+iHe Atomic masses are given to be m (?H) = 2.014102 u m (8H) = 3.016049 u m(2C) = 12.000000 u m(?2Ne) = 19.992439 u Suppose, we think of fission of a $8Fe nucleus into two equal fragments, }}Al. Is the fission energetically possible? Argue by working out Q of the process. Given m (5¢Fe) = 55.93494 u and m (38 Al) = 27.98191 u. The fission properties of 332Pu are very similar to those of 93U. The 7 average energy released per fission is 180 MeV. How much energ 26/29 ) Sfission? 13.18 A 1000 MW fission reactor consumes half of its fuel in 5.00 y. How much %5U did it contain initially? Assume that the reactor operates 80% of the time, that all the energy generated arises from the fission of 5U and that this nuclide is consumed only by the fission process. 13.19 How long can an electric lamp of 100W be kept glowing by fusion of 2.0 kg of deuterium? Take the fusion reaction as in MeV, Is released if all the atoms in 1 kg of pure %2°Pu undergo @ HHH $He+n+3.27 MeV 13.20 Calculate the height of the potential barrier for a head on collision of two deuterons. (Hint: The height of the potential barrier is given by the Coulomb repulsion between the two deuterons when they just touch each other. Assume that they can be taken as hard spheres of radius 2.0 fm.) 13.21 From the relation R = R,A”®, where R, is a constant and A is the mass number of a nucleus, show that the nuclear matter density is nearly constant (i.e. independent of A). 13.22 For the f" (positron) emission from a nucleus, there is another competing process known as electron capture (electron from an inner orbit, say, the K-shell, is captured by the nucleus and a neutrino is emitted). e+ 3X3 AY+v Show that if f* emission is energetically allowed, electron capture is necessarily allowed but not vice-versa. ADDITIONAL EXERCISES 13.23 In a periodic table the average atomic mass of magnesium is given as 24.312 u. The average value is based on their relative natural abundance on earth. The three isotopes and their masses are 73Mg (23.98504u), {Mg (24.98584u) and {Mg (25.98259u). The natural abundance of 3iMg is 78.99% by mass. Calculate the abundances of other two isotopes. 13.24 The neutron separation energy is defined as the energy required to remove a neutron from the nucleus. Obtain the neutron separation energies of the nuclei 33Ca and 7jAl from the following data: m(4$Ca) = 39.962591 u m(41Ca) = 40,962278 u m(Al) = 25.986895 u m(%Al) = 26.981541 u 13.25 A source contains two phosphorous radio nuclides %P (T,,. = 14.3d) and %P(T,,. = 25.3d). Initially, 10% of the decays come from %P. How long one must wait until 90% do so? 13.26 Under certain circumstances, a nucleus can decay by emitting a particle more massive than an a-particle. Consider the following decay processes: 2239 5 200 py 4. It 23Ra—>728Pb+ MC13.27 13.28 13.29 "Ra URn+ $He Calculate the Q-values for these decays and determine that both are energetically allowed. Consider the fission of 8U by fast neutrons. In one fission event, no neutrons are emitted and the final end products, after the beta decay of the primary fragments, are {Ce and {{Ru. Calculate Q for this fission process. The relevant atomic and particle masses are m(?38U) =238.05079 u m('488Ce) =139.90543 u m(%Ru) = 98.90594 u Consider the D-T reaction (deuterium-tritium fusion) H+ 9H tHetn (a) Calculate the energy released in MeV in this reaction from the data: m(3H )=2.014102 u m($H ) =3.016049 u Consider the radius of both deuterium and tritium to be approximately 2.0 fm. What is the kinetic energy needed to overcome the coulomb repulsion between the two nuclei? To what temperature must the gas be heated to initiate the reaction? (Hint: Kinetic energy required for one fusion event =average thermal kinetic energy available with the interacting particles = 2(8KT/2); ke = Boltzman’s constant, T= absolute temperature.) Obtain the maximum kinetic energy of f-particles, and the radiation frequencies of y decays in the decay scheme shown in Fig. 13.6. You are given that m(**Au) = 197.968233 u m('*Hg) =197.966760 u (b) "88 1.088 MeV 0.412 Mev 198 80 Hg FIGURE13.6fy ifthe two nuclear reactiont mentioned below are endothermic. or hcrmic. Show your cakulations, tp +3 Li- 2($He) Lit+$He 33 n+29B lUse the information below to answer the question: ap = 1.00728 amu 2Li = 7.0160 amu He = 4.0026 amu 1.0087 amu 0.01294 amu Agiven coin has a mass of 3.0 g, Calculate the nuclear energy that to separate all the neutrons and protons from each other. For the coin is entirely made of $3Cu atoms (of mass 62.92960 u). Given mp = 1.007825u and ma = 1.008665 ld be required ily assume that OR Draw the graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass number. Write two inferences which can be drawn from this graph. 6. The curve of binding energy per nucloon as a function of atomic mss number has a sharp peak for helium nucleus. This implies that helium nucleus is 1 (@) radioactive . (b) unstable © easily fissionable @ more stable nucleus than its neighbours 24. (a) What is meant by ionisation energy ? Write its value for hydrogen atom ? 2 OR (b) Define the term, mass defect. How is it related to stability of the nucleus ? ‘When two nuclei (A < 10) fuse together to form a heavier nucleus, the 1 (A) _ binding energy per nucleon increases. (B) _ binding energy per nucleon decreases. (C) binding energy per nucleon does not change. @D) _ total binding energy decreases. O 28. (8) G) Distinguish between nuclear fission and fusion giving an example of each. (i) Explain the release of energy in nuclear fission and fusion on the basis of binding energy per nucleon curve. 3 oR () @) How is the size of a nucleus found experimentally ? Write the relation between the radius and mass number of a nucleus, (i) Prove that the density of a nuclous is indopondent of its mass number. LG The curve of binding energy per nucleon as a function of atomic mass number has a sharp peak for helium nucleus. This implies that helium nucleus is 1 (a) radioactive (b) unstable . (©) easily fissionable @) more stable nucleus than its neighboursAssertion(A): ‘A convex lens of focal length 30 cm can't be used as a simple microscope in normal setting. Reason (R): For normal setting, the angular magnification of simple microscope is M=Dit © ‘The nuclear radius of {7AL is 3:6 fermi. Find the nuclear radius of $$Cu. 7 A heavy nuclous P of mass number 240 and binding energy 7.6 MeV per nucleon splits in to two nuclei Q and R of mass numbers 110, 130 and binding energy per nucleon 8.5 MeV and 8.4 MeV, respectively. Calculate the energy released in the fission. 2 0 (a) Draw a plot showing the variation of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation, Mark the regions where the nuclear force is (@ attractive and (ji) repulsive. (b) Inthe nuclear reaction 235 a 94, n+ 5 o Xe+ port 2n 54 : 3 determine the values of a and b, @) How is the size of a nucleus found experimentally ? Write the relation between the radius and mass number of a nucleus. Gi) Prove that the density of a nucleus is independent of its mass number. ©» optical instrument uses a lens of power 100 D for objective lens and 50 D for its eyepiece. When the tube length is kept at 25 em. the final image is formed at infinity. : (a) Identify the optical instrument (b) Calculate the magnification produced by the instrument. 3 & (@ Distinguish between nuclear fission and fusion giving an example of each. (i) Explain the release of energy in nuclear fission and fusion on the basis of binding energy per nucleon curve. 3 @ a) Give one point of difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. b) Suppose we consider fission of a ®*zoFe into two equal fragments of 28,5AI nucleus. Is the fission energetically possible? Justify your answer by working out Q value of the process. Given (m)**2sFe = 55.93494 u and (m)**sAl = 27.98191 ®Prctice Steet 2 Ch Noches \.. Calculate the energy in fusion reaction 211 +2H— SHe+n, where BE of 7H = 228 MeV and of $He= 7.73 MeV. Detht 2016, (1M) ‘4. Aheavy nucleus X of mass number 240 and binding energy per nucleon 7.6 MeV is splitted, into two fragments Y and Z of mass numbers 110 and130. The binding energy of nucleons inY and Zis8.5MevV per nucleon. Calculate the energy released per fission in MeV. Delhi 2010, (2M) 3. Ifboth the numbers of protons and neutrons are conserved in a nuclear reaction like eC? +60", Ne” + Het In what way is the mass converted jnto energy? Explain. . - Delhi2010 4. Draw a plot of potential energy between a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. Mark the regions where potential energy is (i) positive and (ii) negative. Delhi2013 5. Explain the processes of nuclear fission and , nuclear fusion by using the plot of binding energy per nucleon (BE/4) versus the mass. Edtedby Foxt POF Edtor Page 4 & Copyright(c) by Foxit Software Company, 2004 - 2007 For Evaluation Only. 4. In the study of Gelger-Marsdon experiment on scattering of a-particles by a thin foil of gold, draw the trajectory of a-particles in the Coulomb field of target nucleus. Explain briefly how one gets the information on the size of the nucleus from this study, From the relationR = Ry", where Ry is constant and Ais the mass number of the nucleus, show-that nuclear matter density is independent of A." All India 2015 4. Four nuclei of an element undergo fusion to form a heavier nucleus, with release of energy- Which of the two-the parent or the daughter nucleus-would have higher binding energy per nucleon? CBSE 2018 Jo. Aradioactive isotopy a half-life of 10 yr. How long will it forme activity to reduce to 3125%? CBSE 2018 U- () Déduce the expression, PE Nie, for the (i) (@) Write symb&ijcflly the process expressing thg#K- decay of 2Na. Also, number A. CBSE2018. write the baglc nuNgar process 6 (i) Write three characteristic properties of nuclear force. (ii) Draw a’plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. ‘Write two important conclusions that can be drawn from the graph. Delhi 2015 “Je Answer the following. (i) Why: is the binding energy. per nucleon found to be constant for nuclei in the range (b) Is the nucfeus formed in Ye decay of the nucleus Na, an isotope or isobar? - Delhi2014 12.(i) The number gf nuclei of a given radioactive of mass number (4) lying between 30 and " Delhi2013C 170? (@) When a heavy nucleus with mass numb A=240 breaks into two nuclei, A=120, a isreleased in the process, _ Foreign 2012 Scanned by CamScanner i { {jee Sheet 2, ch: Noches’ Edited by Foxit POF Editor Page 5 of 8 Praschien Stast 2. ch. Noel Saag eek Soha pany aks 13. @ A radioactive nucleus A undergoes a series °° =¥eluatlon Only. of d given below, The mass-numbi id atomic: number of A, reMgectively. Determine the (i) Write th€ Basic MMlear processes underlying B* and” decays. Delt 2017 14. (i) Write the basi fear process involved in the emission a symbolic form by a radioactive nucleus, (ii) In the reactions given below (@) fC Bex +y : (b) PC ¥C+ Nex He Find the values of x, y and z anda, bande, 73° All Indla 2016 1S. Ina given samp twofAdio isotopes, A and B are initially preserNj half-lives of Aan 7 respectively. Fingfthe time after which the amounts of Aan@ B become equal. Foreign 2012, (2M) 16. Distinguish between nuclear fission and fusion, Show how in both these processes energy is released? Calculate the energy-release in MeV.in the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction. 7H+4H — MHetn Using the data, m(H)=2.014102u, m @H)= 3.016049 u m(3He)= 4.002603, m, = L008665u Tus 9315 MeV ¢ All India 2015, (2M) Scanned by CamScanner