India Energy Sector Overview

India energy Scenario in Various Sector(13mark)

India's Energy Scenario in Various Sectors

India's energy sector is diverse, consisting of conventional and renewable resources that cater to the
country's growing demand. The key sectors contributing to India's energy scenario are as follows:

1. Power Generation Sector

Installed Capacity: As of 2023, India's total installed power capacity is approximately 425 GW.
Energy Mix:
Thermal (Coal, Gas, Diesel): ~58%
Renewable Energy (Solar, Wind, Biomass, Small Hydro): ~40%
Nuclear Energy: ~2%
Growth Target:
India aims to achieve 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030.

2. Industrial Sector
Contribution: Consumes about 56% of total energy.
Key Industries: Steel, cement, and chemical industries are major energy consumers.
Efficiency Measures: Adoption of technologies like Energy Efficiency Improvement (PAT
scheme) and Waste Heat Recovery Systems.

3. Transportation Sector
Consumption: Accounts for 18% of energy use, primarily dependent on petroleum products.
Electric Vehicles (EVs):
Government schemes like FAME-II (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric
Vehicles) promote EV adoption.
Target: 30% EV penetration by 2030.

4. Residential and Commercial Sector

Electricity Demand: Approximately 22% of total energy consumption.
Urbanization Impact: Rising incomes lead to higher energy demand in urban areas.
Energy Efficiency Programs:
UJALA Scheme: Distribution of LED bulbs for energy savings.
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 Star Rating Programs: Promotes energy-efficient appliances.

5. Agriculture Sector
Energy Use: About 4% of total energy consumption.
Key Use: Powering irrigation pumps and agro-machinery.
Policy Support:
Kisan Urja Suraksha Evam Utthan Mahabhiyan (KUSUM) scheme supports solar pump
installations.
Focus on solar-based irrigation to reduce diesel dependence.

6. Renewable Energy Sector

Growth Focus: India is the 3rd largest producer of renewable energy.
Current Status:
Solar Power: ~72 GW installed.
Wind Power: ~45 GW installed.
Hydropower: ~47 GW capacity.
Targets: Achieve 50% renewable energy share by 2030.
Key Initiatives:
National Solar Mission.
Green Hydrogen Mission for clean fuel development.

Challenges in India's Energy Sector

1. Energy Security: Dependence on imported crude oil (~85%).
2. Grid Integration: Managing renewable energy intermittency.
3. Rural Electrification: Ensuring 24x7 power supply in remote areas.
4. Environmental Impact: Addressing carbon emissions and transitioning to clean energy.
5. Funding and Infrastructure: Need for large investments in grid modernization and storage
systems.

Conclusion

India’s energy sector is undergoing a major transformation driven by policies promoting renewable
energy adoption, energy efficiency, and clean technologies. Achieving the set goals will enhance
energy security, promote sustainable development, and reduce dependence on fossil fuels, positioning
India as a global leader in clean energy.

Present Conventional & Renewable energy Status

Conventional & Renewable Energy Status in India (2023-24)

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1. Conventional Energy Status
Conventional energy sources dominate India's energy production, primarily relying on coal, oil, natural
gas, and nuclear power.

A. Coal

Production: ~893 million tonnes (2022-23).

Installed Capacity: 206 GW (as of 2023).
Dependence: Supplies about 55% of India’s energy needs.
Issues: High carbon emissions and environmental concerns.

B. Oil & Natural Gas

Oil Reserves: ~4.7 billion barrels.

Natural Gas Production: ~34 billion cubic meters annually.
Dependence: India imports 85% of crude oil and 50% of natural gas.
Key Users: Transportation and industrial sectors.

C. Nuclear Energy

Installed Capacity: 7.48 GW (22 reactors).

Contribution: ~2% of total power generation.
Advancements: Focus on thorium-based reactors due to abundant reserves.

2. Renewable Energy Status

India is one of the world's largest producers of renewable energy, focusing on solar, wind, hydro,
biomass, and emerging technologies.

A. Solar Energy

Installed Capacity: 72.3 GW (as of 2023).

Target: 280 GW by 2030 under the National Solar Mission.
Achievements: Largest solar parks like Bhadla Solar Park (2.25 GW) in Rajasthan.

B. Wind Energy

Installed Capacity: 45.4 GW.

Potential: Estimated at 300 GW onshore and offshore.
Focus Areas: Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.

C. Hydropower

Installed Capacity: 47 GW.

Contribution: ~11% of total energy mix.
Future Focus: Small hydro projects (<25 MW) for rural electrification.

D. Biomass Energy
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 Installed Capacity: 10.3 GW.
Usage: Rural cooking, industrial applications, and biofuel production.
Potential: Around 28 GW based on agricultural residues.

E. Emerging Technologies

Green Hydrogen: Focus on hydrogen as a clean fuel under the National Hydrogen Mission.
Waste-to-Energy: 500+ plants operational across the country.

3. Energy Mix in India (2023)

Source Installed Capacity (GW) Percentage
Coal & Lignite 206 48.4%
Renewable Energy 176 40.4%
Natural Gas 25 5.9%
Nuclear 7.48 1.8%

Hydro (Large) 47 11%

4. Key Challenges in Energy Sector

1. Energy Security: High import dependency for oil and gas.
2. Transition to Clean Energy: Balancing growth with sustainability.
3. Grid Integration: Managing fluctuations in renewable energy generation.
4. Affordability & Accessibility: Ensuring energy access to all rural areas.

5. Future Targets
Renewable Energy Goal: 500 GW capacity by 2030.
Net Zero Emission: Achieve by 2070 under the Paris Agreement.
EV Adoption: 30% share by 2030 to reduce fuel dependency.

Conclusion

India’s energy sector is at a critical juncture, balancing conventional sources for reliability and renewable
energy for sustainability. With strong policies and global partnerships, India is moving toward becoming
a clean energy leader while addressing challenges related to energy security and environmental
impact.

Per capita energy consumption(6mark)

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Per Capita Energy Consumption in India

1. Definition

Per capita energy consumption refers to the average energy consumption per person in a specific
region, measured annually. It indicates the energy usage patterns and economic development of a
country.

2. Current Status (2023)

India's Per Capita Energy Consumption:

1,255 kWh (Kilowatt-hours) per year (2022-23).
Global Average: ~ 3,500 kWh per year.
Developed Nations: ~ 12,000–14,000 kWh (e.g., USA).
Key Observation:
India's per capita energy consumption is lower than the global average, reflecting a developing
economy and large rural population with limited energy access.

3. Sector-Wise Consumption Contribution

Sector Percentage (%)

Industry 56%
Residential 22%

Agriculture 4%
Transport 18%

4. Regional Disparities

Urban Areas: High consumption due to industrialization and infrastructure.

Rural Areas: Lower consumption because of limited access to electricity and modern appliances.

5. Factors Affecting Per Capita Consumption

1. Population Growth: India's large and growing population lowers per capita availability.
2. Urbanization: Rising urban migration drives higher energy needs.
3. Industrialization: Growth in industries and infrastructure increases consumption.
4. Renewable Energy Push: Focus on solar and wind energy improves rural electrification.
5. Lifestyle Changes: Rising incomes and adoption of appliances increase energy demand.

6. Government Initiatives

Power for All: Ensures 100% electrification of villages.

SAUBHAGYA Scheme: Provides free electricity connections to poor households.
Renewable Energy Growth: Targets 500 GW capacity by 2030.

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 Energy Efficiency Programs: Promotes LEDs and energy-saving appliances under UJALA and
PAT schemes.

7. Challenges

Energy Inequality: Rural areas still lack reliable electricity.

High Transmission Losses: Reduces energy efficiency.
Dependency on Fossil Fuels: Leads to high carbon emissions.

8. Conclusion

India's low per capita energy consumption highlights the need for sustainable energy growth and
equitable distribution. Increasing renewable energy adoption and improving energy efficiency are
crucial for bridging the gap and meeting future demands.

easily

Per Capita Energy Consumption in India

1. What is Per Capita Energy Consumption?

It is the average amount of energy used per person in a year. It helps to measure a country’s
development level and energy availability.

2. Current Status (2023)

India: 1,255 kWh (kilowatt-hours) per person per year.

World Average: ~ 3,500 kWh.
Developed Countries: 12,000–14,000 kWh (like the USA).

Note: India’s usage is lower than the global average, showing it's still a developing country.

3. Energy Use by Sectors

Industry: 56% (factories and businesses).

Residential: 22% (homes and appliances).
Transport: 18% (cars, trains).
Agriculture: 4% (irrigation, pumps).

4. Reasons for Low Consumption

1. Large Population – Energy gets divided among more people.

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 2. Rural Areas – Many villages still lack full energy access.
3. Slow Industrialization – Less energy is used compared to developed nations.
4. Renewable Growth – Focus is shifting to cleaner energy sources.

5. Government Efforts

100% Village Electrification – Power to all rural areas.

Solar & Wind Energy – Promotes clean energy.
UJALA Scheme – Cheap LED bulbs to save energy.
Electric Vehicles (EVs) – Reduces fuel use.

6. Challenges

Unequal energy supply in villages and cities.

Dependence on coal and oil for energy.
Power losses during transmission.

7. Conclusion

India’s low energy use shows it is growing but needs better energy access and clean energy to meet
future demands.

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