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Chapter 2
C++ Basics

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Overview

2.1 Variables and Assignments

2.2 Input and Output

2.3 Data Types and Expressions

2.4 Simple Flow of Control

2.5 Program Style

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Slide 2- 3
2.1
Variables and Assignments

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Variables and Assignments
◼ Variables are like small blackboards
◼ We can write a value in them

◼ We can change the value

◼ We can erase the value

◼ C++ variables are names for memory locations

◼ We can write a value in them

◼ We can change the value stored there

◼ We cannot erase the memory location

◼ Some value is always there

Display 2.1
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Slide 2- 5
Identifiers
◼ Variables names are called identifiers
◼ Choosing variable names
◼ Use meaningful names that represent data to

be stored
◼ First character must be

◼ a letter
◼ the underscore character
◼ Remaining characters must be
◼ letters
◼ numbers
◼ underscore character

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Slide 2- 6
Keywords

◼ Keywords (also called reserved words)

◼ Are used by the C++ language

◼ Must be used as they are defined in

the programming language

◼ Cannot be used as identifiers (variable names)

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Slide 2- 7
Declaring Variables (Part 1)
◼ Before use, variables must be declared

◼ Tells the compiler the type of data to store

Examples: int number_of_bars;

double one_weight, total_weight;
◼ int is an abbreviation for integer.
◼ could store 3, 102, 3211, -456, etc.
◼ number_of_bars is of type integer
◼ double represents numbers with a fractional
component
◼ could store 1.34, 4.0, -345.6, etc.
◼ one_weight and total_weight are both of type double

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Declaring Variables (Part 2)

Two locations for variable declarations

◼ Immediately prior to use ◼ At the beginning

int main() int main()

{ {
… int sum;
int sum; …
sum = score1 + score 2; sum = score1 +
… score2;
return 0; …
} return 0;
}
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Slide 2- 9
Assignment Statements
◼ An assignment statement changes the value of a
variable
◼ total_weight = one_weight * number_of_bars;

◼ total_weight is set to the product one_weight *

number_of_bars

◼ Assignment statements end with a semi-colon

◼ The single variable to be changed is always on the left
of the assignment operator ‘=‘
◼ On the right of the assignment operator can be
◼ Constants -- age = 21;
◼ Variables -- my_cost = your_cost;
◼ Expressions -- circumference = diameter * 3.14159;
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Slide 2- 10
 Assignment Statements and Algebra

◼ The ‘=‘ operator in C++ is not an equal sign!

◼ The following statement cannot be true in

algebra

◼ number_of_bars = number_of_bars + 3;

◼ In C++, it means the new value of

number_of_bars
is the previous value of number_of_bars plus 3

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Slide 2- 11
Initializing Variables
◼ Declaring a variable does not give it a value
◼ Giving a variable its first value is initializing the variable

◼ Variables are initialized in assignment statements

double mpg; // declare the variable

mpg = 26.3; // initialize the variable
◼ Declaration and initialization can be combined
using two methods
◼ Method 1
double mpg = 26.3, area = 0.0 , volume;
◼ Method 2
double mpg(26.3), area(0.0), volume;

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Slide 2- 12
Section 2.1 Conclusion
◼ Can you
◼ Declare and initialize two integers variables to zero?
The variables are named feet and inches.

◼ Declare and initialize two variables, one int and one

double?
Both should be initialized to the appropriate form of 5.

◼ Give good variable names for identifiers to store

◼ the speed of an automobile?
◼ an hourly pay rate?
◼ the highest score on an exam?

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Slide 2- 13
2.2
Input and Output

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Input and Output
◼ A data stream is a sequence of data
◼ Typically in the form of characters or numbers

◼ An input stream is data for the program to use

◼ Typically originates

◼ at the keyboard
◼ at a file

◼ An output stream is the program’s output

◼ Destination is typically

◼ the monitor
◼ a file

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Slide 2- 15
Output using cout

◼ cout is an output stream sending data to the monitor

◼ The insertion operator "<<" inserts data into cout
◼ Example:
cout << number_of_bars << " candy bars\n";
◼ This line sends two items to the monitor

◼ The value of variable number_of_bars

◼ The quoted string of characters " candy bars\n"
◼ Notice the space before the ‘c’ in candy
◼ The ‘\n’ causes a new line to be started following the ‘s’ in bars

◼ A new insertion operator is used for each item of output

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Slide 2- 16
Examples Using cout
◼ This produces the same result as the previous sample

cout << number_of_bars ;

cout << " candy bars\n";
◼ Here arithmetic is performed in the cout statement
cout << "Total cost is $" << (price + tax);

◼ Quoted strings are enclosed in double quotes ("Walter")

◼ Don’t use two single quotes (')

◼ A blank space can also be inserted with

cout << " " ;

if there are no strings in which a space is desired as

in " candy bars\n"

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Slide 2- 17
Include Directives
◼ Include Directives add library files to our programs

◼ To make the definitions of the cin and cout available to

the program:

#include <iostream>

◼ Using Directives include a collection of defined names

◼ To make the names cin and cout available to our program:

using namespace std;

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Slide 2- 18
Escape Sequences

◼ Escape sequences tell the compiler to treat characters

in a special way
◼ '\' is the escape character
◼ To create a newline in output use
\n – cout << "\n";
or the newer alternative
cout << endl;

◼ Other escape sequences:

\t -- a tab
\\ -- a backslash character
\" -- a quote character

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Slide 2- 19
 Formatting Real Numbers

◼ Real numbers (type double) produce a variety of outputs

double price = 78.5;

cout << "The price is $" << price << endl;

◼ The output could be any of these:

The price is $78.5
The price is $78.500000
The price is $7.850000e01

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Slide 2- 20
Showing Decimal Places
◼ cout includes tools to specify the output of type double

◼ To specify fixed point notation

◼ setf(ios::fixed)

◼ To specify that the decimal point will always be shown

◼ setf(ios::showpoint)

◼ To specify that two decimal places will always be shown

◼ precision(2)

◼ Example: cout.setf(ios::fixed);
cout.setf(ios::showpoint);
cout.precision(2);
cout << "The price is "
<< price << endl;

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Slide 2- 21
Input Using cin
◼ cin is an input stream bringing data from the keyboard
◼ The extraction operator (>>) extracts data to be used
◼ Example:
cout << "Enter the number of bars in a package\n";
cout << " and the weight in ounces of one bar.\n";
cin >> number_of_bars;
cin >> one_weight;
◼ This code prompts the user to enter data then
reads two data items from cin
◼ The first value read is stored in number_of_bars

◼ The second value read is stored in one_weight

◼ Data is separated by spaces when entered

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Slide 2- 22
Reading Data From cin
◼ Multiple data items are separated by spaces
◼ Data is not read until the enter key is pressed
◼ Allows user to make corrections

◼ Example:
cin >> v1 >> v2 >> v3;

◼ Requires three space separated values

◼ User might type
34 45 12 <enter key>

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Slide 2- 23
Section 2.2 Conclusion

◼ Can you
◼ write an input statement to place a

value in the variable the_number?

◼ Write the output statement to prompt for

the value to store in the_number?

◼ Write an output statement that produces a

newline?
◼ Format output of rational numbers to show

4 decimal places?

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Slide 2- 24
2.3
Data Types and Expressions

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Data Types and Expressions

◼ 2 and 2.0 are not the same number!

◼ A whole number such as 2 is of type int

◼ A real number such as 2.0 is of type double

◼ Numbers of type int are stored as exact values

◼ Numbers of type double may be stored as approximate
values due to limitations on number of significant
digits that can be represented

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Slide 2- 26
Writing Double Constants
◼ Type double can be written in two ways
◼ Simple form must include a decimal point

◼ Examples: 34.1 23.0034 1.0 89.9

◼ Floating Point Notation (Scientific Notation)

◼ Examples: 3.41e1 means 34.1
3.67e17 means
367000000000000000.0
5.89e-6 means 0.00000589
◼ Number left of e does not require a decimal point
◼ Exponent cannot contain a decimal point

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Slide 2- 27
Other Number Types

◼ Various number types have different memory

requirements
◼ More precision requires more bytes of memory

◼ Very large numbers require more bytes of

memory
◼ Very small numbers require more bytes of

memory

Display 2.2
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Slide 2- 28
Type char
◼ Computers process character data too
◼ char
◼ Short for character

◼ Can be any single character from the keyboard

◼ To declare a variable of type char:

char letter;

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Slide 2- 29
char constants

◼ Character constants are enclosed in single quotes

char letter = 'a';

◼ Strings of characters, even if only one character

is enclosed in double quotes
◼ "a" is a string of characters containing one character

◼ 'a' is a value of type character

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Slide 2- 30
Reading Character Data
◼ cin skips blanks and line breaks looking for data
◼ The following reads two characters but skips
any space that might be in between

char symbol1, symbol2;

cin >> symbol1 >> symbol2;

◼ User normally separate data items by spaces:

J D
◼ Results are the same if the data is not separated
by spaces:
JD
Display 2.4
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Slide 2- 31
Type Compatibilities

◼ In general, store values in variables of the

same type
◼ This is a type mismatch:

int int_variable;
int_variable = 2.99;

◼ If your compiler allows this, int_variable will

most likely store 2, not 2.99

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Slide 2- 32
int → double (part 2)

◼ Integer values can normally be stored in

variables of type double

double double_variable;
double_variable = 2;

◼ double_variable will contain 2.0

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Slide 2- 33
char  → int
◼ The following actions are possible but generally not
recommended!
◼ It is possible to store char values in integer
variables
int value = 'A';
value will contain an integer representing 'A'

◼ It is possible to store int values in char variables:

char letter = 65;

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Slide 2- 34
bool  → int

◼ The following actions are possible but generally

not recommended!
◼ Values of type bool can be assigned to int variables
◼ True is stored as 1

◼ False is stored as 0

◼ Values of type int can be assigned to bool variables

◼ Any non-zero integer is stored as true

◼ Zero is stored as false

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Slide 2- 35
 Arithmetic

◼ Arithmetic is performed with operators

◼ + for addition

◼ - for subtraction
◼ * for multiplication

◼ / for division

◼ Example: storing a product in the variable

total_weight

total_weight = one_weight * number_of_bars;

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Slide 2- 36
Results of Operators

◼ Arithmetic operators can be used with any

numeric type
◼ An operand is a number or variable used by the
operator
◼ Result of an operator depends on the types of
operands
◼ If both operands are int, the result is int

◼ If one or both operands are double, the result

is double

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Slide 2- 37
Division of Doubles
◼ Division with at least one operator of type double
produces the expected results

double divisor, dividend, quotient;

divisor = 3;
dividend = 5;
quotient = dividend / divisor;

◼ quotient = 1.6666…
◼ Result is the same if either dividend or divisor is
of type int

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Slide 2- 38
Division of Integers
◼ Be careful with the division operator!
◼ int / int produces an integer result
(true for variables or numeric constants)

int dividend, divisor, quotient;

dividend = 5;
divisor = 3;
quotient = dividend / divisor;

◼ The value of quotient is 1, not 1.666…

◼ Integer division does not round the result, the
fractional part is discarded!

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Slide 2- 39
Integer Remainders
◼ % operator gives the remainder from integer
division

◼ int dividend, divisor, remainder;

dividend = 5;
divisor = 3;
remainder = dividend % divisor;

The value of remainder is 2

Display 2.6

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Slide 2- 40
Arithmetic Expressions
◼ Use spacing to make expressions readable
◼ Which is easier to read?
Display 2.7
x+y*z or x+y*z

◼ Precedence rules for operators are the same as

used in your algebra classes
◼ Use parentheses to alter the order of operations
x + y * z ( y is multiplied by z first)
(x + y) * z ( x and y are added first)

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Slide 2- 41
Operator Shorthand
◼ Some expressions occur so often that C++
has shorthand operators for them
◼ All arithmetic operators can be used this way
◼ += count = count + 2; becomes
count += 2;
◼ *= bonus = bonus * 2; becomes
bonus *= 2;
◼ /= time = time / rush_factor; becomes
time /= rush_factor;
◼ %= remainder = remainder % (cnt1+ cnt2); becomes
remainder %= (cnt1 + cnt2);

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 Display 2.1 (1/2)
Back Next

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Display 2.1
(2 /2) Back Next

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Display 2.2 Back Next

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 Display 2.3
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 Display 2.4
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Display 2.6 Back Next

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Display 2.7 Back Next

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