R23

RAMACHANDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING: ELURU

(AUTONOMOUS)
B. Tech I Semester
Course: BASIC CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Program: Common to all branches

UNIT – I
Short Answer Questions & Answers

Write various disciplines of civil engineering

The major disciplines within civil engineering include: geotechnical engineering,
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structural engineering, environmental engineering, transportation engineering and
construction engineering.
What are the construction materials?
2 There are various kinds of building materials used in construction, like steel, cement,
concrete, ready mix concrete, binding wires, wood, stone, brick blocks, and aggregate.
Write the scope of studying structural engineering
Scope of structural engineering encompasses the design, analysis, and evaluation of the
3 structural integrity of buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure, ensuring they can safely
withstand various loads and environmental conditions by applying principles of
mechanics, materials science, and engineering mathematics.
Write the various sizes of Bricks.
According to Indian standards, the most common brick size, considered a "modular
brick," is 190mm x 90mm x 90mm (length x width x height).
4 Other brick sizes:
Non-modular brick: 230mm x 110mm x 70mm
Nominal size with mortar: 200mm x 100mm x 100mm
Conventional size: 224mm x 114mm x 76mm
What is the purpose of cement?
5 Cement's central use is to bind together the ingredients of concrete – sand and aggregates.
Cement is a glue, acting as a hydraulic binder, meaning it hardens when water is added.
Mention two responsibilities of a civil engineer.
Civil engineers with structural design expertise design buildings, bridges, dams, and
other structures to ensure they are safe, stable, and can withstand environmental forces.
Civil Engineers who specialize in Transportation planning, manage to plan roadways,
airports, and transit systems to facilitate the movement of people and goods efficiently.
6 Civil Engineers who choose water resource management as their niche, design systems
for managing water resources, including the construction of reservoirs, dams, and water
treatment plants.
Civil engineers who specialize in Environmental Engineering will work on projects that
address environmental concerns, such as wastewater treatment and pollution control.

Write a short note on types of aggregates

Aggregates are granular materials, like sand, gravel, and crushed stone, used in
construction as a base material to provide strength and stability. They are categorized
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primarily by size, with "coarse aggregates" like gravel being larger particles and "fine
aggregates" like sand being smaller, and can also be classified based on their source and
shape
Write a short note on cement concrete
Cement concrete is a widely used construction material composed of a mixture of cement
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(a binding agent), aggregates (like sand and gravel), and water, which hardens over time
to form a strong, durable solid mass.
9 List out various types of cement
  Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
 Portland Pozzolana Cement
 Rapid-hardening cement
 Quick-setting cement
 Low-heat cement
 White cement
Write characteristics of steel
Steel has many characteristics, including:
 Strength
10  Malleability
 Hardness
 Corrosion resistance
 Toughness
 Carbon content

UNIT – II
Short Answer Questions & Answers

Write the principle in chain surveying

The principle of chain surveying or measurement is triangulation. This implies that the
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region to be assessed is allocated into several small triangles, which should be in decent
circumstances.
Write the difference between Azimuth and Bearing
An azimuth is a directional measurement expressed as a single angle (between 0 and 360
2 degrees) measured clockwise from true north, while a bearing is a directional measurement
that specifies a direction relative to north or south, with an angle less than 90 degrees
within a quadrant.
What the types of chains in surveying
The different types of chains used in surveying include:
 Metric chain
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 Gunter's chain
 Engineer's chain
 Steel band chain
Write a few instruments used in Surveying
 Chain
 prismatic compass
4  Measuring tape:
 dumpy level or auto level
 Theodolite
 Total Station
Discuss the purpose of Surveying
5 The purpose of surveying is to measure and record the details of an area of land, and then
use that information to plan and manage the land and any structures on it.
What are the types of measurements in surveying
Surveying involves many types of measurements, including:
 Linear measurements (Horizontal and Vertical Distances)
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 Angular measurements
 Area
 Intersection
What are contour maps
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A contour is an imaginary line that connects points of equal value. A contour map, also
 known as an isoline map. This contour map shows elevation contours. Hills are steeper
where the contours are closer together.
What are the Types of soils in India
In India, there are seven different types of soil deposits. Alluvial soil, black soil, red soil,
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laterite soil, or desert soil, forest and mountainous soil, and marsh soil are some of the
types.
Write a short note on formation of soils
Soil formation, also called pedogenesis, is a gradual process where rocks break down into
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smaller particles through a combination of physical, chemical, and biological weathering,
creating a mixture of minerals, organic matter, and living organisms that we call soil.
List out the types of foundations
Following are different types of foundations used in construction:
Shallow foundation
 Individual footing or isolated footing
 Combined footing
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 Strip foundation
 Raft or mat foundation
Deep Foundation
 Pile foundation
 Drilled Shafts or caissons

UNIT – III
Short Answer Questions & Answers

Define hydrology
Hydrology is the study of the distribution and movement of water both on and below the
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Earth's surface, as well as the impact of human activity on water availability and
conditions.
Write the types of Pavements
2 1) Flexible Pavements. 2) Rigid Pavements. 3) Semi-Rigid Pavements and Composite
Pavements. 4) Interlocking cement concrete block Pavement.
Write a few types of Dams
 Diversion Dam
 Buttress Dam
 Embankment Dam
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 Cofferdam
 Storage Dam
 Detention Dam
 Gravity Dam
Write the specifications for quality of water
Water quality specifications, depending on intended use, generally include parameters like
pH level, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, dissolved oxygen,
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alkalinity, hardness, chlorine residual, and microbiological counts - each with specific
maximum allowable limits to ensure safety and suitability for drinking, industrial, or
agricultural purposes.
Write briefly about Conveyance Structures
5 Water conveyance structures are built in the places where water needs to be transported
over some obstacles or where construction of earth canals would be difficult from the
 technical or economically impractical. Among such obstacles are gullies, ravines, rivers,
deep valleys, canals, roads, etc.
What is the purpose of educational buildings and assembly buildings
Educational buildings, such as schools and colleges, are designed to provide learning
environments for students and teachers.
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An "assembly building" is a structure designed for groups of people to gather together for
various purposes like social events, religious services, civic meetings, entertainment,
education, or simply waiting for transportation
What are benefits of rain water harvesting?
 Less cost.
 Helps in reducing the water bill.
 Decreases the demand for water.
7  Reduces the need for imported water.
 Promotes both water and energy conservation.
 Improves the quality and quantity of groundwater.
 Does not require a filtration system for landscape irrigation.
 This technology is relatively simple, easy to install and operate
Sketch the components of dam

List out the types of buildings

 Residential Buildings.
 Educational Buildings.
 Institutional Buildings.
9  Assembly Buildings.
 Business Buildings.
 Mercantile Buildings.
 Industrial Buildings.
 Storage Buildings
Define Environmental Engineering
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Environmental engineering is the use of science and technology to address environmental
challenges and improve sustainability

FACULTY