LEAD CITY UNIVERSITY, IBADAN NIGERIA

FACULTY OF Environmental Design and Management

DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

Assignment on

Briefly describe tutorial question 1-8 from the courseware

(Tutorial question 1 - 8)

Submitted By

Name: SONEYE, Kehinde Lateef

Matric No: 0218782
Level: 300

Course Title:
GIS THEORY I

Course Code:
URP302

LECTURER’S DETAILS NAME:

DR. ADEMOLA ADEYEMI

Date

10th December, 2024

1. DEFINE GIS AND WHY URBAN PLANNERS USE GIS TECHNOLOGY IN URBAN
PLANNING PROJECTS?

According to Maantey and Zieglar (2006), GIS technology is indispensable in urban planning as it
enhances the ability to manage and analyze spatial data, leading to more sustainable and efficient urban
development. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are computer-based tools that store, analyze, and
visualize data related to positions on the Earth's surface. GIS integrates location data (where things are)
with all types of descriptive information (what things are like there). This integration allows for the
creation, management, and analysis of spatial data, providing a foundation for mapping and spatial
analysis.

 Why Urban Planners Use GIS Technology in Urban Planning Projects

Urban planners use GIS technology for several reasons:

1. Data Integration: GIS enables the integration of diverse data sources, such as demographic,
environmental, and socioeconomic data, into a single system. This comprehensive approach
allows planners to analyze complex urban dynamics and make informed decisions.
2. Visualization: GIS provides advanced tools for visualizing spatial data through maps, 3D
models, and interactive interfaces. This helps planners to communicate their ideas effectively
and engage stakeholders in the planning process.

Fig 1:

Pictures Showing GIS data Layer Visualization

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 3. Spatial Analysis: GIS allows for complex spatial analyses, such as land suitability analysis, site
selection, and impact assessments. These analyses help planners to identify optimal locations
for development, assess environmental impacts, and plan infrastructure projects.
4. Real-Time Data Processing: GIS can process real-time data from sensors and GPS devices,
providing up-to-date information for urban planners. This is crucial for monitoring dynamic
urban environments and responding to changes promptly.
5. Improved Decision-Making: By providing a detailed and accurate representation of urban
areas, GIS helps planners to make better decisions regarding land use, transportation, and
resource management.

2. WHAT ARE THE BASIC FUNCTIONALITIES OF GIS? AND DESCRIBE THE NATURE
OF SPATIAL DATA

Spatial data is characterized by its geographic coordinates, which define the location of features on the
Earth's surface. This data can be used to analyze spatial relationships, patterns, and trends, making it
invaluable for urban planning and other geospatial applications. Urban planners rely on GIS
technology to manage and analyze spatial data, leading to more informed decision-making and
efficient urban development. The ability to visualize and analyze spatial data helps planners to
understand complex urban dynamics and plan for sustainable growth.

A. Basic Functionalities of GIS

1. Data Capture: GIS allows for the collection and input of spatial data from various sources,
including satellite imagery, GPS, and surveys. This data is then digitized and stored in the GIS
database. Example: Urban planners can use satellite imagery to capture data on land use
changes over time, helping them to monitor urban sprawl and plan for sustainable
development.
2. Data Storage: GIS provides a structured way to store spatial data in databases, ensuring that it
is organized and easily retrievable. This includes both vector and raster data formats.
Example: A city planning department can store data on zoning regulations, property
boundaries, and infrastructure in a GIS database, making it easy to access and update as
needed.
3. Data Management: GIS offers tools for managing spatial data, including editing, updating,
and maintaining the data. This ensures that the data remains accurate and up-to-date. Example:

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 Urban planners can use GIS to update road networks and public transportation routes, ensuring
that the data reflects current conditions and supports effective planning.
4. Data Analysis: One of the core functionalities of GIS is the ability to perform spatial analysis.
This includes overlay analysis, buffer analysis, and spatial querying, which help in
understanding spatial relationships and patterns. Example: GIS can be used to analyze the
impact of new developments on traffic patterns, helping planners to design road networks that
minimize congestion.
5. Data Visualization: GIS enables the creation of maps and other visual representations of
spatial data. This helps in communicating complex spatial information in an easily
understandable format. Example: Planners can create maps showing areas at risk of flooding,
helping to communicate the need for flood mitigation measures to stakeholders.
6. Data Output: GIS allows for the output of spatial data in various formats, including maps,
reports, and digital files. This facilitates the sharing and dissemination of spatial information.
Example: A planning report can include GIS-generated maps that illustrate proposed land use
changes, making it easier for decision-makers to understand and approve the plans.

B. Nature of Spatial Data

Spatial data, also known as geospatial data, refers to information about the location and shape of, and
relationships among, geographic features. It can be categorized into two main types:

i. Vector Data: This type of spatial data represents geographic features using points, lines, and
polygons. Points can represent discrete locations such as landmarks, lines can represent linear
features such as roads and rivers, and polygons can represent areas such as parcels of land or
bodies of water. Example: In urban planning, vector data can be used to map property
boundaries, road networks, and utility lines.
ii. Raster Data: Raster data represents geographic features using a grid of cells or pixels. Each
cell has a value that represents a specific attribute, such as elevation, temperature, or land
cover. Raster data is commonly used for continuous data, such as satellite imagery and digital
elevation models. Example: Urban planners can use raster data to analyze land cover changes,
monitor vegetation health, and assess environmental impacts.

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3. DEFINE VECTOR AND RASTER DATA AND WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN VECTOR AND RASTER DATA?

a. Definition of Vector and Raster Data

i. Vector Data: Vector data represents geographic features using points, lines, and polygons. Each
of these geometric shapes corresponds to a specific location on the Earth's surface. Points can
represent discrete locations such as landmarks, lines can represent linear features such as roads
and rivers, and polygons can represent areas such as parcels of land or bodies of water.
ii. Raster Data: Raster data represents geographic features using a grid of cells or pixels. Each cell
has a value that represents a specific attribute, such as elevation, temperature, or land cover.
Raster data is commonly used for continuous data, such as satellite imagery and digital elevation
models.

b. Differences Between Vector and Raster Data

1. Data Structure:

 Vector Data: Uses geometric shapes (points, lines, polygons) to represent features. Example:
A city map showing roads (lines), buildings (polygons), and landmarks (points).
 Raster Data: Uses a grid of cells or pixels, where each cell has a value representing an attribute.
Example: A satellite image showing land cover types, with each pixel representing a different
type of vegetation.

2. Data Representation:

 Vector Data: Best for representing discrete features with clear boundaries.
Example: Property boundaries, utility lines, and transportation networks.
 Raster Data: Best for representing continuous data without distinct boundaries.
Example: Elevation data, temperature maps, and aerial photographs.

3. Data Precision:

 Vector Data: Provides high precision and accuracy for representing geographic
features. Example: Detailed mapping of a city's infrastructure, such as water pipes
and electrical grids.

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  Raster Data: Precision depends on the resolution of the grid; higher resolution
means more detail. Example: High-resolution satellite imagery used for
environmental monitoring.

4. File Size:

 Vector Data: Generally smaller file sizes compared to raster data, as it only stores
coordinates and attributes. Example: A vector file of a city's road network.
 Raster Data: Can result in large file sizes, especially with high-resolution data.
Example: A high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of a mountainous region.

5. Analysis Capabilities:

 Vector Data: Suitable for network analysis, proximity analysis, and overlay
operations. Example: Analyzing the shortest path for emergency response routes.
 Raster Data: Suitable for surface analysis, terrain modeling, and spatial
interpolation. Example: Creating a heat map to visualize temperature variations
across a city.

4. DEFINE THE RELATIONAL DATABASE AND EXPLAIN THE ADVANTAGES OF A

RELATIONAL DATABASE IN URBAN PLANNING.

a. Definition of Relational Database

A relational database is a type of database that stores and provides access to data points that are related
to one another. It organizes data into tables, which consist of rows and columns. Each table represents
a different entity, and the relationships between these tables are established through the use of foreign
keys. This structure allows for efficient data retrieval and management.

b. Advantages of a Relational Database in Urban Planning

1. Data Integrity: Relational databases enforce data integrity through constraints and rules,
ensuring that the data is accurate and consistent. This is crucial in urban planning, where reliable
data is needed for making informed decisions. Example: Ensuring that all entries in a land
registry database are unique and correctly linked to property owners.

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 2. Data Flexibility: Relational databases allow for the easy addition, deletion, and modification of
data without disrupting the overall database structure. This flexibility is essential for urban
planning projects that require frequent updates and changes. Example: Updating zoning
regulations or adding new infrastructure data as a city expands.
3. Efficient Data Retrieval: The use of Structured Query Language (SQL) in relational databases
allows for efficient querying and retrieval of data. This capability is vital for urban planners who
need to access specific information quickly. Example: Retrieving data on all properties within
a specific zoning area to assess the impact of a proposed development.
4. Data Relationships: Relational databases can handle complex relationships between different
data entities, making it easier to analyze and understand these relationships. This is particularly
useful in urban planning, where various factors such as land use, transportation, and population
density are interrelated. Example: Analyzing the relationship between public transportation
routes and residential areas to improve accessibility.
5. Scalability: Relational databases can handle large volumes of data and scale as the amount of
data grows. This scalability is important for urban planning projects that involve extensive
datasets. Example: Managing a comprehensive database of city infrastructure, including roads,
utilities, and public services.
6. Security: Relational databases offer robust security features, including user authentication and
access control, to protect sensitive data. This is critical in urban planning, where confidential
information such as property ownership and development plans must be safeguarded. Example:
Restricting access to sensitive land use data to authorized personnel only.

5. DESCRIBE EACH OF THE GIS FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS.

 Hardware: This includes the physical devices required to run GIS software and perform
spatial data analysis. Hardware components can range from personal computers and servers
to specialized devices like GPS units and large-format plotters.
 Software: GIS software provides the tools needed to store, analyze, and visualize spatial
data. This includes desktop applications, web-based platforms, and mobile apps.
 Data: Spatial data is the core of any GIS. It includes both vector data (points, lines, polygons)
and raster data (grids, images). Data can be sourced from satellite imagery, aerial
photography, surveys, and existing databases.
 People: Skilled professionals are essential for the effective use of GIS. This includes GIS
analysts, urban planners, and IT specialists who manage and interpret spatial data.

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  Methods: These are the procedures and techniques used to collect, process, and analyze
spatial data. Methods include data collection techniques, spatial analysis procedures, and
data visualization strategies.
 Network: The network component involves the infrastructure that supports data sharing and
communication between different GIS users and systems. This includes local area networks
(LAN), wide area networks (WAN), and the internet.

6. WHAT IS WG84? WHAT IS DATUM? WHICH DATUM IS USED IN NIGERIA? AND

EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF MAP PROJECTION.

a. What is WGS84?

WGS84, or World Geodetic System 1984, is a global reference system for geospatial data. It provides
a standard coordinate system for mapping and navigation, defining the shape and size of the Earth, and
the positions of points on its surface. WGS84 is widely used in GPS technology and various geospatial
applications. It is the reference coordinate system used by the Global Positioning System (GPS) and is
essential for accurate positioning and navigation worldwide.

b. What is Datum?

A datum is a reference framework that defines the size and shape of the Earth and the origin and
orientation of the coordinate systems used to map the Earth. It provides a base reference for measuring
locations on the Earth's surface. Datums can be geocentric, centered on the Earth's center of mass, or
local, optimized for a specific region. A datum includes a defined spheroid and an initial point of origin.
It is crucial for ensuring that spatial data from different sources can be accurately integrated and
compared.

c. Which Datum is Used in Nigeria?

In Nigeria, the primary datum used is the Minna Datum. This local datum is based on the Clarke 1880
ellipsoid and is used for mapping and geodetic purposes within the country. The Minna Datum provides
a reference framework for accurate positioning and mapping in Nigeria, ensuring that spatial data is
consistent and reliable for various applications, including urban planning, land surveying, and
infrastructure development.

d. Importance of Map Projection

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Map projection is the process of transforming the three-dimensional surface of the Earth into a two-
dimensional plane, such as a map. This transformation is necessary because the Earth is a curved surface,
and representing it on a flat map requires systematic distortion of distances, areas, shapes, or directions.
The importance of map projection in urban planning includes:

i. Accurate Representation: Different map projections are used to minimize distortions in

specific areas, ensuring that maps accurately represent the spatial relationships of features. This
is crucial for urban planning, where precise measurements and representations are needed to
make informed decisions about land use, infrastructure, and development.
ii. Consistency: Using a consistent map projection allows urban planners to compare and integrate
data from different sources. This consistency is essential for creating comprehensive urban plans
and conducting spatial analyses. For example, planners can overlay demographic data,
transportation networks, and environmental information on a single map to identify patterns and
relationships.
iii. Visualization: Map projections enable the visualization of spatial data in a way that is
meaningful and useful for decision-making. Planners can choose projections that best represent
the geographic area of interest and the specific needs of the project. For instance, a projection
that preserves area might be used for land use planning, while a projection that preserves distance
might be used for transportation planning.
iv. Communication: Effective map projections facilitate clear communication of spatial
information to stakeholders, including government officials, community members, and
developers. This helps in gaining support and making informed decisions. Visual representations
of proposed developments, zoning changes, and infrastructure projects can be easily understood
by non-experts.
v. Analysis: Different projections are suited for different types of spatial analysis. For example,
some projections preserve area, making them suitable for land use analysis, while others
preserve distance, making them ideal for transportation planning. Accurate spatial analysis is
essential for assessing the impact of proposed developments, optimizing resource allocation, and
planning for future growth.

7. LIST THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GIS AND OTHER COMPUTERIZED SYSTEM

Differences Between GIS and Other Computerized Systems

1. Data Type:

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  GIS: Primarily deals with spatial data, which includes geographic coordinates and
attributes related to locations on the Earth's surface.
 Other Computerized Systems: Typically handle non-spatial data, such as text, numbers,
and multimedia files, without any geographic reference.

2. Data Representation:

 GIS: Represents data in the form of maps, layers, and spatial models, allowing for the
visualization of geographic features and relationships.
 Other Computerized Systems: Represent data in tables, charts, graphs, and other non-
spatial formats.

3. Analysis Capabilities:

 GIS: Specialized in spatial analysis, including overlay analysis, buffer analysis, and
spatial querying, which help in understanding spatial relationships and patterns.
 Other Computerized Systems: Focus on statistical, numerical, and logical analysis
without considering spatial relationships.

4. Visualization:

 GIS: Provides advanced tools for visualizing spatial data through maps, 3D models, and
interactive interfaces, making it easier to interpret and communicate geographic
information.
 Other Computerized Systems: Use standard visualization tools like charts, graphs, and
dashboards, which do not inherently include spatial components.

5. Data Integration:

 GIS: Integrates data from various sources, including satellite imagery, aerial
photography, and ground surveys, to create comprehensive spatial datasets.
 Other Computerized Systems: Integrate data from databases, spreadsheets, and other
digital sources, focusing on non-spatial data integration.

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 6. Applications:

 GIS: Widely used in fields that require spatial analysis and mapping, such as urban
planning, environmental management, disaster response, and transportation planning.
 Other Computerized Systems: Used in a broad range of applications, including business
management, finance, healthcare, and education, where spatial analysis is not a primary
focus.

7. User Interface:

 GIS: Often includes specialized tools and interfaces for manipulating and analyzing
spatial data, such as map editors and spatial query builders.
 Other Computerized Systems: Use general-purpose interfaces designed for data entry,
processing, and reporting, without specific tools for spatial data manipulation.

8. Data Storage:

 GIS: Stores spatial data in formats like shapefiles, geodatabases, and raster files, which
are optimized for geographic information.
 Other Computerized Systems: Store data in formats like relational databases,
spreadsheets, and text files, which are optimized for non-spatial data.

8. NAME FIVE COMMON ELEMENTS ON A MAP FOR PRESENTATION IN URBAN

PLANNING.

 Title: The title provides a clear and concise description of the map's content and purpose.
It helps viewers understand what the map represents at a glance.
 Legend: The legend, or key, explains the symbols, colors, and patterns used on the map.
It is essential for interpreting the map's information accurately.
 Scale: The scale indicates the relationship between distances on the map and actual
distances on the ground. It helps users understand the extent of the area covered and
measure distances accurately.

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 Example:

Fig 2:

 North Arrow: The north arrow shows the orientation of the map, indicating which
direction is north. This is crucial for understanding the geographic orientation of the
map's features.

Fig 3.

 Grid or Coordinate System: A grid or coordinate system provides a reference

framework for locating specific points on the map. It helps users identify precise
locations and navigate the map effectively.

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9. CONCLUSION

Conclusion

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are indispensable tools in urban planning, providing a
comprehensive framework for managing, analyzing, and visualizing spatial data. The integration of GIS
technology enables urban planners to make informed decisions, optimize resource allocation, and plan
for sustainable development.

Key Points:

1. Definition and Use of GIS: GIS is a computer-based tool that integrates location data with
descriptive information, allowing for the creation, management, and analysis of spatial data.
Urban planners use GIS to integrate diverse data sources, visualize spatial relationships, perform
complex analyses, and communicate effectively with stakeholders.
2. Basic Functionalities of GIS: GIS offers functionalities such as data capture, storage,
management, analysis, visualization, and output. These capabilities are essential for urban
planning tasks, including land use analysis, infrastructure planning, and environmental impact
assessment.
3. Nature of Spatial Data: Spatial data, categorized into vector and raster data, is characterized
by geographic coordinates that define the location of features on the Earth's surface. This data is
crucial for analyzing spatial relationships, patterns, and trends in urban environments.
4. Relational Databases in Urban Planning: Relational databases store and manage data in tables
with rows and columns, ensuring data integrity, flexibility, efficient retrieval, and scalability.
These databases are vital for managing the extensive datasets required for urban planning.
5. Fundamental Components of GIS: The fundamental components of GIS include hardware,
software, data, people, methods, and networks. These components work together to create a
powerful tool for urban planning, enabling planners to analyze complex spatial relationships and
make informed decisions.
6. WGS84 and Datum: WGS84 is a global reference system for geospatial data, while a datum
provides a reference framework for measuring locations on the Earth's surface. In Nigeria, the
Minna Datum is used for mapping and geodetic purposes. Map projections are essential for
transforming the Earth's curved surface into a two-dimensional plane, ensuring accurate data
representation and analysis.

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 7. Differences Between GIS and Other Computerized Systems: GIS is distinct from other
computerized systems due to its focus on spatial data, advanced visualization capabilities, and
specialized spatial analysis tools. These features make GIS an essential tool for urban planning
and other geospatial applications.
8. Common Elements on a Map: Common elements on a map for urban planning presentations
include the title, legend, scale, north arrow, and grid or coordinate system. These elements
ensure that the map is clear, informative, and easily interpreted by viewers.

REFERENCE

Adeoye, A. A. (2004). Concepts, principles, hardware and software of geographic information

system/land information systems (GIS/LIS) in NITP and TOPREC. Mandatory Continuing Professional
Development Programmes (MCPDP)

Articles | Urban Design Lab

Juliana Maantay, John Ziegler, (2006) ESRI Press GIS for the Urban Environment.

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