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S — aSb|bSa|e
10. CFG and Unambiguity
* Context-Free Grammar (CFG): A set of production rules generating a language where every
derivation has a single parse tree.
e Unambiguity: A grammar is unambiguous if every string has a unique parse tree.
11. Regular Language Verification
e L = {a™™|n,m > 1} : Regular, as it can be expressed by a™b™.
e L = {a""|n > 1} : Not Regular, proven by Pumping Lemma.
e L= {a™V"|m > n} : Not Regular, as balancing is required.
12. CNF and GNF Construction
1. Normalization Steps:
o Remove null, unit, and useless productions.
o Convert to Chomsky Normal Form (CNF): Every rule is A — BC orA — a.
o Convert to Greibach Normal Form (GNF): Every rule is A — aa, where ais a string of
variables.
13. CFG for (011 + 1)(01):
S—AB, A—011|1, B—01
Let me know if you'd like detailed explanations for specific questions or visual aids like diagrams for
automata!
Q
yes provide detailed explaination for all these questions
)
I'll provide a detailed explanation for each question step by step.
1. Definitions
* Finite Automata (FA): A mathematical model used to recognize regular languages. It consists of:
o Afinite set of states (Q).
o An input alphabet ().
o A transition function (4).
o An initial state (qo).
o Aset of accepting states (F).
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Example: Recognizing binary strings divisible by 2.
o Q= {qo,q1}, X ={0,1}, qo is the initial state, and F' = {qo}.
e Transition Diagram: A visual representation of an FA where:
o States are represented as circles.
o Transitions are arrows labeled with input symbols.
o The initial state has an incoming arrow with no source.
o Accept states are denoted by double circles.
Example: Diagram for binary divisibility by 2:
go — g1 on input 1, and ggp — gp on 0.
2. e-closure(q) and DFA Construction
e e-closure(q): The set of all states reachable from g using zero or more e-transitions.
Example: For states qq, g1, and gg:
€ €
P—q% G—¢@
e-closure(qo) = {qo, a1, 32}-
DFA Construction for Each Language:
1.L = {z € {a,b} : x|, is odd and |z|; is even} :
o States track the parity of@ and b.
Create four states (Odd,, Eveny), (0dd,, Oddy), (Even,, Eveny), (Even,, Oddy).
o
2. Binary strings where the third symbol from the right is 1:
o Use three states to track the last three symbols.
o Final state accepts if the third symbol is 1.
3. Strings where the number of 1’s =3 mod 4 :
o Create four states qp, 1, g2, g3 for remainders 0, 1, 2, 3.
© Transition ¢i —> q(i4+1) mod 4-
4. Strings with three consecutive 0’s:
o States track 0, 00, 000.
o Transition on 1 resets the progress.
3. DFA and NFA for Substrings
* DFA for “000” as a substring:
o States track how much of “000” has been seen.
o State g3 is the final state for matching.
Diagram:
0 0 0
Q0 —q —q@ g3
o NFA for two consecutive 0’s:
o States gy — g; on 0, and g; — g2 on 0.
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o Non-deterministic because it doesn't reset progress for other inputs.
4.0dd 1’s and Even 0’s:
e States:
o go: Even 1’s and Even 0’s (Initial state).
o gp:0dd 1’s and Even 0’s.
o gp:Even 1’s and Odd 0’s.
o ¢3:0dd 1’s and Odd 0’s.
5. Relations Among Automata Types
® Regular expressions — NFA — DFA (using subset construction).
e DFA — Regular expressions (using state elimination).
e &-NFA adds e-transitions for flexibility, no power difference.
6. Pumping Lemma and L = {0"1"}:
o Assume L is regular.
e Pumping length
p. Fors = 0P17:
o s =zyz,[zyl < p,|y| > 0.
TS Ok,k' > 0.Pump y: zyQZ = 0P**17, which is not in L.
7 & 8. Regular Expressions
1. 0dd number of 1’s: (01*1)*.
2. strings ending in 00: (0 + 1)*00.
3. L1: Same as (2).
4. Ly:0(0 + 1)1
9. CFG for Equal a’s and b’s:
S — aSb|bSa|e
10. CFG and Unambiguity
e CFGis unambiguous if every string in the language has only one parse tree.
11. Regular Language Verification
1.L = {a"b™|n,m > 1} : Regular.
2. L = {a"b"|n > 1} : Not regular (Pumping Lemma).
3. L = {a™b"|m > n} : Not regular (requires counting).
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12. CNF and GNF Conversion
e Convert productions:
o CNF: Every production A — BC orA — a.
o GNF: A — aa, whereais a string of variables.
13. CFG for (011 + 1)(01):
S—AB, A—011|1, B—01
If you need any of these solved in more depth, let me know!
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